Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.

Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.(AU)

Response of soybean and corn to soil mechanical intervention and agricultural gypsum application to the soil surface / Resposta da soja e milho a intervenção mecânica do solo e aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície

Agricultural gypsum is considered an important tool in the improvement of soil chemical properties; however, crop responses to its application are contradictory. Studies have shown that the physical effects of soil mechanical intervention is short-lasting and has little impact on grain yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate corn and soybean response to soil mechanical interventions and to the application of agricultural gypsum to soil surface. The experiment involved cultivation of two crops each of soybean (i. e., 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 crop years) and corn (i. e., 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 crop years) with application of agricultural gypsum (0, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1) to the soil surface during the winter of 2009, after 12 years under continuous no-tillage system and two types of mechanical intervention: chisel plowing and plowing+harrowing. Soybean responded to mechanical interventions conducted in an area under continuous no-tillage system, but showed an increase of only 10% (114 kg ha-1) in the grain yield with the use of agricultural gypsum in the 2011/2012 crop year. Gypsum caused a higher increase in the grain yield of corn than that of soybean. Moreover, the crop response to gypsum application varied considerably in the 2010/2011 crop year after mechanical interventions under continuous no-tillage cultivation.(AU)

O gesso agrícola tem sido apontado como importante ferramenta para a melhoria do perfil químico do solo, porém, as respostas das culturas, especificamente as de grãos são contraditórias. Para as intervenções mecânicas de solo, os resultados existentes revelam efeito físico pouco duradouro e com pouco impacto sobre o rendimento de grãos. Por isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as respostas do milho e da soja a intervenções mecânicas do solo e aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície. O experimento consistiu no cultivo de duas safras de grãos de soja (2009/2010 e 2011/2012) e duas de milho (2010/2011 e 2012/2013), com aplicação de gesso agrícola (0; 2; 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) em superfície no período invernal de 2009, após 12 anos de plantio direto contínuo e após dois tipos de intervenções mecânicas: (escarificação e aração+gradagem). Os resultados mostraram que a soja responde a intervenções mecânicas realizadas em área de plantio direto contínuo e, o incremento no rendimento de grãos com o uso de gesso agrícola foi de apenas 10% (114 kg ha-1) e somente na safra 2011/2012. Na cultura do milho houve maior incremento no rendimento de grãos com as doses de gesso em relação à soja e com variação na resposta ao gesso na safra 2010/2011 com as intervenções mecânicas aplicadas no plantio direto contínuo.(AU)

Mapeamento da produção de massa seca do Tifton 85 e sua correlação com os atributos químicos do solo / Mapping dry matter production of Tifton 85 and its correlation with the soil chemical properties

A criação de bovinos em sistema semiextensivo tem sido a mais utilizada atualmente pelos criadores do Brasil, porém problemas como a degradação das pastagens estão comprometendo este sistema produtivo, reduzindo a produção das forragens e consequentemente a lucratividade dos produtores. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este estudo realizar o mapeamento da produção de massa seca, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na parte aérea do Tifton 85, e avaliar as suas correlações com os atributos químicos em diferentes camadas do perfil do solo. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de 4,3 ha constituída de Tifton 85 no município de Vista Gaúcha - RS, Brasil, durante os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2012. A área experimental foi georreferenciada e dividida em uma malha amostral de 50 x 50 m, resultando em 16 pontos amostrais. Foi realizado dois cortes no Tifton 85 para a avaliação da produção de massa seca. A amostragem do solo foi realizada nas camadas de 0,00 - 0,10 m, 0,10 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e à matriz de correlação linear de Pearson, sendo os resultados especializados em mapas temáticos. A produção de massa seca, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio pelo Tifton 85 apresentaram coeficientes de variação classificados de altos a muito altos, e de maneira geral, demonstraram baixa correlação com os atributos químicos do solo, independentemente da camada do perfil amostrada.(AU)

The creation of cattle in the semi extensive system has currently been the most used by the farmers on Brazil, however, problems such as degradation of pastures are committing this production system, reducing the production of forager and consequently the profitability of producers. In this sense, the aim of this study was to perform the mapping of the dry mass production, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus and potassium in the Tifton 85, and evaluate their correlations with the chemical attributes in different layers of the soil profile. The study was carried out in an area of 4.3 ha constituted of Tifton 85 in the city of Vista Gaucha - RS, Brazil, during the months from October to December in the year of 2012. The experimental area was georeferenced and divided into a sample mesh of 50 x 50 m, resulting in 16 sampling points. It was conducted two cuts on Tifton 85 to evaluate the dry mass production. Soil sampling was done in the layers from 0.00 - 0.10 m, 0.10 - 0.20 and 0.20 - 0.40 m. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and linear correlation matrix of Pearson, being the results specialized in thematic maps. The production of dry mass, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus and potassium by Tifton 85 showed coefficients of variation ranked of high to very high, and in generally, demonstrated low correlation with the soil chemical properties, independently of thelayer profile evaluated.(AU)

Mapeamento da produção de massa seca do Tifton 85 e sua correlação com os atributos químicos do solo / Mapping dry matter production of Tifton 85 and its correlation with the soil chemical properties

A criação de bovinos em sistema semiextensivo tem sido a mais utilizada atualmente pelos criadores do Brasil, porém problemas como a degradação das pastagens estão comprometendo este sistema produtivo, reduzindo a produção das forragens e consequentemente a lucratividade dos produtores. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este estudo realizar o mapeamento da produção de massa seca, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na parte aérea do Tifton 85, e avaliar as suas correlações com os atributos químicos em diferentes camadas do perfil do solo. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de 4,3 ha constituída de Tifton 85 no município de Vista Gaúcha - RS, Brasil, durante os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2012. A área experimental foi georreferenciada e dividida em uma malha amostral de 50 x 50 m, resultando em 16 pontos amostrais. Foi realizado dois cortes no Tifton 85 para a avaliação da produção de massa seca. A amostragem do solo foi realizada nas camadas de 0,00 - 0,10 m, 0,10 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e à matriz de correlação linear de Pearson, sendo os resultados especializados em mapas temáticos. A produção de massa seca, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio pelo Tifton 85 apresentaram coeficientes de variação classificados de altos a muito altos, e de maneira geral, demonstraram baixa correlação com os atributos químicos do solo, independentemente da camada do perfil amostrada.

The creation of cattle in the semi extensive system has currently been the most used by the farmers on Brazil, however, problems such as degradation of pastures are committing this production system, reducing the production of forager and consequently the profitability of producers. In this sense, the aim of this study was to perform the mapping of the dry mass production, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus and potassium in the Tifton 85, and evaluate their correlations with the chemical attributes in different layers of the soil profile. The study was carried out in an area of 4.3 ha constituted of Tifton 85 in the city of Vista Gaucha - RS, Brazil, during the months from October to December in the year of 2012. The experimental area was georeferenced and divided into a sample mesh of 50 x 50 m, resulting in 16 sampling points. It was conducted two cuts on Tifton 85 to evaluate the dry mass production. Soil sampling was done in the layers from 0.00 - 0.10 m, 0.10 - 0.20 and 0.20 - 0.40 m. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and linear correlation matrix of Pearson, being the results specialized in thematic maps. The production of dry mass, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus and potassium by Tifton 85 showed coefficients of variation ranked of high to very high, and in generally, demonstrated low correlation with the soil chemical properties, independently of thelayer profile evaluated.

Response of soybean and corn to soil mechanical intervention and agricultural gypsum application to the soil surface / Resposta da soja e milho a intervenção mecânica do solo e aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície

Agricultural gypsum is considered an important tool in the improvement of soil chemical properties; however, crop responses to its application are contradictory. Studies have shown that the physical effects of soil mechanical intervention is short-lasting and has little impact on grain yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate corn and soybean response to soil mechanical interventions and to the application of agricultural gypsum to soil surface. The experiment involved cultivation of two crops each of soybean (i. e., 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 crop years) and corn (i. e., 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 crop years) with application of agricultural gypsum (0, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1) to the soil surface during the winter of 2009, after 12 years under continuous no-tillage system and two types of mechanical intervention: chisel plowing and plowing+harrowing. Soybean responded to mechanical interventions conducted in an area under continuous no-tillage system, but showed an increase of only 10% (114 kg ha-1) in the grain yield with the use of agricultural gypsum in the 2011/2012 crop year. Gypsum caused a higher increase in the grain yield of corn than that of soybean. Moreover, the crop response to gypsum application varied considerably in the 2010/2011 crop year after mechanical interventions under continuous no-tillage cultivation.

O gesso agrícola tem sido apontado como importante ferramenta para a melhoria do perfil químico do solo, porém, as respostas das culturas, especificamente as de grãos são contraditórias. Para as intervenções mecânicas de solo, os resultados existentes revelam efeito físico pouco duradouro e com pouco impacto sobre o rendimento de grãos. Por isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as respostas do milho e da soja a intervenções mecânicas do solo e aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície. O experimento consistiu no cultivo de duas safras de grãos de soja (2009/2010 e 2011/2012) e duas de milho (2010/2011 e 2012/2013), com aplicação de gesso agrícola (0; 2; 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) em superfície no período invernal de 2009, após 12 anos de plantio direto contínuo e após dois tipos de intervenções mecânicas: (escarificação e aração+gradagem). Os resultados mostraram que a soja responde a intervenções mecânicas realizadas em área de plantio direto contínuo e, o incremento no rendimento de grãos com o uso de gesso agrícola foi de apenas 10% (114 kg ha-1) e somente na safra 2011/2012. Na cultura do milho houve maior incremento no rendimento de grãos com as doses de gesso em relação à soja e com variação na resposta ao gesso na safra 2010/2011 com as intervenções mecânicas aplicadas no plantio direto contínuo.