Resumo
A new species of Brachycephalus is described from Sacra Família do Tinguá, municipality of Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest. Brachycephalus margaritatus sp. nov. is characterized by large size (SVL 15.0 to 18.9 mm), orange color in life and cream to grayish cream in preservative, well developed dorsal plates with lateral edges curved down, and scattered bulges on upper surfaces of the body. The geographic distribution of B. margaritatus, B. ephippium, and B. garbeanus are provided.
Uma nova espécie de Brachycephalus é descrita de Sacra Família do Tinguá, município de Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, na Floresta Atlântica. Brachycephalus margaritatus é caracterizado pelo tamanho grande (15,0 a 18.9 mm CRC); coloração alaranjada em vida e creme a creme acinzentado em líquido preservativo; presença de placas dorsais bem desenvolvidas com suas bordas laterais curvadas para baixo; protuberâncias esparsas desenvolvidas no dorso e membros. A distribuição geográfica das espécies proximamente relacionadas a B. margaritatus, B. ephippium e B. gabeanus, é apresentadas.
Resumo
A new species of Brachycephalus is described from Sacra Família do Tinguá, municipality of Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest. Brachycephalus margaritatus sp. nov. is characterized by large size (SVL 15.0 to 18.9 mm), orange color in life and cream to grayish cream in preservative, well developed dorsal plates with lateral edges curved down, and scattered bulges on upper surfaces of the body. The geographic distribution of B. margaritatus, B. ephippium, and B. garbeanus are provided.
Uma nova espécie de Brachycephalus é descrita de Sacra Família do Tinguá, município de Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, na Floresta Atlântica. Brachycephalus margaritatus é caracterizado pelo tamanho grande (15,0 a 18.9 mm CRC); coloração alaranjada em vida e creme a creme acinzentado em líquido preservativo; presença de placas dorsais bem desenvolvidas com suas bordas laterais curvadas para baixo; protuberâncias esparsas desenvolvidas no dorso e membros. A distribuição geográfica das espécies proximamente relacionadas a B. margaritatus, B. ephippium e B. gabeanus, é apresentadas.
Resumo
During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.
Resumo
A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.
Resumo
A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.
Resumo
During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.
Resumo
During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.
Resumo
A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.
Resumo
Studies on sexual selection in anuran amphibians show that some morphological and/or behavioral characteristics, such as size, vocalizations, and chorus tenure can influence male mating success. The goals of this study were (1) to describe the breeding behavior of males and females of Dendropsophus bipunctatus, (2) to assess male mating success, and (3) to verify the female preferences for specific acoustical properties performed by males through the two-choice calls trials. During courtship activities, males performed a stationary calling position followed by frequent small switches of calling sites that could enhance mating success, as signals were emitted from different directions. Larger or heavier males did not obtain a larger number of females, whereas chorus tenure was the only variable significantly related to the reproductive success of males. We observed high percentage fertilization rate among all size and mass ratios of males and females, as well as size and mass assortative mating. The results of the two choice trials show that females of D. bipunctatus prefer signals produced at high call-rate than lower ones.
Estudos sobre o sucesso de acasalamento em anfíbios anuros mostram que determinadas características morfológicas e/ou comportamentais, como o tamanho, as vocalizações e o número de noites de participação no coro podem influenciar o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos. Este estudo teve como objetivos (1) descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de machos e fêmeas de Dendropsophus bipunctatus, (2) examinar o sucesso de acasalamento dos machos, bem como (3) verificar as preferências das fêmeas a certas propriedades acústicas exibidas por machos através de testes de playback. Durante as atividades de corte, machos apresentaram períodos de imobilidade seguidos de pequenos deslocamentos que pode ser interpretado como uma forma de aumentar suas chances de atrair uma fêmea, pois os sinais acústicos podem, dessa forma, ser emitidos em diferentes direções. Machos maiores ou mais pesados não obtiveram um maior número de fêmeas e o número de noites de participação no coro foi a única variável que foi significativamente correlacionada com o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos. Acasalamentos por classe de tamanho e massa foram observados nesta espécie e altas taxas de fertilização foram encontradas em todas as razões de tamanho e massa dos casais em amplexo coletados no campo. Os resultados dos experimentos com cantos (playback) mostraram que fêmeas exibem uma preferência por sinais acústicos emitidos a uma elevada taxa de repetição do que aqueles emitidos a uma baixa taxa.
Resumo
Studies on sexual selection in anuran amphibians show that some morphological and/or behavioral characteristics, such as size, vocalizations, and chorus tenure can influence male mating success. The goals of this study were (1) to describe the breeding behavior of males and females of Dendropsophus bipunctatus, (2) to assess male mating success, and (3) to verify the female preferences for specific acoustical properties performed by males through the two-choice calls trials. During courtship activities, males performed a stationary calling position followed by frequent small switches of calling sites that could enhance mating success, as signals were emitted from different directions. Larger or heavier males did not obtain a larger number of females, whereas chorus tenure was the only variable significantly related to the reproductive success of males. We observed high percentage fertilization rate among all size and mass ratios of males and females, as well as size and mass assortative mating. The results of the two choice trials show that females of D. bipunctatus prefer signals produced at high call-rate than lower ones.
Estudos sobre o sucesso de acasalamento em anfíbios anuros mostram que determinadas características morfológicas e/ou comportamentais, como o tamanho, as vocalizações e o número de noites de participação no coro podem influenciar o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos. Este estudo teve como objetivos (1) descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de machos e fêmeas de Dendropsophus bipunctatus, (2) examinar o sucesso de acasalamento dos machos, bem como (3) verificar as preferências das fêmeas a certas propriedades acústicas exibidas por machos através de testes de playback. Durante as atividades de corte, machos apresentaram períodos de imobilidade seguidos de pequenos deslocamentos que pode ser interpretado como uma forma de aumentar suas chances de atrair uma fêmea, pois os sinais acústicos podem, dessa forma, ser emitidos em diferentes direções. Machos maiores ou mais pesados não obtiveram um maior número de fêmeas e o número de noites de participação no coro foi a única variável que foi significativamente correlacionada com o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos. Acasalamentos por classe de tamanho e massa foram observados nesta espécie e altas taxas de fertilização foram encontradas em todas as razões de tamanho e massa dos casais em amplexo coletados no campo. Os resultados dos experimentos com cantos (playback) mostraram que fêmeas exibem uma preferência por sinais acústicos emitidos a uma elevada taxa de repetição do que aqueles emitidos a uma baixa taxa.
Resumo
A new species of the genus Rhinella is described from Canavieiras, southern State of Bahia, in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Eastern Brazil. Rhinella hoogmoedi sp. nov. is characterized by the medium size for the genus (SVL 39.4-52.1 mm in males), snout rounded in dorsal view, with a vertical apical ridge which gives a nearly mucronate aspect, and nearly acute in profile, antorbital and supra-orbital crests developed, parietal crest poorly developed, post-orbital crest large, forming a small lateral ledge, tympanum evident, vertebral apophyses not salient on dorsum, presence of a dorsolateral line of pointed tubercles on the external border of the parotoid gland, continuing along the lateral side of body to the groin, a rounded tubercle at the posterior corner of mouth, and vocal slits present. The new species is distributed from the State of Ceará to the State of Paraná, Brazil.
Uma nova espécie do gênero Rhinella é descrita de Canavieiras, no sul do Estado da Bahia, na Floresta Atlântica do leste do Brasil. Rhinella hoogmoedi sp. nov. é caracterizada pelo tamanho médio para o gênero (CRA 39,4-52,1 mm em machos), focinho arredondado em vista dorsal, com uma prega apical vertical que lhe dá um aspecto aproximadamente mucronado, e próximo de agudo em perfil, cristas anterorbital e supra-orbital desenvolvidas, crista parietal pouco desenvolvida, crista pós-orbital grande, formando uma pequena aba lateral, tímpano evidente, apófises vertebrais não salientes no dorso, presença de uma linha dorsolateral de tubérculos pontiagudos na borda externa da glândula parotóide, continuando-se ao longo da lateral do corpo até a virilha, um tubérculo arredondado no canto posterior da boca e fendas vocais presentes. A nova espécie está distribuída do Estado do Ceará até o Estado do Paraná, Brasil.
Resumo
A new species of the genus Rhinella is described from Canavieiras, southern State of Bahia, in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Eastern Brazil. Rhinella hoogmoedi sp. nov. is characterized by the medium size for the genus (SVL 39.4-52.1 mm in males), snout rounded in dorsal view, with a vertical apical ridge which gives a nearly mucronate aspect, and nearly acute in profile, antorbital and supra-orbital crests developed, parietal crest poorly developed, post-orbital crest large, forming a small lateral ledge, tympanum evident, vertebral apophyses not salient on dorsum, presence of a dorsolateral line of pointed tubercles on the external border of the parotoid gland, continuing along the lateral side of body to the groin, a rounded tubercle at the posterior corner of mouth, and vocal slits present. The new species is distributed from the State of Ceará to the State of Paraná, Brazil.
Uma nova espécie do gênero Rhinella é descrita de Canavieiras, no sul do Estado da Bahia, na Floresta Atlântica do leste do Brasil. Rhinella hoogmoedi sp. nov. é caracterizada pelo tamanho médio para o gênero (CRA 39,4-52,1 mm em machos), focinho arredondado em vista dorsal, com uma prega apical vertical que lhe dá um aspecto aproximadamente mucronado, e próximo de agudo em perfil, cristas anterorbital e supra-orbital desenvolvidas, crista parietal pouco desenvolvida, crista pós-orbital grande, formando uma pequena aba lateral, tímpano evidente, apófises vertebrais não salientes no dorso, presença de uma linha dorsolateral de tubérculos pontiagudos na borda externa da glândula parotóide, continuando-se ao longo da lateral do corpo até a virilha, um tubérculo arredondado no canto posterior da boca e fendas vocais presentes. A nova espécie está distribuída do Estado do Ceará até o Estado do Paraná, Brasil.
Resumo
Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. On three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. On the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio.
Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. Em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume.
Resumo
Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. On three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. On the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio.
Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. Em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume.
Resumo
The breeding activity of Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) was monitored from July 1999 to July 2000 in a temporary pond in Palmital, Municipality of Saquarema, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. Males were sexually actives only in four nights, arriving at the pond on the early rainy season. Males in amplexus were larger and spent more nights in the reproductive aggregation than solitary ones. The number of nights was correlated with the mass of the males. Males adopted satellite behavior as alternative tactic for mate acquisition. Changes between calling and satellite tactics were observed in different nights. Calling males were not larger and heavier than satellite ones. Satellite behavior seemed to be related with the order of arrival on the pond. Size and mass of males did not influence the results of fights. Resident males won the majority of agonistics combats. Three types of vocalizations are described: advertisement, territorial, and encounter calls.
Resumo
The breeding activity of Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) was monitored from July 1999 to July 2000 in a temporary pond in Palmital, Municipality of Saquarema, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. Males were sexually actives only in four nights, arriving at the pond on the early rainy season. Males in amplexus were larger and spent more nights in the reproductive aggregation than solitary ones. The number of nights was correlated with the mass of the males. Males adopted satellite behavior as alternative tactic for mate acquisition. Changes between calling and satellite tactics were observed in different nights. Calling males were not larger and heavier than satellite ones. Satellite behavior seemed to be related with the order of arrival on the pond. Size and mass of males did not influence the results of fights. Resident males won the majority of agonistics combats. Three types of vocalizations are described: advertisement, territorial, and encounter calls.