Occurrence of hemogregarine in two species of Brazilian freshwater turtles / Ocorrência de hemogregarina em duas espécies de cágados brasileiros

Background: Hemogregarines are the most common intraerythrocytic parasites found in reptiles. The genus Haemogregarina has aquatic vertebrates as intermediate hosts, and as definitive hosts the leeches. The genus Hepatozoon can be found parasitizing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and its main vectors invertebrates are mosquitoes, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and mites. The diagnosis of these parasites is done by the technique of blood smear, but modern diagnoses include evaluation of blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim this study was to determine the occurrence of infection by hemogregarine in freshwater turtles, through PCR. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples from 99 freshwater turtles of species P. expansa and P. geoffroanus of Fundação Zoológico de Brasília,Distrito Federal, Brazil, were used. The animals was captured using a hand net, and were immediately individually identified. The blood samples was collected by puncture of the occipital sinus, and placed into tubes containing sodium heparin anticoagulant for hematologic and molecular analysis. Two different sets of oligonucleotides were used, one to detect hemogregarines and other to detect Hepatozoon sp. infection. The presence of hemogregarine was detected in 20 samples analyzed (n = 99), these eleven samples were positive for hemogregarine, 5 were Hepatozoon sp. and 4 were positive for both [...]

Occurrence of hemogregarine in two species of Brazilian freshwater turtles / Ocorrência de hemogregarina em duas espécies de cágados brasileiros

Background: Hemogregarines are the most common intraerythrocytic parasites found in reptiles. The genus Haemogregarina has aquatic vertebrates as intermediate hosts, and as definitive hosts the leeches. The genus Hepatozoon can be found parasitizing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and its main vectors invertebrates are mosquitoes, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and mites. The diagnosis of these parasites is done by the technique of blood smear, but modern diagnoses include evaluation of blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim this study was to determine the occurrence of infection by hemogregarine in freshwater turtles, through PCR. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples from 99 freshwater turtles of species P. expansa and P. geoffroanus of Fundação Zoológico de Brasília,Distrito Federal, Brazil, were used. The animals was captured using a hand net, and were immediately individually identified. The blood samples was collected by puncture of the occipital sinus, and placed into tubes containing sodium heparin anticoagulant for hematologic and molecular analysis. Two different sets of oligonucleotides were used, one to detect hemogregarines and other to detect Hepatozoon sp. infection. The presence of hemogregarine was detected in 20 samples analyzed (n = 99), these eleven samples were positive for hemogregarine, 5 were Hepatozoon sp. and 4 were positive for both [...](AU)

Serial clinical, colpo-cytological and endocrinological evaluations of Cerdocyon thous bitches from the Rio de Janeiro zoo / Avaliação clínica, colpo-citológica e endocrinológica de fêmeas de Cerdocyon thous do zoológico do Rio de Janeiro

Serial clinical, colpo-cytological and endocrinological examinations of two five-year-old females of the crab-eating dog (Cerdocyon thous), from the RIOZOO Foundation in the State of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, were carried out over a 10-month period. Clinically healthy animals were kept in sand substratum enclosures, located 500m apart from each other. They were each housed with two males. The colpo-cytological technique employed for Cerdocyon thous used methods similar to those developed for domestic bitches. Unlike domestic dogs, blood cells were absent in all phases of the estrus cycle, including the pro-estrus phase. Differentiation of each type of vaginal cells during the estrus cycle phases in this species follows the same patterns shown by domestic bitches. The estradiol and progesterone levels were similar to those occurring in domestic bitches. The progesterone levels reach their maximum (46 ng/ml) around the 10th day of pregnancy. The estradiol analysis demonstrated that, although levels of this hormone could be high at various times throughout the year, mating actually occurs in late winter and in spring. It was impossible to evaluate whether males and females kept in close proximity throughout the entire year would stimulate the production of estradiol, resulting in what would be considered a captivity artifice.(AU)

Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas, colpo-citológicas e endocrinológicas de duas fêmeas de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) pertencentes à Fundação RIOZOO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, durante um período de 10 meses. As fêmeas, consideradas clinicamente saudáveis, foram alojadas em recintos diferentes, cada uma com dois machos. Os recintos, de substrato arenoso distavam cerca de 500 m um do outro. A técnica colpo-citológica utilizada nas fêmeas de cachorro-do-mato segue os mesmos métodos para cachorros domésticos. É interessante ressaltar que não foi observado nenhum eritrócito nos esfregaços vaginais analisados, em qualquer fase do ciclo estral, em ambas as fêmeas. A diferenciação dos tipos celulares vaginais durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral segue os mesmos padrões demonstrados por cadelas domésticas. Os níveis de estradiol e progesterona seguiram os mesmos padrões que ocorre nas fêmeas de cachorros domésticos. A progesterona atingiu níveis máximos (46 ng/ml) por volta do décimo dia de gestação. A variação do estradiol demonstrou que, ainda que as fêmeas possam apresentar picos deste hormônio, durante o ano, tão altos como durante a época reprodutiva, a reprodução ocorre, realmente, no final do inverno e primavera. É impossível inferir, neste trabalho, se a presença do macho próximo à fêmea durante o ano todo poderia induzir a produção de estradiol, redundando no que seria considerado um artifício de cativeiro.(AU)