Advances in Cancer Diagnostics

Malignant transformation of cells into cancer arises due to long term accumulation of genetic and epigenetic events. Early diagnosis of these transformations in cells can improve the prognosis of cancer cases. Cancer screening and surveillance methods include ultrasound, mammography, digital mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Other techniques such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization (FISH, CSH), PCR, RT-PCR (real time- PCR), flow cytometry and microarray are used nowadays for diagnosis. Microarray technology is a new and efficient approach to extract data of biomedical relevance for a wide range of applications. In cancer research, it will provide high-throughput and valuable insights into differences in an individuals tumor as compared with constitutional DNA, mRNA expression, and protein expression and activity. This review highlights the recent developments in cancer diagnostic technologies and describes the eventual use of these technologies for clinical and research applications.(AU)

Advances in Cancer Diagnostics

Malignant transformation of cells into cancer arises due to long term accumulation of genetic and epigenetic events. Early diagnosis of these transformations in cells can improve the prognosis of cancer cases. Cancer screening and surveillance methods include ultrasound, mammography, digital mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Other techniques such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization (FISH, CSH), PCR, RT-PCR (real time- PCR), flow cytometry and microarray are used nowadays for diagnosis. Microarray technology is a new and efficient approach to extract data of biomedical relevance for a wide range of applications. In cancer research, it will provide high-throughput and valuable insights into differences in an individual’s tumor as compared with constitutional DNA, mRNA expression, and protein expression and activity. This review highlights the recent developments in cancer diagnostic technologies and describes the eventual use of these technologies for clinical and research applications.

Diagnostic significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours

The present study was designed to investigate the significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours. Samples from 74 grossly suspected cases of bitches for mammary tumour were collected from different veterinary hospitals in 10% buffered formalin, of which 65 were confirmed as tumours on histopathological examination. Among them, 11 (16.92%) were benign and 54 (83.08%) were malignant tumours. Benign tumours included benign mixed mammary tumour (36.36%), fibroadenoma (27.27%), duct papilloma (18.18%) and simple adenoma (18.18%). The malignant mammary tumours comprised of papillary adenocarcinoma (27.78%), malignant mixed mammary tumour (25.92%), solid carcinoma (18.52%), squamous cell carcinoma (5.56%), fibrosarcoma (5.56%), infiltrative adenocarcinoma (3.7%), mucinous carcinoma (3.7%) and each (1.54%) of osteochondrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, myxosarcoma, intraductal carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma). Mitotic index and AgNOR counts were significantly (P<0.05) differ for benign and malignant mammary tumours. Among malignant mammary tumours mitotic index ranged from 1.08 to 4.19 with solid carcinoma showing the highest index (4.197±1.570) and osteochondrosarcoma the lowest (1.08±0.0) while in benign mammary tumours, it ranged from 0.63 t0 0.9. AgNOR counts were significantly lower (2.57± 0.68) in benign mammary tumours than malignant (3.38±1.01). From this study it was concluded that mitotic index and AgNOR count was a good indicator of transformation of tumours towards the malignancy

Diagnostic significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours

The present study was designed to investigate the significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours. Samples from 74 grossly suspected cases of bitches for mammary tumour were collected from different veterinary hospitals in 10% buffered formalin, of which 65 were confirmed as tumours on histopathological examination. Among them, 11 (16.92%) were benign and 54 (83.08%) were malignant tumours. Benign tumours included benign mixed mammary tumour (36.36%), fibroadenoma (27.27%), duct papilloma (18.18%) and simple adenoma (18.18%). The malignant mammary tumours comprised of papillary adenocarcinoma (27.78%), malignant mixed mammary tumour (25.92%), solid carcinoma (18.52%), squamous cell carcinoma (5.56%), fibrosarcoma (5.56%), infiltrative adenocarcinoma (3.7%), mucinous carcinoma (3.7%) and each (1.54%) of osteochondrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, myxosarcoma, intraductal carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma). Mitotic index and AgNOR counts were significantly (P<0.05) differ for benign and malignant mammary tumours. Among malignant mammary tumours mitotic index ranged from 1.08 to 4.19 with solid carcinoma showing the highest index (4.197±1.570) and osteochondrosarcoma the lowest (1.08±0.0) while in benign mammary tumours, it ranged from 0.63 t0 0.9. AgNOR counts were significantly lower (2.57± 0.68) in benign mammary tumours than malignant (3.38±1.01). From this study it was concluded that mitotic index and AgNOR count was a good indicator of transformation of tumours towards the malignancy (AU)