Trypanocidal activity of human plasma on Trypanosoma evansi in mice / Atividade tripanocida do plasma humano sobre Trypanosoma evansi em camundongos

This study aimed to test an alternative protocol with human plasma to control Trypanosoma evansi infection in mice. Plasma from an apparently 27-year-old healthy male, blood type A+, was used in the study. A concentration of 100 mg.dL-1 apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) was detected in the plasma. Forty mice were divided into four groups with 10 animals each. Group A comprised uninfected animals. Mice from groups B, C and D were inoculated with a T. evansi isolate. Group B was used as a positive control. At three days post-infection (DPI), the mice were administered intraperitoneally with human plasma. A single dose of 0.2 mL plasma was given to those in group C. The mice from group D were administered five doses of 0.2 mL plasma with a 24 hours interval between the doses. Group B showed high increasing parasitemia that led to their death within 5 DPI. Both treatments eliminated parasites from the blood and increased the longevity of animals. An efficacy of 50 (group C) and 80% (group D) of human plasma trypanocidal activity was found using PCR. This therapeutic success was likely achieved in the group D due to their higher levels of APOL1 compared with group C.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo testar um protocolo alternativo com plasma humano para controlar a infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em camundongos. O plasma foi oriundo de um homem aparentemente saudável, com idade entre 27 anos e tipo de sangue A+. Foi detectada uma concentração de 100 mg.dL -1 de apolipoproteína L1 (APOL1) no plasma. Quarenta camundongos foram divididos em quatro grupos, contendo dez animais cada. Grupo A, composto de animais não infectados. Os roedores dos grupos B, C e D foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um isolado de T. evansi. O Grupo B foi usado como um controle positivo. Três dias pós-infecção (DPI), os camundongos foram tratados com plasma humano. Uma dose única de 0,2 mL de plasma foi administrada nos roedores do grupo C. Os ratos do grupo D receberam cinco doses de 0,2 mL de plasma em intervalos de 24 horas. Os ratos do grupo B apresentaram parasitemia crescente, o que ocasionou a morte dos animais em 5 DPI. Ambos os tratamentos foram capazes de eliminar o parasito do sangue e aumentar a longevidade dos animais. O método da PCR detectou uma eficácia de 50% (grupo C) e 80% (grupo D) no tratamento com plasma humano. Este sucesso terapêutico obtido nos animais do grupo D provavelmente foi por receber maiores níveis de APOL1, comparado ao grupo C.(AU)

Experimental Infection by Tripanossoma evansi in Rabbits: Levels of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Phosphorus in Serum

Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the most widely distributed of the pathogenic African animal trypanosomes, affecting domestic livestock and wildlife in country. The animals presented clinical sings as anemia, emaciation, apathy, recurrent fever , enlarged lymph nodes, edema and abortion The minerals have different functions in the organism, and an imbalance, either by excess or deficiency, or a pathological condition, causes alterations in the respective serum levels, as well as in trypanosomosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus in blood serum of rabbits experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult female Oryctolagus cuniculus, weighing average 3.9 kg, were used. Rabbits were divided into two groups, a control group with six animals (rabbits 1-6) and an infected group with six animals (rabbits 7-12). Animals from trypanosome-infected groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of rat blood containing 10 8 trypanosomes (Day 1). Control group received physiological solution by the same route. Parasitemia was estimated daily for 118 days post- inoculation (PI) by microscopic examination of smears. Blood samples for hematology and evaluation of serum minerals were collected at days 1, 5, 20, 35, 50, 80 and 118 PI. Hematocrit was evaluated for monitoring of the disease. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was used to measure the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. Hyporexia, edema and fever were clinical signs associated with change in the levels of the minerals. A decrease in the number of red blood cells was only observed at day 5 post-inoculation. Significant differences were observed among groups (P < 0.05) in minerals levels. Sodium and calcium were reduced at days 35, 50, 80 and 118 PI. [...]

Experimental Infection by Tripanossoma evansi in Rabbits: Levels of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Phosphorus in Serum

Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the most widely distributed of the pathogenic African animal trypanosomes, affecting domestic livestock and wildlife in country. The animals presented clinical sings as anemia, emaciation, apathy, recurrent fever , enlarged lymph nodes, edema and abortion The minerals have different functions in the organism, and an imbalance, either by excess or deficiency, or a pathological condition, causes alterations in the respective serum levels, as well as in trypanosomosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus in blood serum of rabbits experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult female Oryctolagus cuniculus, weighing average 3.9 kg, were used. Rabbits were divided into two groups, a control group with six animals (rabbits 1-6) and an infected group with six animals (rabbits 7-12). Animals from trypanosome-infected groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of rat blood containing 10 8 trypanosomes (Day 1). Control group received physiological solution by the same route. Parasitemia was estimated daily for 118 days post- inoculation (PI) by microscopic examination of smears. Blood samples for hematology and evaluation of serum minerals were collected at days 1, 5, 20, 35, 50, 80 and 118 PI. Hematocrit was evaluated for monitoring of the disease. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was used to measure the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. Hyporexia, edema and fever were clinical signs associated with change in the levels of the minerals. A decrease in the number of red blood cells was only observed at day 5 post-inoculation. Significant differences were observed among groups (P < 0.05) in minerals levels. Sodium and calcium were reduced at days 35, 50, 80 and 118 PI. [...](AU)

Níveis de imunoglobulinas em ratos infectados por Trypanosoma evansi / Immunoglobulin levels in trypanosoma evansi infected rats

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda.

This study aimed at evaluating the immunoglobulin levels in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Twenty animals were inoculated with 106 trypomastigote forms and ten rats were used as control. Parasitemia was monitored by examining daily blood smears. Rats were separated into three equal groups in the fifth day PI: groups A and B were formed by rats with low and moderate parasitemia, respectively; group C was formed by non-infected rats. IgG and IgM were evaluated by ELISA test and were superior when compared to group C. The IgM levels did not differ between the infected groups. It may be concluded that the infected rats showed an immunological response against T. evansi, although this was not enough to eliminate the parasite in acute infection.

Níveis de imunoglobulinas em ratos infectados por Trypanosoma evansi / Immunoglobulin levels in trypanosoma evansi infected rats

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda.(AU)

This study aimed at evaluating the immunoglobulin levels in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Twenty animals were inoculated with 106 trypomastigote forms and ten rats were used as control. Parasitemia was monitored by examining daily blood smears. Rats were separated into three equal groups in the fifth day PI: groups A and B were formed by rats with low and moderate parasitemia, respectively; group C was formed by non-infected rats. IgG and IgM were evaluated by ELISA test and were superior when compared to group C. The IgM levels did not differ between the infected groups. It may be concluded that the infected rats showed an immunological response against T. evansi, although this was not enough to eliminate the parasite in acute infection.(AU)

Antiparasitários no controle de helmintoses em cavalos mantidos em campo nativo na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Antiparasitic compounds in the control of helminths from equines kept in native pasture in the central region of Rio Grande

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a eficácia de quatro antiparasitários no controle de parasitoses gastrintestinais em equinos adultos naturalmente infectados por helmintos da superfamília Strongyloidea oriundos do município de Caçapava do Sul/RS. Após os exames de fezes, os animais foram separados de forma homogênea em relação à carga parasitária e categoria animal em quatro grupos com 10 animais cada. As amostras fecais foram colhidas nos dias zero e dez, a fim de avaliar a redução de ovos de helmintos após o tratamento. O grupo A foi tratado com pamoato de pirantel e ivermectina, grupo B com fenbendazole, grupo C com abamectina e o grupo D foi utilizado como controle. Com base nos resultados observou-se eficácia de 100% para os grupos A e C e 84% para o grupo B, demonstrando a completa efetividade das macrolactonas e suas associações no controle de tratamento para endoparasitoses na espécie equina e baixa eficácia do fenbendazole em helmintos no município de Caçapava do Sul/RS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four antiparasitic compounds in the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis of adult equines from the municipality of Caçapava do Sul, RS, naturally infected by helminths of the family Trichostrongylidae. Animals were separated in four groups with 10 animals each, according to the OPG level and animal category. Fecal samples were collected in days zero and 10 in order to evaluate the reduction of helminth eggs. Group A was treated with pamoate of pyrantel and ivermectin, group B received fenbendazole, group C abamectin and group D was used as control. Based upon results 100% of efficacy was observed in groups A and C and 84% in group B, showing the complete effectiveness of macrolactones and its associations and low efficacy of the fenbendazole in the treatment of equine helminthosis in the municipality of Caçapava do Sul, RS

Antiparasitários no controle de helmintoses em cavalos mantidos em campo nativo na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Antiparasitic compounds in the control of helminths from equines kept in native pasture in the central region of Rio Grande

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a eficácia de quatro antiparasitários no controle de parasitoses gastrintestinais em equinos adultos naturalmente infectados por helmintos da superfamília Strongyloidea oriundos do município de Caçapava do Sul/RS. Após os exames de fezes, os animais foram separados de forma homogênea em relação à carga parasitária e categoria animal em quatro grupos com 10 animais cada. As amostras fecais foram colhidas nos dias zero e dez, a fim de avaliar a redução de ovos de helmintos após o tratamento. O grupo A foi tratado com pamoato de pirantel e ivermectina, grupo B com fenbendazole, grupo C com abamectina e o grupo D foi utilizado como controle. Com base nos resultados observou-se eficácia de 100% para os grupos A e C e 84% para o grupo B, demonstrando a completa efetividade das macrolactonas e suas associações no controle de tratamento para endoparasitoses na espécie equina e baixa eficácia do fenbendazole em helmintos no município de Caçapava do Sul/RS(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four antiparasitic compounds in the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis of adult equines from the municipality of Caçapava do Sul, RS, naturally infected by helminths of the family Trichostrongylidae. Animals were separated in four groups with 10 animals each, according to the OPG level and animal category. Fecal samples were collected in days zero and 10 in order to evaluate the reduction of helminth eggs. Group A was treated with pamoate of pyrantel and ivermectin, group B received fenbendazole, group C abamectin and group D was used as control. Based upon results 100% of efficacy was observed in groups A and C and 84% in group B, showing the complete effectiveness of macrolactones and its associations and low efficacy of the fenbendazole in the treatment of equine helminthosis in the municipality of Caçapava do Sul, RS(AU)

Primeiro registro de parasitismo por Giardia sp. em Leopardus geoffroyi (gato-do-mato-grande) mantido em cativeiro / First record of parasitism by giardia sp. in leopardus geoffroyi (geoffroys cat) kept in captivity / Primer registro de parasitismo por Giardia sp. en Leopardus geoffroyi (gato montés) mantenido en cautiverio

Este estudo visou registrar o parasitismo por Giardia sp. em gatos-do-mato-grande (L. geoffroyi), mantidos em cativeiro na região sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de dois gatos do mato, machos, sendo um adulto e outro jovem. As amostras foram armazenadas sob refrigeração até serem processadas em laboratório, através do método de centrífugo-flutuação, com sulfato de zinco. No exame de fezes de ambos os animais, observou-se infecção por cistos do gênero Giardia, no entanto, os felinos não apresentaram sinais clínicos decorrentes da enfermidade(AU)

This study aimed to register the parasitism by Giardia sp. in Geoffroys cats (L. geoffroyi) kept in captivity in the Southern region of Brazil. Fecal samples from one adult and one young male Geoffroys cat were collected. Samples were maintained refrigerated until being processed in laboratory through the zinc sulphate centrifugal-flotation method. Assay of feces from both animals showed infection by cysts of Giardia, although the felines did not present any clinical signs associated to the disease(AU)

Este estudio tuvo por objeto observar el parasitismo por Giardia sp. en gato montés (L. geoffroyi) mantenidos en cautiverio en la región sur de Brasil. Fueron analizadas muestras de heces de dos gatos de esta especie, machos, siendo un adulto y otro joven. Las muestras fueron almacenadas bajo refrigeración hasta que fuesen procesadas en laboratorio, a través del método de centrifugo-flotación con sulfato de zinc. En el examen de heces de ambos los animales se observó infección por quistos del género Giardia sp, sin embargo, los felinos no presentaron señales clínicos en virtud de la enfermedad(AU)