Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calf’s forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calfs forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...(AU)

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) seminal plasma and their relation to sperm quality / Atividade da superóxido dismutase e catalase no plasma seminal de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e sua relação com a qualidade espermática

The study of the seminal plasma help us to understand the mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the sperm. The antioxidant enzymes, as the superoxide dismutase - SOD and catalase - CAT, are capable of removing the oxidative agents before they produce injuries. The aim of the current study was to investigate the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT in seminal plasma, and their association with sperm quality in collared peccaries. Study was conducted during the dry period (August and September) on a region characterized by a semiarid climate, with an average annual temperature of 27°C and irregular rainfall (Mossoro, RN, Brazil; 5°10´S and 37°10´W). Nine ejaculates were obtained from sexually mature males (1 sample per animal) by electroejaculation. Semen was evaluated for microscopic parameters and the activity of SOD and CAT was measured by spectrophotometry. All ejaculates were white in color. Mean values for concentration were of 207 ± 160 x106 sperm/mL, motility of 83.0 ± 20.9% and viability of 72.5 ± 10.4%. In regards to the enzymatic activity, none was observed for the CAT enzyme. Trace levels of SOD (0.033 ± 0.049 AU/mgP) were detected in the ejaculates of all individuals; however, no correlation was observed between SOD levels and the sperm motility (R = 0.35; P = 0.931), vigor (R = 0.29; P = 0.133), viability (R = 0.16; P = 0.29), functional membrane (R = 0.04; P = 0.617) or morphology (R = 0.03; P = 0.637). In conclusion, we demonstrated the first description of antioxidant enzyme activity in seminal plasma of fresh ejaculates obtained from collared peccaries. SOD antioxidant activity was evident during the dry period of a semiarid region, but no relationship between SOD and semen parameters was observed.

O estudo do plasma seminal nos auxilia a compreender os mecanismos pelos quais as espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) afetam o espermatozoide. As enzimas antioxidantes, como a superóxido dismutase - SOD e a catalase - CAT, são capazes de remover os agentes oxidativos antes que causem injúrias. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no plasma seminal, e sua associação com a qualidade espermática em catetos. O estudo foi conduzido durante o período seco (agosto a setembro) em uma região caracterizada pelo clima semiárido, com temperatura média anual de 27°C e pluviosidade irregular (Mossoró, RN, Brasil; 5°10´S e 37°10´W). Nove ejaculados foram obtidos de machos sexualmente maduros (1 amostra por animal) por eletroejaculação. O sêmen foi avaliado quanto aos parâmetros microscópicos e a atividade da SOD e da CAT foi mensurada por espectrofotometria. Todos os ejaculados apresentavam coloração branca. Os valores médios para a concentração foram de 207 ± 160 x106 espermatozoides/mL, motilidade de 83,0 ± 20,9% e viabilidade de 72,5 ± 10,4%. No que diz respeito à atividade enzimática, nenhuma foi observada para a enzima CAT. Traços de SOD (0,033 ± 0,049 AU/mgP) foram detectados nos ejaculados de todos os indivíduos; entretanto, nenhuma correlação foi observada entre os níveis de SOD e a motilidade espermática (R = 0,35; P = 0,931), o vigor (R = 0,29; P = 0,133), a viabilidade (R = 0,16; P = 0,29), a função de membrana (R = 0,04; P = 0,617) ou a morfologia espermática (R = 003; P = 0,637). Em conclusão, nós demonstramos a primeira descrição da atividade enzimática antioxidante no plasma seminal de ejaculados frescos obtidos de catetos. A atividade da SOD foi evidente durante o período seco de uma região semiárida, mas nenhuma relação entre a SOD e os parâmetros seminais foi observada.

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.(AU)

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.(AU)

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) seminal plasma and their relation to sperm quality / Atividade da superóxido dismutase e catalase no plasma seminal de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e sua relação com a qualidade espermática

The study of the seminal plasma help us to understand the mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the sperm. The antioxidant enzymes, as the superoxide dismutase - SOD and catalase - CAT, are capable of removing the oxidative agents before they produce injuries. The aim of the current study was to investigate the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT in seminal plasma, and their association with sperm quality in collared peccaries. Study was conducted during the dry period (August and September) on a region characterized by a semiarid climate, with an average annual temperature of 27°C and irregular rainfall (Mossoro, RN, Brazil; 5°10´S and 37°10´W). Nine ejaculates were obtained from sexually mature males (1 sample per animal) by electroejaculation. Semen was evaluated for microscopic parameters and the activity of SOD and CAT was measured by spectrophotometry. All ejaculates were white in color. Mean values for concentration were of 207 ± 160 x106 sperm/mL, motility of 83.0 ± 20.9% and viability of 72.5 ± 10.4%. In regards to the enzymatic activity, none was observed for the CAT enzyme. Trace levels of SOD (0.033 ± 0.049 AU/mgP) were detected in the ejaculates of all individuals; however, no correlation was observed between SOD levels and the sperm motility (R = 0.35; P = 0.931), vigor (R = 0.29; P = 0.133), viability (R = 0.16; P = 0.29), functional membrane (R = 0.04; P = 0.617) or morphology (R = 0.03; P = 0.637). In conclusion, we demonstrated the first description of antioxidant enzyme activity in seminal plasma of fresh ejaculates obtained from collared peccaries. SOD antioxidant activity was evident during the dry period of a semiarid region, but no relationship between SOD and semen parameters was observed.(AU)

O estudo do plasma seminal nos auxilia a compreender os mecanismos pelos quais as espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) afetam o espermatozoide. As enzimas antioxidantes, como a superóxido dismutase - SOD e a catalase - CAT, são capazes de remover os agentes oxidativos antes que causem injúrias. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no plasma seminal, e sua associação com a qualidade espermática em catetos. O estudo foi conduzido durante o período seco (agosto a setembro) em uma região caracterizada pelo clima semiárido, com temperatura média anual de 27°C e pluviosidade irregular (Mossoró, RN, Brasil; 5°10´S e 37°10´W). Nove ejaculados foram obtidos de machos sexualmente maduros (1 amostra por animal) por eletroejaculação. O sêmen foi avaliado quanto aos parâmetros microscópicos e a atividade da SOD e da CAT foi mensurada por espectrofotometria. Todos os ejaculados apresentavam coloração branca. Os valores médios para a concentração foram de 207 ± 160 x106 espermatozoides/mL, motilidade de 83,0 ± 20,9% e viabilidade de 72,5 ± 10,4%. No que diz respeito à atividade enzimática, nenhuma foi observada para a enzima CAT. Traços de SOD (0,033 ± 0,049 AU/mgP) foram detectados nos ejaculados de todos os indivíduos; entretanto, nenhuma correlação foi observada entre os níveis de SOD e a motilidade espermática (R = 0,35; P = 0,931), o vigor (R = 0,29; P = 0,133), a viabilidade (R = 0,16; P = 0,29), a função de membrana (R = 0,04; P = 0,617) ou a morfologia espermática (R = 003; P = 0,637). Em conclusão, nós demonstramos a primeira descrição da atividade enzimática antioxidante no plasma seminal de ejaculados frescos obtidos de catetos. A atividade da SOD foi evidente durante o período seco de uma região semiárida, mas nenhuma relação entre a SOD e os parâmetros seminais foi observada.(AU)

Zoonotic transmission of canine sporotrichosis in northeastern Brazil

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, caused by the fungal complex Sporothrix schenckii, and composed of several species of the genus. Although diseased dogs show the minimal risk of infection to humans, such susceptibility is non-null and, therefore, should be considered. In the Northeast of Brazil, such mycosis has been reported in dogs but its role in local public health is still unknown. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of canine sporotrichosis with transference capacity to humans, pointing a case in a Brazilian northeastern city. An 11-year-old male dachshund dog presenting skin lesions for two months. The dog was autochthonous to the city of Natal. The animal was referred for physical evaluation. Subcutaneous nodules were detected in the nasal and ventral-cervical regions. An incisional biopsy of the lesions was performed, subjecting the samples to histopathology. Itraconazole (10 mg/ kg, orally, every 24 hours) was prescribed. After a few days under physical evaluation, the guardian of the animal noticed alterations in the integument of her left upper limb. A clinical laboratory examination by a dermatologist detected sporotrichosis condition, being the animal caregiver submitted to a specialized therapy. The dermato-histopathology of the canine revealed the presence of Sporothrix spp., thus confirming the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. After the histopathological examination, itraconazole therapy was continued, achieving a complete lesion regression after 120 days. In dogs infected with the S. schenckii complex, transmission to humans should be considered regardless of the affected animal species, once sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonosis.

Zoonotic transmission of canine sporotrichosis in northeastern Brazil

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, caused by the fungal complex Sporothrix schenckii, and composed of several species of the genus. Although diseased dogs show the minimal risk of infection to humans, such susceptibility is non-null and, therefore, should be considered. In the Northeast of Brazil, such mycosis has been reported in dogs but its role in local public health is still unknown. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of canine sporotrichosis with transference capacity to humans, pointing a case in a Brazilian northeastern city. An 11-year-old male dachshund dog presenting skin lesions for two months. The dog was autochthonous to the city of Natal. The animal was referred for physical evaluation. Subcutaneous nodules were detected in the nasal and ventral-cervical regions. An incisional biopsy of the lesions was performed, subjecting the samples to histopathology. Itraconazole (10 mg/ kg, orally, every 24 hours) was prescribed. After a few days under physical evaluation, the guardian of the animal noticed alterations in the integument of her left upper limb. A clinical laboratory examination by a dermatologist detected sporotrichosis condition, being the animal caregiver submitted to a specialized therapy. The dermato-histopathology of the canine revealed the presence of Sporothrix spp., thus confirming the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. After the histopathological examination, itraconazole therapy was continued, achieving a complete lesion regression after 120 days. In dogs infected with the S. schenckii complex, transmission to humans should be considered regardless of the affected animal species, once sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonosis.(AU)

Utilização de alfaxalona associado com meperidina e midazolam em gato obstruído / Use of alphaxalone associated with meperidine and midazolam in an obstructed cat

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o uso do anestésico alfaxalona associado à meperidina e midazolam para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral em um gato com doença do trato urinário inferior felino (DTUIF), analisando as qualidades de indução e recuperação, assim como as alterações fisiológicas. Um felino macho, quatro anos de idade, 3.1 Kg, castrado, foi atendido no setor de emergência do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido com histórico de estrangúria, abdome distendido e vesícula urinária repleta, sendo diagnosticado com DTUIF obstrutiva. Para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral a MPA foi instituída com meperidina 3mg/Kg por via intramuscular (IM), dez minutos após, procedeu-se a indução anestésica: 0,4mg/Kg de midazolam seguido de 2mg/Kg de alfaxalona, ambos diluídos em água de injeção, dispostos separadamente em seringas individuais, e administrados pela via intravenosa (IV). A alfaxalona foi administrado lentamente, contabilizando 1 minuto para total fornecimento. Foram avaliadas a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), média (PAM), diastólica (PAD) e hemogasometria venosa, antes, durante e após o procedimento anestésico. A alfaxalona em associação com o midazolam produziu perda rápida da consciência, do reflexo de deglutição e intenso relaxamento muscular, bem como boa qualidade de indução e recuperação. O protocolo utilizado produziu mínimas anormalidades clinico patológicas, sem alterações importantes nos parâmetros cardíacos e respiratórios durante todo o procedimento, com manutenção da pressão arterial. Portanto, o anestésico alfaxalona foi considerado seguro para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral emgato macho com DTUIF.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the anesthetic alfaxalone in combination with meperidine and midazolam as an anesthetic protocol for managing urethral obstruction in a male cat with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), and verify the quality of the induction and recovery as well as the physiological changes. A male four-year-old cat, weighing 3.1 kg, was admitted to the emergency service of the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University, with a clinical history of stranguria, haematuria, distended abdomen and an enlarged urinary bladder. To prepare to unblock the urethral obstruction, intravenous (IV) Lactated Ringers solution (RL) administration was initially performed. The anesthetic protocol used was 3mg.kg-1 meperidine IM, followed by 0.4 mg.kg-1 midazolam IV given immediately before 2 mg.kg-1 alfaxalone IV. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and venous blood gases were evaluated before, during and after the anesthesia. There was no significant variation in the analyzed parameters after administration of meperidine. Alfaxalone, in combination with midazolam, produced rapid loss of consciousness, swallowing reflex and intense muscle relaxation, as well as a good quality of induction and recovery. The presented protocol induced minimal clinical pathological abnormalities, no significant changes in cardiac and respiratory parameters throughout the procedure, with maintenance of the blood pressure. Therefore, the anesthetic alfaxalone was considered safe for managing urethral obstruction in male cat with FLUTD.(AU)

Effects of leptin and adinopectin on cardiovascular, respiratory and haematological systems of healthy dogs

Adipocytokines are substances produced by adipocytes responsible for the regulation of several physiological processes. Among those substances, leptin and adiponectin have been intensively investigated because of their possible effects on metabolism, reproduction, hematopoiesis and cardiovascular system. The current study aimed to assess the effects of adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin on cardiac and respiratory functions, as well as on the hematological parameters of healthy female dogs of different breeds. Parameters of rectal temperature, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse, heart rate and respiratory rate were evaluated in fifty two healthy female dogs. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count and plasma leptin and adiponectin measurement via ELISA technique. There was no difference in circulating levels of adipocytokines among the different breeds (p ≤ 0,05). Negative correlation between leptin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was found, while it was positive regarding systolic blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. Adiponectin was positively correlated with red blood cells and platelets and negatively with heart rate, respiratory rate, diastolic blood pressure and pulse. Adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, exert regulatory effects on cardiorespiratory function and hematopoiesis in healthy female dogs.(AU)

The lumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae) / Plexo lombossacral da cutia (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae)

The red-rumped agouti, a small, wild rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family, has greatzootechnical potential and adapts well to captivity. In order to contribute to the knowledge regarding the neuroanatomy of the species, the aim of this study was to describe the origin of the nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus by evaluating 12 animals (six males and six females) that had been used in previous experiments. Animals were fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution and eviscerated after 72 hours. Major and minor psoas muscles were then retracted to expose the nerves forming the plexus, and the plexus was bleached via cotton soaked in 20-volume hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours for subsequent dissection. Topographical relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and arranged in terms of simple percentages. In seven cases (58.34%), the lumbosacral plexus in the red-rumped agouti stemmed from the ventral roots of the last four lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves (Type I: L4-S3). In four animals (33.33%), the lumbosacral plexus stemmed from L5-S3 (Type II), and in one case (8.33%) it stemmed from L5-S4 (Type III). Together, our observations demonstrated that thelumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti comprised the lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal nerves. Finally, the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and its constituent spinal nerves was similar to what has been described in other rodents, including the rock cavy, lowland paca, and Spix’s yellow-toothed cavy.

A cutia é um roedor silvestre, de pequeno porte pertencente à família Dasyproctidae, com grandepotencial zootécnico e que se adapta bem ao cativeiro. De forma a contribuir acerca da biologia daespécie, objetivou-se descrever a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Foram utilizados 12 animais (6 machos e 6 fêmeas), provenientes de experimentos anteriores. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e após 72 horas, eviscerados. Em seguida os músculos psoas maior e menor foram rebatidos, expondo-se os nervos que formavam o plexo. Sobre estes nervos foi colocado algodão embebido com peróxido de hidrogênio a 20 volumes, permanecendo por 12 horas seguidas para clareamento e consequente dissecação. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral agrupadas em tabelas em forma de porcentagem simples. O plexo lombossacral da cutia originou-se em sete casos (58,34%) a partir das raízes ventrais dos quatro últimos nervos lombares e três primeiros nervos sacrais (Tipo I - L4-S3), em quatro animais (33,33%) a partir de L5-S3 (Tipo II) e um caso (8,33%) a partir de L5-S4 (Tipo III). Os nervos que participaram do plexo lombossacral da cutia foram: cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e nervo pudendo. A origem do plexo lombossacral e os nervos espinhais constituintes deste plexo em cutias foram semelhantes ao descrito em alguns roedores como mocó, paca e preá.

Atypical mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana) / Mannheimiose atípica em emas (Rhea americana) cativas

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is a major cause of respiratory disease in bovine complex (BRDC) that causes great economic losses. To this day, there are no reports of birds affected by this bacterium. The present report describes an atypical outbreak of mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana).(AU)

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) é uma das principais causas da doença do complexo respiratório dos bovinos (DCRB) que causa grandes perdas econômicas. Até os dias atuais, não há relato de aves acometidas por tal bactéria. Relata-se um surto atípico de mannheimiose em emas em cativeiro (Rhea americana).(AU)

The lumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae) / Plexo lombossacral da cutia (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae)

The red-rumped agouti, a small, wild rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family, has greatzootechnical potential and adapts well to captivity. In order to contribute to the knowledge regarding the neuroanatomy of the species, the aim of this study was to describe the origin of the nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus by evaluating 12 animals (six males and six females) that had been used in previous experiments. Animals were fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution and eviscerated after 72 hours. Major and minor psoas muscles were then retracted to expose the nerves forming the plexus, and the plexus was bleached via cotton soaked in 20-volume hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours for subsequent dissection. Topographical relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and arranged in terms of simple percentages. In seven cases (58.34%), the lumbosacral plexus in the red-rumped agouti stemmed from the ventral roots of the last four lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves (Type I: L4-S3). In four animals (33.33%), the lumbosacral plexus stemmed from L5-S3 (Type II), and in one case (8.33%) it stemmed from L5-S4 (Type III). Together, our observations demonstrated that thelumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti comprised the lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal nerves. Finally, the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and its constituent spinal nerves was similar to what has been described in other rodents, including the rock cavy, lowland paca, and Spixs yellow-toothed cavy.(AU)

A cutia é um roedor silvestre, de pequeno porte pertencente à família Dasyproctidae, com grandepotencial zootécnico e que se adapta bem ao cativeiro. De forma a contribuir acerca da biologia daespécie, objetivou-se descrever a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Foram utilizados 12 animais (6 machos e 6 fêmeas), provenientes de experimentos anteriores. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e após 72 horas, eviscerados. Em seguida os músculos psoas maior e menor foram rebatidos, expondo-se os nervos que formavam o plexo. Sobre estes nervos foi colocado algodão embebido com peróxido de hidrogênio a 20 volumes, permanecendo por 12 horas seguidas para clareamento e consequente dissecação. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral agrupadas em tabelas em forma de porcentagem simples. O plexo lombossacral da cutia originou-se em sete casos (58,34%) a partir das raízes ventrais dos quatro últimos nervos lombares e três primeiros nervos sacrais (Tipo I - L4-S3), em quatro animais (33,33%) a partir de L5-S3 (Tipo II) e um caso (8,33%) a partir de L5-S4 (Tipo III). Os nervos que participaram do plexo lombossacral da cutia foram: cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e nervo pudendo. A origem do plexo lombossacral e os nervos espinhais constituintes deste plexo em cutias foram semelhantes ao descrito em alguns roedores como mocó, paca e preá.(AU)

Atypical Mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana) cativas / Mannheimiose atípica em emas (Rhea americana) cativas

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is a major cause of respiratory disease in bovine complex (BRDC) that causes great economic losses. To this day, there are no reports of birds affected by this bacterium. The present report describes an atypical outbreak of mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana).(AU)

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) é uma das principais causas da doença do complexo respiratório dos bovinos (DCRB) que causa grandes perdas econômicas. Até os dias atuais, não há relato de aves acometidas por tal bactéria. Relata-se um surto atípico de mannheimiose em emas em cativeiro (Rhea americana).(AU)

Colic in equidae from Rio Grande do Norte: retrospective study of the main clinical and epidemiological findings in 25 cases / Cólica em equídeos no Rio Grande do Norte: estudo retrospectivo dos principais achados clínico-epidemiológicos de 25 casos

The present article aimed to conduct a retrospective study of the main clinical and epidemiological findings in 25 cases of colic in equidae from Rio Grande do Norte. Twenty five equidae (21 horses, three mules and one donkey) were included. Clinical treatment was performed in 15 equidae with moderate large colon impaction (n = 6), cecal bloat (n = 4), gastric overload (n = 3), cecal impaction (n = 1) and gastric ulcers (n = 1). Six horses with severe large colon impaction (n = 2), meconium impaction (n = 2), left dorsal displacement of the large colon (n = 1) and verminotic arteritis (n = 1) were submitted to exploratory laparotomy. Four horses were not treated due to severe systemic disturbances and poor prognosis. Higher incidence occurred in Quarter horses and crossbreed horses followed by mules and single cases in a pony and a donkey. Impactions of the large intestine and cecal bloat were the major causes of colic in equidae from this study; and mainly resulted from erroneous feeding management by the owners or handlers.

O presente artigo teve como objetivo realizar um estudo retrospectivo dos principais achados clínicos-epidemiológicos em 25 casos de cólica em equídeos do Rio Grande do Norte. Vinte e cinco equídeos (21 cavalos, três muares e um asinino) foram incluídos. O tratamento clínico foi realizado em 15 equídeos com compactação do cólon moderada (n = 6), timpanismo cecal (n = 4), sobrecarga gástrica (n = 3), compactação de ceco (n = 1) e úlceras gástricas (n = 1). Seis equinos com compactação do cólon grave (n = 2), retenção de mecônio (n = 2), deslocamento dorsal do cólon maior esquerdo (n = 1) e arterite verminótica (n = 1) foram submetidos à laparotomia exploratória. Quatro equinos não foram tratados devido aos distúrbios sistêmicos graves e prognóstico ruim. A maior incidência ocorreu em equinos Quarto de Milha e seus mestiços, seguidos por muares e casos únicos em um pônei e um asinino. Compactações do intestino grosso e o timpanismo cecal foram as principais causas de cólica em equídeos deste estudo, e, principalmente, como consequência do manejo alimentar errôneo por parte dos proprietários ou tratadores.

Colic in equidae from Rio Grande do Norte: retrospective study of the main clinical and epidemiological findings in 25 cases / Cólica em equídeos no Rio Grande do Norte: estudo retrospectivo dos principais achados clínico-epidemiológicos de 25 casos

The present article aimed to conduct a retrospective study of the main clinical and epidemiological findings in 25 cases of colic in equidae from Rio Grande do Norte. Twenty five equidae (21 horses, three mules and one donkey) were included. Clinical treatment was performed in 15 equidae with moderate large colon impaction (n = 6), cecal bloat (n = 4), gastric overload (n = 3), cecal impaction (n = 1) and gastric ulcers (n = 1). Six horses with severe large colon impaction (n = 2), meconium impaction (n = 2), left dorsal displacement of the large colon (n = 1) and verminotic arteritis (n = 1) were submitted to exploratory laparotomy. Four horses were not treated due to severe systemic disturbances and poor prognosis. Higher incidence occurred in Quarter horses and crossbreed horses followed by mules and single cases in a pony and a donkey. Impactions of the large intestine and cecal bloat were the major causes of colic in equidae from this study; and mainly resulted from erroneous feeding management by the owners or handlers.(AU)

O presente artigo teve como objetivo realizar um estudo retrospectivo dos principais achados clínicos-epidemiológicos em 25 casos de cólica em equídeos do Rio Grande do Norte. Vinte e cinco equídeos (21 cavalos, três muares e um asinino) foram incluídos. O tratamento clínico foi realizado em 15 equídeos com compactação do cólon moderada (n = 6), timpanismo cecal (n = 4), sobrecarga gástrica (n = 3), compactação de ceco (n = 1) e úlceras gástricas (n = 1). Seis equinos com compactação do cólon grave (n = 2), retenção de mecônio (n = 2), deslocamento dorsal do cólon maior esquerdo (n = 1) e arterite verminótica (n = 1) foram submetidos à laparotomia exploratória. Quatro equinos não foram tratados devido aos distúrbios sistêmicos graves e prognóstico ruim. A maior incidência ocorreu em equinos Quarto de Milha e seus mestiços, seguidos por muares e casos únicos em um pônei e um asinino. Compactações do intestino grosso e o timpanismo cecal foram as principais causas de cólica em equídeos deste estudo, e, principalmente, como consequência do manejo alimentar errôneo por parte dos proprietários ou tratadores.(AU)

Hemangiossarcoma cutâneo com metástase no sistema nervoso central de um canino / Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with metastasis in the central nervous system of a canine

Background: Canine hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells. Such tumor has most commonly its primary location in the spleen, right atrium, subcutaneous tissue and liver. In general, metastases occur in the liver, omentum, mesentery and lung. The nervous system may be a metastasis site, but with rare spinal cord involvement. This paper aims at the description of canine cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with metastasis to the central nervous system. Case: A dog presented history of skin neoplasia. The patient underwent physical examination, which detected an exophytic tumor in the foreskin. Needle aspiration of the lesion was carried out, suggesting the presence of malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin. So, the lesion surgical excision was the option. Before the procedure, complementary preoperative examinations of the patient were required. Those corresponded to chest radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, complete blood count, serum urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total protein. The image diagnostic of the thoracic and abdominal cavities showed no noteworthy changes. The hematology and serum biochemistry were normal. The tumor obtained during surgery was sent for histopathological analysis, whose diagnosis corresponded to hemangiosarcoma. Chemotherapy treatment was not possible in the animal. Nine months after the surgery, alterations in the canine movement were detected as well as postural reactions of the right forelimb, with paresis and reduced proprioception of the same. Hyperesthesia was also found in the spine, in the cervical and thoracic segments. Due to the patient's clinical condition, euthanasia was recommended. The animal was sent for autopsy, where the main macroscopic lesions were dark red areas in the left brain and spinal cord compression by a tumor between the bodies of the seventh cervical vertebra and the first chest one. All material was sent for histopathological examination, which revealed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the structures examined, suggesting metastasis to the central nervous system from the primary cutaneous site. Discussion: The majority of dogs with cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, during the initial clinical presentation, have already presented a primary tumor in another organ. However, in the present report, there was an inversion of this quotation, since the initial site of the tumor probably corresponded to the skin as, during the first approach, the patient's chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound did not reveal metastastic injuries. Also, at that time, the dog did not exhibit clinical signs related to tumor spread, unlike the symptoms observed after nine months. To hemangiosarcomas with location in the frontal lobe of the brain, contralateral postural reaction deficits can be observed. Such statement may justify, for the case under discussion, the association of the lesions in the left cerebral hemisphere with disabilities in the proprioception in the right forelimb. Hemangiosarcomas of the spine with extradural location cause gradual compression of the spinal cord and thus favor the development of progressive myelopathy symptoms. This quote could explain the spine hyperesthesia and the monoparesis reported in the animal. The histopathology of skin tumors is essential to establish the definitive diagnosis and for better understanding of future pathologies.

Piodermite profunda por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cutia (Dasyprocta sp) / Deep pyoderma for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in agouti (Dasyprocta sp): case report

As dermatopatias bacterianas representam uma proporção significativa das patologias dos roedores. Todavia, em cutia (Dasyprocta sp.), um roedor de porte médio com distribuição geográfica desde a América Central até a América do Sul, não se conhecem relatos de agentes bacterianos isolados de processos inflamatórios cutâneos. O presente trabalho objetivou a descrição de um caso de piodermite profunda por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em uma cutia (Dasyprocta sp.) com histórico de lesão cutânea. Após exame físico, prescreveram-se antibiótico e anti-inflamatório. O tratamento foi interrompido e o animal veio a óbito, sendo encaminhado para necropsia e obtendo-se amostras para cultura bacteriana e exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia revelaram alopecia, eritema, celulite, crostas e úlceras, na face ventral da cabeça. A superfície de corte do tegumento mostrou secreção purulenta e caseosa, sendo que a cultura bacteriana isolou o C. pseudotuberculosis. A histopatologia cutânea diagnosticou um quadro de piodermite profunda. Em virtude do reduzido conhecimento das piodermites em cutias (Dasyprocta sp.), tornam-se necessárias maiores investigações sobre a etiopatogenia da doença.

Bacterial skin diseases represent a significant ratio of rodents’ pathologies. However, in agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), a middle-sized rodent with geographic distribution from Central to South America, reports on isolated bacterial agents of cutaneous inflammatory processes are not observed. The present study aimed to describe a case of deep pyoderma by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in an agouti (Dasyprocta sp.). The agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) presented the description of cutaneous injury and it was submitted to physical examination. After that, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory were prescribed. The animal died when the treatment was interrupted, and it was directed to necropsy. Over there, samples for bacterial culture and histopathological examination were obtained. The findings of necropsy were: alopecia, erythema, cellulitis, crusts and ulcers, on the ventral side of the head. The tegument’s cut surface disclosed purulent and caseous secretion. The bacterial culture isolated the C. pseudotuberculosis. The cutaneous histopathology diagnosid deep pyoderma. Because of the reduced knowledge about agoutis pyoderma (Dasyprocta sp.), further investigations on the disease’s etiopathogeny are necessary.

Piodermite profunda por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cutia (Dasyprocta sp) / Deep pyoderma for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in agouti (Dasyprocta sp): case report

As dermatopatias bacterianas representam uma proporção significativa das patologias dos roedores. Todavia, em cutia (Dasyprocta sp.), um roedor de porte médio com distribuição geográfica desde a América Central até a América do Sul, não se conhecem relatos de agentes bacterianos isolados de processos inflamatórios cutâneos. O presente trabalho objetivou a descrição de um caso de piodermite profunda por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em uma cutia (Dasyprocta sp.) com histórico de lesão cutânea. Após exame físico, prescreveram-se antibiótico e anti-inflamatório. O tratamento foi interrompido e o animal veio a óbito, sendo encaminhado para necropsia e obtendo-se amostras para cultura bacteriana e exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia revelaram alopecia, eritema, celulite, crostas e úlceras, na face ventral da cabeça. A superfície de corte do tegumento mostrou secreção purulenta e caseosa, sendo que a cultura bacteriana isolou o C. pseudotuberculosis. A histopatologia cutânea diagnosticou um quadro de piodermite profunda. Em virtude do reduzido conhecimento das piodermites em cutias (Dasyprocta sp.), tornam-se necessárias maiores investigações sobre a etiopatogenia da doença.(AU)

Bacterial skin diseases represent a significant ratio of rodents pathologies. However, in agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), a middle-sized rodent with geographic distribution from Central to South America, reports on isolated bacterial agents of cutaneous inflammatory processes are not observed. The present study aimed to describe a case of deep pyoderma by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in an agouti (Dasyprocta sp.). The agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) presented the description of cutaneous injury and it was submitted to physical examination. After that, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory were prescribed. The animal died when the treatment was interrupted, and it was directed to necropsy. Over there, samples for bacterial culture and histopathological examination were obtained. The findings of necropsy were: alopecia, erythema, cellulitis, crusts and ulcers, on the ventral side of the head. The teguments cut surface disclosed purulent and caseous secretion. The bacterial culture isolated the C. pseudotuberculosis. The cutaneous histopathology diagnosid deep pyoderma. Because of the reduced knowledge about agoutis pyoderma (Dasyprocta sp.), further investigations on the diseases etiopathogeny are necessary.(AU)

Síndrome do ovário remanescente em uma gata doméstica / Ovarian remaining syndrome in a female cat

A síndrome do ovário remanescente é caracterizada pela remoção incompleta do ovário durante castração, onde o tecido residual torna-se funcional. Apesar de já ter sido descrita em gatas, a ocorrência é menor nesses animais quando comparada aos humanos. O presente trabalho objetivou relatar, em felino, um caso de síndrome do ovário remanescente. Uma gata, com um ano e sete meses, havia sido submetida à ovariectomia. Após cinco meses do procedimento cirúrgico, ocorreram sinais de cio. A paciente foi examinada. Em seguida realizou-se citologia vaginal. Optou-se por uma laparotomia exploratória. A gata foi anestesiada e iniciou-se a cirurgia, cujo material obtido foi encaminhado para histopatologia. A gata encontrava-se com os parâmetros fisiológicos normais. A citologia vaginal constatou padrão compatível com estro. Na laparotomia, havia resíduo de ovário no pedículo esquerdo. A histopatologia detectou a presença de cistos e folículos ovarianos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento, confirmando o diagnóstico de síndrome do ovário remanescente. Embora pouco relatada na espécie felina, essa patologia reprodutiva possui diagnóstico e tratamento relativamente simples.

The remaining ovary syndrome is characterized by incomplete removal of the ovaries during castration, when the remaining tissue becomes functional. Although it has already been described in cats, its incidence is lower in these animals when compared to humans. This study aimed to report a case of remaining ovary syndrome in a feline. A one-year-and-seven-month-old cat had undergone ovariectomy. After five months of surgery, the animal presented signs of rut. The patient was examined and, then, vaginal cytology was held. Na exploratory laparotomy was chosen. The cat was anesthetized and the surgery began. The material obtained was sent to histopathology. The cat had normal physiological parameters. The vaginal cytology showed a pattern consistent with estrus. Laparotomy presented ovarian residue in the left pedicle. Histopathology detected the presence of cysts and follicles in different stages of development, confirming the diagnosis of remaining ovary syndrome. Though rarely reported in the feline species, this reproductive pathology diagnosis and treatment is relatively simple.