Zinc sulphate turbidity as a screening test of passive transfer of immunity in newborn foals

Background: Passive immunity acquired by colostrum ingestion is essential to prevent neonatal infections. Failure ofpassive transfer (FPT) of maternal immunity occurs in foals that fail to absorb enough immunoglobulins within 24 h afterbirth. Foals with FPT are at increased risk of infections and death. Serum samples from neonatal foals might be examinedfor FPT using the zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) test. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the ZST test,performed at two different times after first suckling (12 and 18 h), to detect FPT in newborn foals. The effect of temperatureon the turbidity intensity resulting from the ZST reaction was also investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples were collected from 112 newborn foals at 12 h after the first colostrumintake. In 36 foals, additional serum samples were collected at 18 h after first colostrum intake. The serum samples weretested with the ZST test and, later, in the laboratory setting, the ZST test was repeated. The IgG levels were measured bysingle radial immunodiffusion (SRID), which was used as the reference method. The standard solution used for the interpretation of results had a turbidity corresponding to approximately 800 mg/dL of immunoglobulins (IgG). The mean IgG concentration measured at 12 and 18 h after the first colostrum intake was analyzed using the t-test for paired samples.Values of absorbance of ZST test under different temperatures were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, andmeans were compared using the Tukey test. The relationship between the temperature of the solution and absorbance wasdetermined using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Based on SRID results, 12 foals (10.7%) had serum IgG concentration 0.05) between 12 h (943.9 ± 508.6 mg/dL) and 18 h (975.9 ± 525.6 mg/dL)...

Zinc sulphate turbidity as a screening test of passive transfer of immunity in newborn foals

Background: Passive immunity acquired by colostrum ingestion is essential to prevent neonatal infections. Failure ofpassive transfer (FPT) of maternal immunity occurs in foals that fail to absorb enough immunoglobulins within 24 h afterbirth. Foals with FPT are at increased risk of infections and death. Serum samples from neonatal foals might be examinedfor FPT using the zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) test. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the ZST test,performed at two different times after first suckling (12 and 18 h), to detect FPT in newborn foals. The effect of temperatureon the turbidity intensity resulting from the ZST reaction was also investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples were collected from 112 newborn foals at 12 h after the first colostrumintake. In 36 foals, additional serum samples were collected at 18 h after first colostrum intake. The serum samples weretested with the ZST test and, later, in the laboratory setting, the ZST test was repeated. The IgG levels were measured bysingle radial immunodiffusion (SRID), which was used as the reference method. The standard solution used for the interpretation of results had a turbidity corresponding to approximately 800 mg/dL of immunoglobulins (IgG). The mean IgG concentration measured at 12 and 18 h after the first colostrum intake was analyzed using the t-test for paired samples.Values of absorbance of ZST test under different temperatures were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, andmeans were compared using the Tukey test. The relationship between the temperature of the solution and absorbance wasdetermined using the Pearsons correlation coefficient. Based on SRID results, 12 foals (10.7%) had serum IgG concentration < 400 mg and 26 foals (23.2%) had IgG levels between 400 and 800 mg/dL. Serum levels of IgG determined bySRID in 36 foals were similar (P > 0.05) between 12 h (943.9 ± 508.6 mg/dL) and 18 h (975.9 ± 525.6 mg/dL)...(AU)

Anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. em amostras sorológicas de potros pré-colostrais pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta

The objective of this study was to detect the frequency of antibodies against Neospora spp. in samples of presuckle foal, as weel as determine the best dilution of serum to be used in indirect fluorescent antibody test. We analyzed serum samples from 203 presuckle foals, by indirect fluorescent antibody test in different titrations. The titrations of 16 and 50 showed 25.1% and 9.9% of presuckle foals positive, respectively. Thus, in serum samples from presuckle foals the titration 16 can be considered more appropriate to detect the occurrence of infection by the protozoan and therefore the transplacental transmission of Neospora spp. in horses.

Buscou-se detectar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. em amostras de potros pré-colostrais, bem como estabelecer a melhor diluição do soro sanguíneo para ser utilizado na imunofluorescência indireta. Foram analisadas 203 amostras sorológicas de potros pré-colostrais, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta em diferentes titulações. As titulações 16 e 50 apresentaram 25,1% e 9,9% de potros pré-colostrais positivos, respectivamente. Dessa forma, em amostras de soro de animais desprovidos de colostro, pode-se considerar a titulação 16 mais apropriada para detectar a ocorrência de infecção pelo protozoário e assim da transmissão transplacentária pelo Neospora spp. em equinos.

Anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. em amostras sorológicas de potros pré-colostrais pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta

The objective of this study was to detect the frequency of antibodies against Neospora spp. in samples of presuckle foal, as weel as determine the best dilution of serum to be used in indirect fluorescent antibody test. We analyzed serum samples from 203 presuckle foals, by indirect fluorescent antibody test in different titrations. The titrations of 16 and 50 showed 25.1% and 9.9% of presuckle foals positive, respectively. Thus, in serum samples from presuckle foals the titration 16 can be considered more appropriate to detect the occurrence of infection by the protozoan and therefore the transplacental transmission of Neospora spp. in horses.

Buscou-se detectar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. em amostras de potros pré-colostrais, bem como estabelecer a melhor diluição do soro sanguíneo para ser utilizado na imunofluorescência indireta. Foram analisadas 203 amostras sorológicas de potros pré-colostrais, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta em diferentes titulações. As titulações 16 e 50 apresentaram 25,1% e 9,9% de potros pré-colostrais positivos, respectivamente. Dessa forma, em amostras de soro de animais desprovidos de colostro, pode-se considerar a titulação 16 mais apropriada para detectar a ocorrência de infecção pelo protozoário e assim da transmissão transplacentária pelo Neospora spp. em equinos.

Claudicação em cavalos Crioulos atletas

This study aimed to identify the source of lameness in Criollo horses that are competing in the most important discipline for this breed in Southern Brazil and also in reining competitions. Clinical records of adult Criollo horses (n=201), 5.6 2.1 years of age, that underwent lameness examination due to history of poor performance or lameness between 2002/2009 were analyzed. Lameness was diagnosed in the front limbs in 47.1% (n=105) and in the hind limbs 52.9% of the cases (n=118). In males 60.0% of the lameness cases were located in the hind limbs. In females 57.1% of the lameness cases were located in the front limbs. In the front limbs (47.1%, n=105/201), problems proximal to the fetlock were diagnosed in 17.1% (18/105). Fetlock problems were diagnosed in 14.3% (15/105) and lesions located distal to the fetlock level were seen in 68.6% (72/105) of the lameness cases diagnosed in the front limbs. In the hind limbs, problems located proximal to the tarsus were seen in 17.8% (21/118), 78.8% (93/118) in the tarsus and 3.4% (4/118) of the cases were seen distal to the tarsus. The distal interfalangeal joint in the front limbs and the distal tarsal joints in the hind limbs were the two most important sources of lameness. Criollo horses presented similar lameness problems as described in other show horses (reining, cutting and roping). This is the first lameness study done in Criollo horses and it will help to better understand the musculoskeletal diseases affecting this breed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais causas de claudicação em cavalos Crioulos em treinamento para a prova do Freio de Ouro e competições de rédeas. Foram avaliados os registros clínicos de 201 cavalos Crioulos, 5,6 2,1 anos de idade, submetidos a exame físico devido à presença de claudicação ou histórico de baixo rendimento atlético entre os anos de 2002 a 2009. A claudicação foi localizada nos membros torácicos e pélvicos em 47,1% (n=105) e 52,9% (n=118), respectivamente. Nos machos, houve uma predominância de claudicação nos membros pélvicos (60,0%) e nas fêmeas nos membros torácicos (57,1%). Nos membros torácicos, 17,1% (18/105) das alterações foram diagnosticadas proximais à articulação metacarpofalangeana, 14,3% (15/105) na articulação metacarpofalangeana e 68,6% (72/105) estavam localizadas distais à articulação metacarpofalangeana. Nos membros pélvicos, 78,8% (93/118) apresentaram a origem da dor na região do tarso, 17,8% (21/118) proximal ao tarso e 3,4% (4/118) distal ao tarso. As articulações interfalangeanas distais e intertarsiana distal/tarsometatarsiana são importantes fontes de dor e inflamação e estiveram mais frequentemente envolvidas em claudicações de membro torácico e pélvico, respectivamente. Os cavalos Crioulos apresentam problemas de claudicação semelhantes aos descritos em outras raças que participam de provas de rodeio.

Claudicação em cavalos Crioulos atletas

This study aimed to identify the source of lameness in Criollo horses that are competing in the most important discipline for this breed in Southern Brazil and also in reining competitions. Clinical records of adult Criollo horses (n=201), 5.6 2.1 years of age, that underwent lameness examination due to history of poor performance or lameness between 2002/2009 were analyzed. Lameness was diagnosed in the front limbs in 47.1% (n=105) and in the hind limbs 52.9% of the cases (n=118). In males 60.0% of the lameness cases were located in the hind limbs. In females 57.1% of the lameness cases were located in the front limbs. In the front limbs (47.1%, n=105/201), problems proximal to the fetlock were diagnosed in 17.1% (18/105). Fetlock problems were diagnosed in 14.3% (15/105) and lesions located distal to the fetlock level were seen in 68.6% (72/105) of the lameness cases diagnosed in the front limbs. In the hind limbs, problems located proximal to the tarsus were seen in 17.8% (21/118), 78.8% (93/118) in the tarsus and 3.4% (4/118) of the cases were seen distal to the tarsus. The distal interfalangeal joint in the front limbs and the distal tarsal joints in the hind limbs were the two most important sources of lameness. Criollo horses presented similar lameness problems as described in other show horses (reining, cutting and roping). This is the first lameness study done in Criollo horses and it will help to better understand the musculoskeletal diseases affecting this breed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais causas de claudicação em cavalos Crioulos em treinamento para a prova do Freio de Ouro e competições de rédeas. Foram avaliados os registros clínicos de 201 cavalos Crioulos, 5,6 2,1 anos de idade, submetidos a exame físico devido à presença de claudicação ou histórico de baixo rendimento atlético entre os anos de 2002 a 2009. A claudicação foi localizada nos membros torácicos e pélvicos em 47,1% (n=105) e 52,9% (n=118), respectivamente. Nos machos, houve uma predominância de claudicação nos membros pélvicos (60,0%) e nas fêmeas nos membros torácicos (57,1%). Nos membros torácicos, 17,1% (18/105) das alterações foram diagnosticadas proximais à articulação metacarpofalangeana, 14,3% (15/105) na articulação metacarpofalangeana e 68,6% (72/105) estavam localizadas distais à articulação metacarpofalangeana. Nos membros pélvicos, 78,8% (93/118) apresentaram a origem da dor na região do tarso, 17,8% (21/118) proximal ao tarso e 3,4% (4/118) distal ao tarso. As articulações interfalangeanas distais e intertarsiana distal/tarsometatarsiana são importantes fontes de dor e inflamação e estiveram mais frequentemente envolvidas em claudicações de membro torácico e pélvico, respectivamente. Os cavalos Crioulos apresentam problemas de claudicação semelhantes aos descritos em outras raças que participam de provas de rodeio.

Uroperitônio em três potros Puro Sangue de corrida / Uroperitoneum in three Thoroughbred toets / Uroperitoneo en tres potros Pura Sangre de Carrera

São descritos três casos de uroperitônio em duas potrancas e um potro Puro Sangue de Corrida de 12, 20 e 8 dias de idade, respectivamente. Os animais apresentavam sinais de dor abdominal leve à moderada, taquipneia,taquicardia, distensão abdominal e disúria. O diagnóstico de uroperitônio foi realizado por meio de ultrassonografia transabdominal onde se observou a presença de imagens ecográficas sugestivas de alças intestinais flutuando em grande quantidade de líquido hipoecoico; e confirmado pela relação creatinina do líquido abdominal: creatininas é rica acima de dois. Primeiramente os potros foram submetidos à fluido terapia intravenosa associada à drenagem progressiva do líquido peritoneal para posterior celiotomia exploratória com o objetivo de localizar e reparar a lesão.Na potranca de 20 dias e no potro de 8 dias foi identificada uma ruptura de úraco. Na potranca de 12 dias, foi constatado um defeito congênito na parede dorsal da bexiga que foi reparado após leve debridamento dos bordos da lesão. Nos três casos foi efetuada a ressecção do úraco, veia e artérias umbilicais e posterior cistorrexia. Os animais de 20, 8 e 12 dias de idade apresentaram uma melhora rápida e sem complicações após a correção cirúrgica,recebendo alta aos nove, sete e 23 dias após a intervenção, respectivamente.

Three cases of uroperitoneum in Thorough bred foals, two females and one male, are described in the present study. The animais showed clinical sings of mild to moderate abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea,abdominal distention and straining to urinate. The diagnosis of uroperitoneum was made by transabdominal ultrasound examination and confirmed by the ratio of [abdominal fluid creatinine] : [serum creatinine] greater than two. Initially the foals were treated with intravenous fluid therapy associated with progressive drainage of peritoneal fluid forsubsequent exploratory laparotomy in order to identify and repair the lesion. A ruptured urachus was identified in the20-day-old filly and in the 8-day-old colt. The 12-day-old filly had a congenital defect in the dorsal aspect of thebladder; this defect was repaired after debridement of the lesion edges. The resection of urachus, umbilical vein andarteries was pertormed in ali three cases followed by cistorrhaphy. The outcome was good without complications aftersurgical correction; the 20-day old filly , 8-day-old colt and the 12-day-old filly were discharged at 9,7 and 23 daysafter surgery, respectively.

Tres casos de uroperitoneo son descriptos, respectivamente, en dos potrancas y un potro Pura Sangrede Carrera de 12, 20 Y 8 días de edad. Los animales presentaban senales de dolor abdominal discreta a moderada,taquipnea, taquicardia, distensión abdominal y disuria. EI diagnóstico de uroperitoneo fue realizado por medio de ultrasonografía transabdominal, donde fueron observadas vueltas intestinales fluctuando en gran cantidad de líquido hipoecogénico; fue confirmado por Ia relación creatinina dei líquido abdominal: creatinina sé rica arriba de 2. Primeramente los productos fueron sometidos a Ia fluidoterápia intravenosa asociada a un drenaje progresivo deilíquido peritoneal para una posterior quirurgia abdominal exploratoria con el objetivo de localizar y reparar Ia lesión.En Ia potranca de 20 días y en el potro de 8 días fue identificada una ruptura de uraco. En Ia potranca de 12 días fue constatada una alteración congénita en Ia pared vesical dorsal que fue reparada después de un desbridamiento delos bordos de Ia lesión. En los 3 casos fue efectuada Ia resección dei uraco, de Ias venas y arterias umbilicales e unaposterior cistorrafia. Los 3 animales de 20, 8 Y 12 días de edad presentaron una rápida mejora sin complicaciones después de Ia corrección quirúrgica, y recibieron alta 9, 7 Y 23 días después.

Uroperitônio em três potros Puro Sangue de corrida / Uroperitoneum in three Thoroughbred toets / Uroperitoneo en tres potros Pura Sangre de Carrera

São descritos três casos de uroperitônio em duas potrancas e um potro Puro Sangue de Corrida de 12, 20 e 8 dias de idade, respectivamente. Os animais apresentavam sinais de dor abdominal leve à moderada, taquipneia,taquicardia, distensão abdominal e disúria. O diagnóstico de uroperitônio foi realizado por meio de ultrassonografia transabdominal onde se observou a presença de imagens ecográficas sugestivas de alças intestinais flutuando em grande quantidade de líquido hipoecoico; e confirmado pela relação creatinina do líquido abdominal: creatininas é rica acima de dois. Primeiramente os potros foram submetidos à fluido terapia intravenosa associada à drenagem progressiva do líquido peritoneal para posterior celiotomia exploratória com o objetivo de localizar e reparar a lesão.Na potranca de 20 dias e no potro de 8 dias foi identificada uma ruptura de úraco. Na potranca de 12 dias, foi constatado um defeito congênito na parede dorsal da bexiga que foi reparado após leve debridamento dos bordos da lesão. Nos três casos foi efetuada a ressecção do úraco, veia e artérias umbilicais e posterior cistorrexia. Os animais de 20, 8 e 12 dias de idade apresentaram uma melhora rápida e sem complicações após a correção cirúrgica,recebendo alta aos nove, sete e 23 dias após a intervenção, respectivamente.(AU)

Three cases of uroperitoneum in Thorough bred foals, two females and one male, are described in the present study. The animais showed clinical sings of mild to moderate abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea,abdominal distention and straining to urinate. The diagnosis of uroperitoneum was made by transabdominal ultrasound examination and confirmed by the ratio of [abdominal fluid creatinine] : [serum creatinine] greater than two. Initially the foals were treated with intravenous fluid therapy associated with progressive drainage of peritoneal fluid forsubsequent exploratory laparotomy in order to identify and repair the lesion. A ruptured urachus was identified in the20-day-old filly and in the 8-day-old colt. The 12-day-old filly had a congenital defect in the dorsal aspect of thebladder; this defect was repaired after debridement of the lesion edges. The resection of urachus, umbilical vein andarteries was pertormed in ali three cases followed by cistorrhaphy. The outcome was good without complications aftersurgical correction; the 20-day old filly , 8-day-old colt and the 12-day-old filly were discharged at 9,7 and 23 daysafter surgery, respectively.(AU)

Tres casos de uroperitoneo son descriptos, respectivamente, en dos potrancas y un potro Pura Sangrede Carrera de 12, 20 Y 8 días de edad. Los animales presentaban senales de dolor abdominal discreta a moderada,taquipnea, taquicardia, distensión abdominal y disuria. EI diagnóstico de uroperitoneo fue realizado por medio de ultrasonografía transabdominal, donde fueron observadas vueltas intestinales fluctuando en gran cantidad de líquido hipoecogénico; fue confirmado por Ia relación creatinina dei líquido abdominal: creatinina sé rica arriba de 2. Primeramente los productos fueron sometidos a Ia fluidoterápia intravenosa asociada a un drenaje progresivo deilíquido peritoneal para una posterior quirurgia abdominal exploratoria con el objetivo de localizar y reparar Ia lesión.En Ia potranca de 20 días y en el potro de 8 días fue identificada una ruptura de uraco. En Ia potranca de 12 días fue constatada una alteración congénita en Ia pared vesical dorsal que fue reparada después de un desbridamiento delos bordos de Ia lesión. En los 3 casos fue efectuada Ia resección dei uraco, de Ias venas y arterias umbilicales e unaposterior cistorrafia. Los 3 animales de 20, 8 Y 12 días de edad presentaron una rápida mejora sin complicaciones después de Ia corrección quirúrgica, y recibieron alta 9, 7 Y 23 días después.(AU)