JPEG and raw image files compared to direct measurement of the breast region

Purpose: To compare JPEG and RAW image file extensions to direct measurement of the breast region. Methods: Points were marked on the breasts and arms of 40 female volunteers. The joining of these points in each hemibody formed seven linear segments, one angular segment and one median segment common to both hemibodies. Volunteers were photographed in a standardized fashion and evaluated by three raters using the software Adobe Photoshop CS6® and three image file extensions (RAW, high resolution JPEG and low resolution JPEG); values were compared to direct anthropometry. Results: All variables had interclass correlation coefficient higher than 0.8 (ICC>0.8). On average, all variables in all methods showed differences (p 0.05) when compared to direct measurement. A formula was created for each segment and each image file extension in comparison with the direct measurement. Conclusion: Measurements were similar among the correlated JPEG and RAW image file extensions but differed from the actual breast measurement obtained with a caliper.(AU)

Image analysis software versus direct anthropometry for breast measurements

PURPOSE: To compare breast measurements performed using the software packages ImageTool(r), AutoCAD(r) and Adobe Photoshop(r) with direct anthropometric measurements. METHODS: Points were marked on the breasts and arms of 40 volunteer women aged between 18 and 60 years. When connecting the points, seven linear segments and one angular measurement on each half of the body, and one medial segment common to both body halves were defined. The volunteers were photographed in a standardized manner. Photogrammetric measurements were performed by three independent observers using the three software packages and compared to direct anthropometric measurements made with calipers and a protractor. RESULTS: Measurements obtained with AutoCAD(r) were the most reproducible and those made with ImageTool(r) were the most similar to direct anthropometry, while measurements with Adobe Photoshop(r) showed the largest differences. Except for angular measurements, significant differences were found between measurements of line segments made using the three software packages and those obtained by direct anthropometry. CONCLUSION: AutoCAD(r) provided the highest precision and intermediate accuracy; ImageTool(r) had the highest accuracy and lowest precision; and Adobe Photoshop(r) showed intermediate precision and the worst accuracy among the three software packages. .(AU)

Effect of zafirlukast on capsular contracture around silicone implants in rats / Efeito do zafirlukast na contratura capsular ao redor de implantes de silicone em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of zafirlukast on capsular contracture around silicone implants by measuring the pressure within the implant, using a rat experimental model. METHODS: Forty adult female Wistar rats were used. Each one received two silicone implants, one with smooth-surface and the other with textured-surface. They were randomly divided into four groups (n=10). The rats of control group I were sacrificed after the implants. The remaining animals were subjected to a daily regimen of intra-peritoneal injection for a period of 90 days and they were distributed as follows: control group II received 0.9 percent physiological saline solution; experimental group I received zafirlukast 1.25 mg/kg; and experimental group II received zafirlukast 5 mg/kg. The measurement of intra-implant pressure of control group I was determined on the surgery day and in other groups on the ninetieth day, after being sacrificed. RESULTS: In the evaluation of textured implants there was an increase of internal pressure in the control group II, and there was no increase in the experimental groups. Compared to the controls there were not significant differences in smooth implants. CONCLUSION: Zafirlukast reduced the risk of developing capsular contracture around silicone implants with textured surface.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do zafirlukast na contratura capsular ao redor de implantes de silicone, através da aferição da pressão intra-implante, utilizando-se um modelo experimental de ratos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos fêmeas Wistar foram utilizados. Cada um recebeu dois implantes de silicone, sendo um com superfície lisa e outro texturizada. Foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=10). Os ratos do grupo controle I foram sacrificados após o implante. O restante dos animais foi submetido a um regime diário de injeção intraperitoneal por um período de 90 dias e foram distribuídos: grupo controle II recebeu solução salina fisiológica 0,9 por cento, grupo experimental I recebeu zafirlukast 1,25 mg/kg, e grupo experimental II recebeu zafirlukast 5 mg/kg. O grupo controle II recebeu solução salina; grupo experimental I, 1,25 mg/kg/dia de zafirlukast; grupo experimental II, 5mg/kg/dia de zafirlukast. A aferição da pressão intra-implante do grupo controle I foi averiguada no dia do ato operatório, e nos outros grupos no nonagésimo dia, após serem sacrificados. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação dos implantes texturizados houve aumento da pressão interna no grupo controle II e, não se observou aumento nos grupos experimentais. Na comparação com os controles não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos implantes lisos. CONCLUSÃO: O Zafirlukast reduziu o risco de desenvolver contratura capsular em torno de implantes de silicone com superfície texturizada.(AU)

Experimental model of cranially pedicled TRAM flap in rats

In a simple, reproducible, and non-expensive experimental model the transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap has been described in male, adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia), weighing approximately 300g, at the central biotery of the Federal University at São Paulo, Paulista Medical School (UNIFESP - EPM). This article describes the use of a cranially based pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap sling, unilaterally to the right, with the purpose to better understand the pathophysiology of and the research on new treatments to prevent partial or total flap necrosis. This experimental model sponsors quite a number of studies to be conducted to assess the effects of different drugs of physical methods on the feasibility of standard, cranial monopedicled TRAM.As a standard model, it also harbors the comparison among results from different studies.

Em um modelo experimental simples, reprodutível e não oneroso, descrevemos o Retalho Músculo-cutâneo Transverso de Músculo Reto do Abdome (TRAM flap), em rato Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia), macho, adulto com peso aproximado de 300 g, procedente do biotério central da UNIFESP - EPM. O presente artigo descreve o retalho de base cranial com o pedículo no músculo reto do abdome, unilateral à direita, com objetivo de proporcionar um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia e pesquisa de novos tratamentos que previnam a necrose parcial ou total do retalho. Este modelo experimental permite realizar inúmeros estudos, avaliando o efeito de diferentes drogas ou métodos físicos sobre a viabilidade do retalho TRAM monopediculado de pedículo cranial padrão. Sendo um modelo padronizado admite, ainda, a comparação entre resultados de diferentes estudos.

Experimental model of cranially pedicled TRAM flap in rats

In a simple, reproducible, and non-expensive experimental model the transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap has been described in male, adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia), weighing approximately 300g, at the central biotery of the Federal University at São Paulo, Paulista Medical School (UNIFESP - EPM). This article describes the use of a cranially based pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap sling, unilaterally to the right, with the purpose to better understand the pathophysiology of and the research on new treatments to prevent partial or total flap necrosis. This experimental model sponsors quite a number of studies to be conducted to assess the effects of different drugs of physical methods on the feasibility of standard, cranial monopedicled TRAM.As a standard model, it also harbors the comparison among results from different studies.

Em um modelo experimental simples, reprodutível e não oneroso, descrevemos o Retalho Músculo-cutâneo Transverso de Músculo Reto do Abdome (TRAM flap), em rato Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia), macho, adulto com peso aproximado de 300 g, procedente do biotério central da UNIFESP - EPM. O presente artigo descreve o retalho de base cranial com o pedículo no músculo reto do abdome, unilateral à direita, com objetivo de proporcionar um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia e pesquisa de novos tratamentos que previnam a necrose parcial ou total do retalho. Este modelo experimental permite realizar inúmeros estudos, avaliando o efeito de diferentes drogas ou métodos físicos sobre a viabilidade do retalho TRAM monopediculado de pedículo cranial padrão. Sendo um modelo padronizado admite, ainda, a comparação entre resultados de diferentes estudos.

Experimental model for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on ischemic random skin flap in rats

The objective of this paper was to develop an experimental model to be used in the study of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on viability of random skin flap in rats. The sample was 15 Wistar-EPM rats. The random skin flap measured 10x4 cm and a plastic barrier was placed between the flap and the donnor site. The animals were submited to TENS for 1 hour immediately after the surgery and on the two subsequent days. On the seventh postoperative day, the percentage of necrotic area was measured and calculated. The experimental model proved to be reliable to be used in the study of effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in random skin flap in rats.

Este artigo propõe o desenvolvimento de um modelo experimental para verificar o efeito da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. A amostra constituiu-se de 15 ratos, da linhagem Wistar-EPM. O retalho cutâneo randômico foi realizado com dimensões de 10x4 cm e uma barreira plástica foi interposta entre o mesmo e o leito doador. Os animais foram submetido à TENS por 1 hora imediatamente após a operação e nos outros dois dias subseqüentes. No sétimo dia pós-operatório foram calculadas as porcentagens de área de necrose. O modelo experimental mostrou-se factível para estudo dos efeitos da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea em retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos.

Experimental model for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on ischemic random skin flap in rats

The objective of this paper was to develop an experimental model to be used in the study of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on viability of random skin flap in rats. The sample was 15 Wistar-EPM rats. The random skin flap measured 10x4 cm and a plastic barrier was placed between the flap and the donnor site. The animals were submited to TENS for 1 hour immediately after the surgery and on the two subsequent days. On the seventh postoperative day, the percentage of necrotic area was measured and calculated. The experimental model proved to be reliable to be used in the study of effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in random skin flap in rats.

Este artigo propõe o desenvolvimento de um modelo experimental para verificar o efeito da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. A amostra constituiu-se de 15 ratos, da linhagem Wistar-EPM. O retalho cutâneo randômico foi realizado com dimensões de 10x4 cm e uma barreira plástica foi interposta entre o mesmo e o leito doador. Os animais foram submetido à TENS por 1 hora imediatamente após a operação e nos outros dois dias subseqüentes. No sétimo dia pós-operatório foram calculadas as porcentagens de área de necrose. O modelo experimental mostrou-se factível para estudo dos efeitos da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea em retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos.

Experimental model of capsular contracture in silicone implants

The breast implant procedure is one of the most performed into Plastic Surgery and the contracture that occurs the capsule formed around the breast implants one of most frequent complication. We describe here one experimental model of capsule contracture in rats.

O procedimento cirúrgico implante de silicone mamário é um dos mais realizados dentro da Cirurgia Plástica e a contratura que ocorre na cápsula formada ao redor do implante é uma de suas maiores complicações. Descrevemos aqui um modelo experimental de contratura capsular em ratas.

Experimental model of capsular contracture in silicone implants

The breast implant procedure is one of the most performed into Plastic Surgery and the contracture that occurs the capsule formed around the breast implants one of most frequent complication. We describe here one experimental model of capsule contracture in rats.

O procedimento cirúrgico implante de silicone mamário é um dos mais realizados dentro da Cirurgia Plástica e a contratura que ocorre na cápsula formada ao redor do implante é uma de suas maiores complicações. Descrevemos aqui um modelo experimental de contratura capsular em ratas.