Resumo
Chironomidae (Diptera) are a diverse and large group of small flies, whose larvae inhabit nearly every possible niche in most freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The Acre river is an important affluent of the Purus river. Our objective was to contribute to the knowledge of Chironomidae in this region by making the first survey of Chironomidae composition in the Acre river (Amazon Basin), and relate its distribution to physical and chemical variables. Samples were collected at three sites using a modified Petersen grab. A grain size analysis showed heterogeneity between sampling sites. Eighteen morphospecies of Chironomidae larvae were recorded. In site 2, there was higher density of Chironomidae. Higher richness was observed in site 1, and the composition of this site was similar to site 3. The present study showed that the Chironomidae community was influenced by urban area. Chironomidae can be considered an important component of the fauna of this river and a potential instrument in future studies of ecology in the region.
Resumo
The colonization process and successional patterns of a periphytic algal community were evaluated in a Amazonian Viveiro Lake (Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil). Sampling was performed over a period of 35 days; at four-day intervals for 20 days, and then at five-day intervals. Water sampling for physical, chemical and biological analyses was done during the dry and rainy season. Glass slides were used as artificial substrates for periphyton colonization. The structural community was evaluated through population density, algae class, diversity indices and descriptive species. Species richness, diversity and evenness increased as succession progressed. While density of Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Zygnemaphyceae increased with succession, Cyanobacteria remained dominant. Synechocystis aquatilis, Synechocystis diplococcus and Navicula pseudolanceolata were the main descriptive species in both the dry and rainy season. Cymbela tumida, Frustulia rhomboides, Trachelomonas lacustris and Closterium acicularis was correlated with an increase in hydrologic level during the rainy season. Conversely, the density of Chlamydomonas sp., Chroomonas nordstedtii, Trachelomonas volvocinopsis, Trachelomonas volvocina and Synechococcus linearis was correlated with an increase in water transparency during the dry season. In general, the periphytic algal community showed high diversity and species richness independent of season. Season also had little influence on representation of algae class and main descriptive species. However, successional patterns varied by season, and changes in hydrologic levels acted directly on the succession path of periphytic algae. More research on periphyton dynamics is needed to improve our understanding of tropical lake ecosystems, especially in Amazonian.
A colonização e o modelo sucessional da comunidade de algas perifíticas foram avaliados no amazônico Lago do Viveiro (Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil). Amostragens foram realizadas no período de 35 dias com intervalos de quatro dias nos primeiros 20 dias e cinco dias no final. Foram realizadas amostragens da água para a determinação das variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas no período seco e chuvoso. Lâminas de vidro foram usadas para a colonização do perifíton. A estrutura da comunidade foi avaliada através da densidade populacional, classes algais, índices de diversidade e espécies descritoras. A riqueza de espécies, diversidade e equitabilidade aumentaram com o avanço da sucessão. A densidade de Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae e Zygnemaphyceae aumentaram com o avanço da sucessão, mas Cyanobacteria permaneceu dominante. Synechocystis aquatilis, Synechocystis diplococcus e Navicula pseudolanceolata foram descritoras da comunidade no período seco e chuvoso. Cymbela tumida, Frustulia rhomboides, Trachelomonas lacustris e Closterium acicularis foram correlacionadas com o aumento do nível hidrológico no período seco e chuvoso. Contrapondo, a densidade de Chlamydomonas sp., Chroomonas nordstedtii, Trachelomonas volvocinopsis, Trachelomonas volvocina e Synechococcus linearis foram correlacionadas com o aumento da transparência da água durante o período seco. De modo geral, a comunidade de algas perifíticas apresentou elevada diversidade e riqueza de espécies independentemente do período climático. O período climático apresentou pouca influência sobre a representatividade das classes algais e espécies descritoras. Contudo, os modelos sucessionais foram diferentes em cada período climático e as mudanças no nível hidrológico atuaram diretamente sobre a sucessão das algas perifíticas. Mais pesquisas sobre a dinâmica do perifíton são necessárias para melhorar a compreensão dos ecossistemas lacustres tropicais, especialmente na Amazônia.
Resumo
This paper presents a taxonomic survey of the desmid flora of a marginal oxbowl lake on the River Acre - Lago Novo Andirá (AM), northern Brazil. The study is based on 52 samples collected over 13 consecutive months (May 1988 to June 1989). Ninety-eight taxa of desmids were identified and described, classified in 10 genera and 3 families. Of the 98 taxa, 38 are variation of the corresponding typical forma. The genera Cosmarium, Closterium and Staurastrum were qualitatively the best-represented in the lake, with 29, 19, and 16 species respectively. The least represented were Gonatozygon, Octacanthium, and Xanthidium, each one with a single species. Geographical distribution was based on all data in the literature published up to December 1998 including publications in which there are morphological descriptions and/ or illustrations of the algae, as well as those in which mere check lists were considered. Taxonomic problems involved were directly related to the morphological variation observed within the populations, and the genera Staurastrum displayed the greatest number of taxonomic difficulties in conflict with data in the literature. Morphological variation observed at population level made the infraspecific identification of Euastrum verrucosum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs impossible.
Este trabalho trata da desmidioflórula de um lago marginal do rio Acre, lago Novo Andirá (AM), baseado na análise de 52 amostras coletadas, mensalmente, no período de maio/ 1988 a junho/1989. Foram identificados e descritos 98 táxons de desmídias, dos quais 38 são variações da espécie típica correspondente, distribuídos em 10 gêneros e três famílias. Os gêneros Cosmarium, Closterium e Staurastrum foram, em termos qualitativos, os mais bem representados, com 29, 19 e 16 espécies, respectivamente; os menos representados foram Gonatozygon, Octacanthium e Xanthidium, com uma espécie cada. A distribuição geográfica foi feita com base na literatura publicadada até dezembro de 1998 e foram considerados tanto os trabalhos mais completos, com descrições e/ou ilustrações, quanto aqueles nos quais constam apenas listagem de espécies. Devido à variação morfológica observada na população, particularmente neste trabalho, o gênero Staurastrum foi o que apresentou maiores problemas taxonômicos, conflitando dados registrados em literatura. A variação morfológica em nível populacional também impossibilitou a identificação de Euastrum verrucosum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs.
Resumo
This paper presents a taxonomic survey of the desmid flora of a marginal oxbowl lake on the River Acre - Lago Novo Andirá (AM), northern Brazil. The study is based on 52 samples collected over 13 consecutive months (May 1988 to June 1989). Ninety-eight taxa of desmids were identified and described, classified in 10 genera and 3 families. Of the 98 taxa, 38 are variation of the corresponding typical forma. The genera Cosmarium, Closterium and Staurastrum were qualitatively the best-represented in the lake, with 29, 19, and 16 species respectively. The least represented were Gonatozygon, Octacanthium, and Xanthidium, each one with a single species. Geographical distribution was based on all data in the literature published up to December 1998 including publications in which there are morphological descriptions and/ or illustrations of the algae, as well as those in which mere check lists were considered. Taxonomic problems involved were directly related to the morphological variation observed within the populations, and the genera Staurastrum displayed the greatest number of taxonomic difficulties in conflict with data in the literature. Morphological variation observed at population level made the infraspecific identification of Euastrum verrucosum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs impossible.
Este trabalho trata da desmidioflórula de um lago marginal do rio Acre, lago Novo Andirá (AM), baseado na análise de 52 amostras coletadas, mensalmente, no período de maio/ 1988 a junho/1989. Foram identificados e descritos 98 táxons de desmídias, dos quais 38 são variações da espécie típica correspondente, distribuídos em 10 gêneros e três famílias. Os gêneros Cosmarium, Closterium e Staurastrum foram, em termos qualitativos, os mais bem representados, com 29, 19 e 16 espécies, respectivamente; os menos representados foram Gonatozygon, Octacanthium e Xanthidium, com uma espécie cada. A distribuição geográfica foi feita com base na literatura publicadada até dezembro de 1998 e foram considerados tanto os trabalhos mais completos, com descrições e/ou ilustrações, quanto aqueles nos quais constam apenas listagem de espécies. Devido à variação morfológica observada na população, particularmente neste trabalho, o gênero Staurastrum foi o que apresentou maiores problemas taxonômicos, conflitando dados registrados em literatura. A variação morfológica em nível populacional também impossibilitou a identificação de Euastrum verrucosum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs.
Resumo
Chironomidae (Diptera) are a diverse and large group of small flies, whose larvae inhabit nearly every possible niche in most freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The Acre river is an important affluent of the Purus river. Our objective was to contribute to the knowledge of Chironomidae in this region by making the first survey of Chironomidae composition in the Acre river (Amazon Basin), and relate its distribution to physical and chemical variables. Samples were collected at three sites using a modified Petersen grab. A grain size analysis showed heterogeneity between sampling sites. Eighteen morphospecies of Chironomidae larvae were recorded. In site 2, there was higher density of Chironomidae. Higher richness was observed in site 1, and the composition of this site was similar to site 3. The present study showed that the Chironomidae community was influenced by urban area. Chironomidae can be considered an important component of the fauna of this river and a potential instrument in future studies of ecology in the region.