Post-neutering urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs

Female dogs neutering is a routine surgery that aims to prevent diseases as well as to help populational control. Urinary incontinence is one of the most significant unwanted consequences following the procedure. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for such case, and alpha-adrenergic and estrogenic drugs have been the most frequent choices reported in literature. Besides, tricyclic antidepressants are also able to control clinical signs. The exact mechanism involved with this condition is not yet fully understood. Estrogen deficiency with a subsequent loss of urethral tonus is believed to trigger clinical signs. However, it is possible that other factors such as gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels may play a part on this complex mechanism of the post-neutering urinary incontinence.(AU)

Post-neutering urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs

Female dogs neutering is a routine surgery that aims to prevent diseases as well as to help populational control. Urinary incontinence is one of the most significant unwanted consequences following the procedure. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for such case, and alpha-adrenergic and estrogenic drugs have been the most frequent choices reported in literature. Besides, tricyclic antidepressants are also able to control clinical signs. The exact mechanism involved with this condition is not yet fully understood. Estrogen deficiency with a subsequent loss of urethral tonus is believed to trigger clinical signs. However, it is possible that other factors such as gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels may play a part on this complex mechanism of the post-neutering urinary incontinence.

Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene and silver thiosulfate on the post-production of ornamental pepper / Etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno e tiossulfato de prata na pós-produção de pimenteiras ornamentais

Species from Capsicum genus are used for different purposes and in more recent years as ornamental potted plant. Despite the increased commercial importance, there are only a few studies on the environmental factors affecting the post-production shelf life of these ornamental plants. The presence of ethylene induces various responses on potted peppers, reducing the shelf life of sensitive cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethylene and the inhibitors of ethylene action, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the shelf life of potted 'Calypso' and 'MG 302' peppers. Cultivar 'MG 302' showed intermediate sensitivity to ethylene action, while the cultivar 'Calypso' showed complete abscission of leaves when exposed to ethylene. In both cultivars, treatment with STS + Ethylene presented symptoms of phytotoxicity in plants, while treatment with 1-MCP + Ethylene was effective in delaying senescence and abscission for the cultivar 'MG 302', while cultivar 'Calypso' showed abscission similar to control plants. Plants treated with STS showed the longest durability when compared to the other treatments, about six days for 'Calypso' and 18 days for 'MG 302'. Nevertheless, plants treated with 1-MCP also exhibited good shelf life, about six days for 'Calypso' and nine days for the 'MG 302'. Although the treatment with STS was more efficient on the plants shelf life, did not completely block the action of ethylene and exhibited some phytotoxicity, while the treatment with 1-MCP had good efficiency without inducing any toxicity.

Espécies do gênero Capsicum estão sendo usados para diversas finalidades e nos últimos anos como planta ornamental de vaso. Apesar da crescente importância comercial, há poucos estudos sobre os fatores ambientais que afetam a sua vida útil de pós-produção destas plantas ornamentais. A presença de etileno induz várias respostas em pimenteiras em vasos, reduzindo a vida útil de prateleira de cultivares sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do etileno e inibidores da ação do etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e tiossulfato de prata (STS) sobre a vida útil de vaso de pimenteiras das cultivares 'Calypso' e 'MG 302'. A cultivar 'MG 302' apresentou sensibilidade intermediária a ação do etileno, enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' apresentou abscisão completa das folhas quando exposta ao etileno. Em ambas as cultivares, o tratamento STS + Etileno mostrou sintomas de fitotoxicidade nas plantas. O tratamento com 1-MCP + Etileno foi eficaz em retardar a senescência e abscisão apenas para a cultivar 'MG 302', enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' mostrou abscisão foliar semelhante as plantas controle. Plantas tratadas com STS mostraram maior durabilidade quando comparadas aos outros tratamentos, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e dezoito dias para 'MG 302'. No entanto, as plantas tratadas com 1-MCP também exibiram boa vida útil de prateleira, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e nove dias para a 'MG 302'. Embora o tratamento com STS tenha sido mais eficiente na vida de prateleira das plantas, não bloqueou completamente a ação do etileno e apresentaram algum fitotoxicidade, enquanto o tratamento com 1-MCP teve boa eficiência sem induzir qualquer toxicidade.

Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene and silver thiosulfate on the post-production of ornamental pepper / Etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno e tiossulfato de prata na pós-produção de pimenteiras ornamentais

Species from Capsicum genus are used for different purposes and in more recent years as ornamental potted plant. Despite the increased commercial importance, there are only a few studies on the environmental factors affecting the post-production shelf life of these ornamental plants. The presence of ethylene induces various responses on potted peppers, reducing the shelf life of sensitive cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethylene and the inhibitors of ethylene action, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the shelf life of potted 'Calypso' and 'MG 302' peppers. Cultivar 'MG 302' showed intermediate sensitivity to ethylene action, while the cultivar 'Calypso' showed complete abscission of leaves when exposed to ethylene. In both cultivars, treatment with STS + Ethylene presented symptoms of phytotoxicity in plants, while treatment with 1-MCP + Ethylene was effective in delaying senescence and abscission for the cultivar 'MG 302', while cultivar 'Calypso' showed abscission similar to control plants. Plants treated with STS showed the longest durability when compared to the other treatments, about six days for 'Calypso' and 18 days for 'MG 302'. Nevertheless, plants treated with 1-MCP also exhibited good shelf life, about six days for 'Calypso' and nine days for the 'MG 302'. Although the treatment with STS was more efficient on the plants shelf life, did not completely block the action of ethylene and exhibited some phytotoxicity, while the treatment with 1-MCP had good efficiency without inducing any toxicity. (AU)

Espécies do gênero Capsicum estão sendo usados para diversas finalidades e nos últimos anos como planta ornamental de vaso. Apesar da crescente importância comercial, há poucos estudos sobre os fatores ambientais que afetam a sua vida útil de pós-produção destas plantas ornamentais. A presença de etileno induz várias respostas em pimenteiras em vasos, reduzindo a vida útil de prateleira de cultivares sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do etileno e inibidores da ação do etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e tiossulfato de prata (STS) sobre a vida útil de vaso de pimenteiras das cultivares 'Calypso' e 'MG 302'. A cultivar 'MG 302' apresentou sensibilidade intermediária a ação do etileno, enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' apresentou abscisão completa das folhas quando exposta ao etileno. Em ambas as cultivares, o tratamento STS + Etileno mostrou sintomas de fitotoxicidade nas plantas. O tratamento com 1-MCP + Etileno foi eficaz em retardar a senescência e abscisão apenas para a cultivar 'MG 302', enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' mostrou abscisão foliar semelhante as plantas controle. Plantas tratadas com STS mostraram maior durabilidade quando comparadas aos outros tratamentos, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e dezoito dias para 'MG 302'. No entanto, as plantas tratadas com 1-MCP também exibiram boa vida útil de prateleira, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e nove dias para a 'MG 302'. Embora o tratamento com STS tenha sido mais eficiente na vida de prateleira das plantas, não bloqueou completamente a ação do etileno e apresentaram algum fitotoxicidade, enquanto o tratamento com 1-MCP teve boa eficiência sem induzir qualquer toxicidade. (AU)

Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene and silver thiosulfate on the post-production of ornamental pepper

ABSTRACT: Species from Capsicum genus are used for different purposes and in more recent years as ornamental potted plant. Despite the increased commercial importance, there are only a few studies on the environmental factors affecting the post-production shelf life of these ornamental plants. The presence of ethylene induces various responses on potted peppers, reducing the shelf life of sensitive cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethylene and the inhibitors of ethylene action, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the shelf life of potted 'Calypso' and 'MG 302' peppers. Cultivar 'MG 302' showed intermediate sensitivity to ethylene action, while the cultivar 'Calypso' showed complete abscission of leaves when exposed to ethylene. In both cultivars, treatment with STS + Ethylene presented symptoms of phytotoxicity in plants, while treatment with 1-MCP + Ethylene was effective in delaying senescence and abscission for the cultivar 'MG 302', while cultivar 'Calypso' showed abscission similar to control plants. Plants treated with STS showed the longest durability when compared to the other treatments, about six days for 'Calypso' and 18 days for 'MG 302'. Nevertheless, plants treated with 1-MCP also exhibited good shelf life, about six days for 'Calypso' and nine days for the 'MG 302'. Although the treatment with STS was more efficient on the plants shelf life, did not completely block the action of ethylene and exhibited some phytotoxicity, while the treatment with 1-MCP had good efficiency without inducing any toxicity.

RESUMO: Espécies do gênero Capsicum estão sendo usados para diversas finalidades e nos últimos anos como planta ornamental de vaso. Apesar da crescente importância comercial, há poucos estudos sobre os fatores ambientais que afetam a sua vida útil de pós-produção destas plantas ornamentais. A presença de etileno induz várias respostas em pimenteiras em vasos, reduzindo a vida útil de prateleira de cultivares sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do etileno e inibidores da ação do etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e tiossulfato de prata (STS) sobre a vida útil de vaso de pimenteiras das cultivares 'Calypso' e 'MG 302'. A cultivar 'MG 302' apresentou sensibilidade intermediária a ação do etileno, enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' apresentou abscisão completa das folhas quando exposta ao etileno. Em ambas as cultivares, o tratamento STS + Etileno mostrou sintomas de fitotoxicidade nas plantas. O tratamento com 1-MCP + Etileno foi eficaz em retardar a senescência e abscisão apenas para a cultivar 'MG 302', enquanto a cultivar 'Calypso' mostrou abscisão foliar semelhante as plantas controle. Plantas tratadas com STS mostraram maior durabilidade quando comparadas aos outros tratamentos, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e dezoito dias para 'MG 302'. No entanto, as plantas tratadas com 1-MCP também exibiram boa vida útil de prateleira, cerca de seis dias para 'Calypso' e nove dias para a 'MG 302'. Embora o tratamento com STS tenha sido mais eficiente na vida de prateleira das plantas, não bloqueou completamente a ação do etileno e apresentaram algum fitotoxicidade, enquanto o tratamento com 1-MCP teve boa eficiência sem induzir qualquer toxicidade.

Programação da receptividade uterina e fertilidade em vacas de corte / Uterine receptivity and fertility programming in beef cows

Em bovinos de corte, ocorre significativa mortalidade embrionária durante as três primeiras semanas degestação. Durante esse período, o desenvolvimento de zigoto a concepto depende exclusivamente das secreçõesovidutais e uterinas. O processo de secreção, bem como a qualidade dessas secreções são programados pelaexposição sequencial do trato reprodutivo ao estradiol (E2) durante o proestro/estro e à progesterona (P4)durante o diestro inicial. Estratégias visando a otimização da qualidade dos ambientes ovidutal e uterino para odesenvolvimento embrionário serão discutidas e incluem o gerenciamento do crescimento do folículo pré-ovulatório, a suplementação de E2 no proestro, a suplementação de P4 no diestro inicial e combinações entreelas. Ao final, discute-se a intrigante possibilidade do embrião bovino programar o funcionamento doendométrio já na primeira semana de gestação.(AU)

In beef cattle, there is significant embryonic mortality during the three initial weeks of pregnancy.During this period, the development from zygote to conceptus depends exclusively on secretions from the oviductand uterus. The process of secretion as well as the quality of such secretions are programmed by the sequentialexposure of the reproductive tract to estradiol (E2), during proestrus and estrus, and to progesterone (P4),during early diestrus. Strategies that aim to optimize the quality of the oviductal and the uterine environmentstowards embryo development are discussed. Strategies include managing growth of the pre-ovulatory follicle,E2 supplementation at proestrus, P4 supplementation during early diestrus and combinations. Last but not least,we discuss the intriguing possibility of bovine embryo programming endometrial function as early as the firstweek of gestation.(AU)

Programação da receptividade uterina e fertilidade em vacas de corte / Uterine receptivity and fertility programming in beef cows

Em bovinos de corte, ocorre significativa mortalidade embrionária durante as três primeiras semanas degestação. Durante esse período, o desenvolvimento de zigoto a concepto depende exclusivamente das secreçõesovidutais e uterinas. O processo de secreção, bem como a qualidade dessas secreções são programados pelaexposição sequencial do trato reprodutivo ao estradiol (E2) durante o proestro/estro e à progesterona (P4)durante o diestro inicial. Estratégias visando a otimização da qualidade dos ambientes ovidutal e uterino para odesenvolvimento embrionário serão discutidas e incluem o gerenciamento do crescimento do folículo pré-ovulatório, a suplementação de E2 no proestro, a suplementação de P4 no diestro inicial e combinações entreelas. Ao final, discute-se a intrigante possibilidade do embrião bovino programar o funcionamento doendométrio já na primeira semana de gestação.

In beef cattle, there is significant embryonic mortality during the three initial weeks of pregnancy.During this period, the development from zygote to conceptus depends exclusively on secretions from the oviductand uterus. The process of secretion as well as the quality of such secretions are programmed by the sequentialexposure of the reproductive tract to estradiol (E2), during proestrus and estrus, and to progesterone (P4),during early diestrus. Strategies that aim to optimize the quality of the oviductal and the uterine environmentstowards embryo development are discussed. Strategies include managing growth of the pre-ovulatory follicle,E2 supplementation at proestrus, P4 supplementation during early diestrus and combinations. Last but not least,we discuss the intriguing possibility of bovine embryo programming endometrial function as early as the firstweek of gestation.

Survey of viruses belonging to different genera and species in noble garlic in Brazil

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a host to several viruses, most commonly those belonging to theAllexivirus,Carlavirus, orPotyvirusgenera. Nine species distributed among these three genera have been reported in Brazil: two species within carlaviruses, two within potyviruses, and five within allexiviruses. To quantify the prevalence of these viruses, young leaves from 520 plants (plants either symptomatic or asymptomatic) were collected from commercial fields grown in four Brazilian states and analyzed using universal and species-specific primers via the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Potyvirus presence was positive in 306 samples (81 %), 151 of them (38 %) in mixed infections with other viruses. The most frequent potyviruses wereOnion yellow dwarf virus(OYDV, 56 %) andLeek yellow stripe virus(LYSV, 55 %). 187 samples (49 %) were positive for allexivirus, with 33 (9 %) showing single infections and 154 (41 %) showing mixed infections withGarlic virus A (GarV-A),Garlic virus B(GarV-B),Garlic virus C(GarV-C),Garlic virus D(GarV-D), and species belonging to theCarlavirus andPotyvirusgenera. The predominant species in which allexiviruses were found were GarV-A and GarV-D. Only 15 samples (4 %) were infected solely by a carlavirus, and 63 (17 %) showed mixed infections with viruses from different genera. The dominant species of carlavirus wasGarlic commom latent virus(GarCLV). Carlaviruses and allexiviruses are frequently associated with mixed infections with potyviruses, whereas mixed infections with carlaviruses and allexiviruses are rare. About 70 % of the plants collected were positive for at least one species of virus.

Survey of viruses belonging to different genera and species in noble garlic in Brazil

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a host to several viruses, most commonly those belonging to theAllexivirus,Carlavirus, orPotyvirusgenera. Nine species distributed among these three genera have been reported in Brazil: two species within carlaviruses, two within potyviruses, and five within allexiviruses. To quantify the prevalence of these viruses, young leaves from 520 plants (plants either symptomatic or asymptomatic) were collected from commercial fields grown in four Brazilian states and analyzed using universal and species-specific primers via the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Potyvirus presence was positive in 306 samples (81 %), 151 of them (38 %) in mixed infections with other viruses. The most frequent potyviruses wereOnion yellow dwarf virus(OYDV, 56 %) andLeek yellow stripe virus(LYSV, 55 %). 187 samples (49 %) were positive for allexivirus, with 33 (9 %) showing single infections and 154 (41 %) showing mixed infections withGarlic virus A (GarV-A),Garlic virus B(GarV-B),Garlic virus C(GarV-C),Garlic virus D(GarV-D), and species belonging to theCarlavirus andPotyvirusgenera. The predominant species in which allexiviruses were found were GarV-A and GarV-D. Only 15 samples (4 %) were infected solely by a carlavirus, and 63 (17 %) showed mixed infections with viruses from different genera. The dominant species of carlavirus wasGarlic commom latent virus(GarCLV). Carlaviruses and allexiviruses are frequently associated with mixed infections with potyviruses, whereas mixed infections with carlaviruses and allexiviruses are rare. About 70 % of the plants collected were positive for at least one species of virus.(AU)

Simulação de estratégias de manejo florestal na Amazônia com o uso do modelo SYMFOR

The SYMFOR model was used to simulate the ecological processes of tree growth, mortality and recruitment, and the forest management processes, in the terra firme forests of the eastern Amazon. The simulation utilized all the trees that have a diameter greater than 5 cm, from 40 permanent sample plots of 1 ha each (36 logged and 4 unlogged). The stand was measured in 1984, logged in 1985 and remeasured in 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 and 2004. Ten species groups are used to describe the natural processes affecting tree behavior. Model performance compares the simulation results with real data describing the forest recovery for 19 years following logging. The treatments, combinations of logging intensities (15%, 25% and 35% of the total volume of the trees higher than 60 cm of DBH had been tested) and thinning intensities (0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of the original basal area) were analyzed as management strategies. The model was applied to simulate current forest management practice in the Brazilian Amazon, with 30 m³ ha1 of timber extracted with a cutting cycle of 30 years. Results show that the similarity among observed and simulated data for SYMFOR validated the model to represent the dynamics of the unlogged forest. In the simulation of the current management practice applied in the Amazon forest, it is suggested that the financial benefits decrease with successive harvests and, consequently, the timber volume cannot be sustained.

O modelo SYMFOR foi utilizado para simular os processos ecológicos de crescimento, mortalidade e recrutamento e o manejo de uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Oriental. Na simulação foram utilizadas todas as árvores com DAP 5 cm, medidas em 40 parcelas permanentes de 1,0 ha, sendo 36 exploradas e quatro não exploradas. As parcelas foram medidas em 1984, exploradas em 1985 e remedidas em 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 e 2004. Usaram-se dez grupos de espécies para descrever os processos naturais e o comportamento de cada árvore. Na avaliação do desempenho do modelo, os resultados da simulação foram comparados com os dados reais que descrevem a recuperação da floresta dezenove anos após a exploração. Os tratamentos, combinações de intensidades de exploração (15%, 25% e 35% do volume total das árvores com DAP > 60 cm) com intensidades de desbastes (0%, 30%, 50% e 70% da área basal original), foram analisados como estratégias de manejo. O modelo foi aplicado também para simular o manejo florestal atualmente praticado na Amazônia, com extração de 30 m³ ha-1 e com um ciclo de corte de 30 anos. Resultados mostram que a semelhança entre os dados observados e simulados pelo SYMFOR validou o modelo para representar a dinâmica da floresta não explorada. Na simulação das práticas atuais de manejos aplicados na floresta amazônica, sugere-se que os benefícios financeiros diminuem com as sucessivas colheitas e, conseqüentemente, o rendimento de volume de madeira não é sustentável.

Predição da distribuição diamétrica de uma floresta manejada experimentalmente através de um Sistema de Equações Diferenciais

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognosis of the diameter structure of an experimentally managed forest, utilizing a system of differential equations of the first order, adjusted for each treatment. The basic data were obtained from the Bom Manejo Projet (Embrapa Eastern Amazon/CIFOR/ITTO), carried out in the Monte Dourado Forest Company (Jarí) area, Vitória do Jari, Amapá, Brazil. The statistical delineation was designed as random blocks with three replications. The treatments applied were combinations of logging intensities (15%, 25% and 35% of the total volume of the trees larger than 60 cm of DBH) and thinning intensities (0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of the original basal area). The non-logged forest was used for the control plots. Stand development was monitored through 40 permanent sample plots of 1 ha each (36 logged and 4 unlogged). The stand was measured in 1984, logged in 1985 and remeasured in 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 and 2004. All the trees with DBH 20 cm were measured. While keeping the same simplicity of transition matrix based models, the proposed model allows for determining the state of the system for any given point in time, not being confined just for multiplying time intervals as was the former. This method was verified for different evaluation periods and the results showed that not even the longer periods of projections (break-even point) will be enough to restore the initial conditions of the stand.

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal projetar a distribuição diamétrica da floresta manejada através de um sistema de equações diferenciais de primeira ordem, ajustado para cada tratamento. Os dados básicos foram obtidos no Projeto Bom Manejo (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental/CIFOR/ITTO), na Companhia Florestal Monte Dourado (Jarí), Vitória do Jarí - AP. O delineamento é em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos são combinações de intensidades de exploração (15%, 25% e 35% do volume total das árvores com mais de 60 cm de DAP) com intensidades de desbastes (0%, 30%, 50% e 70% da área basal original). Utilizou-se como controle a floresta não explorada. Na área experimental estão locadas 40 parcelas permanentes de 1,0 ha cada, sendo 36 exploradas e quatro não exploradas. O povoamento foi medido em 1984, explorado em 1985 e remedido em 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 e 2004. Foram medidas todas as árvores com DAP 20 cm. Conquanto esse sistema de equações mantenha a simplicidade de abordagem do problema inerente aos modelos baseados em matrizes de transição, também apresenta sobre estes últimos a vantagem adicional de permitir a obtenção dos valores das variáveis de estado do sistema para qualquer ponto no tempo, não se restringindo a intervalos múltiplos do intervalo original usado na derivação da matriz de transição. Assim, o método foi constatado para diferentes períodos de avaliações e os resultados mostraram que nem os períodos de projeções mais longos (ponto de equilíbrio) serão suficientes para restaurar as condições iniciais do povoamento.