Modulation of sexual behavior of Morada Nova ewe by the season of the year in a semiarid equatorial environment

he objective was to evaluate the effect of the season on the sexual behavior patterns adopted by Morada Nova sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region. A total of 55 and 59 female sheep were used in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, attended by four males of the same breed in rotation. The females identified in oestrus were released in a pasture, together with the breeder of the day for each season, and aspects of sexual behavior were measured for an uninterrupted period of 11 hours/day. Assuming a negative binomial distribution, the behavioral frequencies were subjected to deviation analysis and compared using the chi-square. Heading in the male was observed more frequently during the rainy season (0.12) and shifts with higher temperatures; the turn of the head in relation to the man was observed more frequently during the dry season (2.49). The interactions between seasons and shifts significantly affected the following behaviors: sniffing the male, sniffing the male's urogenital region, wagging the tail, lifting the tail, and urinating. Behavioral variables were influenced by the season. Morada Nova sheep reduce their water intake and grazing time to engage more efficiently in reproductive activities, thus demonstrating an ability to adapt to the Caatinga.(AU)

Modulation of sexual behavior of Morada Nova ewe by the season of the year in a semiarid equatorial environment

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the season on the sexual behavior patterns adopted by Morada Nova sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region. A total of 55 and 59 female sheep were used in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, attended by four males of the same breed in rotation. The females identified in oestrus were released in a pasture, together with the breeder of the day for each season, and aspects of sexual behavior were measured for an uninterrupted period of 11 hours/day. Assuming a negative binomial distribution, the behavioral frequencies were subjected to deviation analysis and compared using the chi-square. Heading in the male was observed more frequently during the rainy season (0.12) and shifts with higher temperatures; the turn of the head in relation to the man was observed more frequently during the dry season (2.49). The interactions between seasons and shifts significantly affected the following behaviors: sniffing the male, sniffing the male's urogenital region, wagging the tail, lifting the tail, and urinating. Behavioral variables were influenced by the season. Morada Nova sheep reduce their water intake and grazing time to engage more efficiently in reproductive activities, thus demonstrating an ability to adapt to the Caatinga.

Assessment of welfare indicators in grazing dairy cows in Northeast Brazil / Avaliação de indicadores de bem-estar em vacas leiteiras a pasto no Nordeste do Brasil

The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.

Assessment of welfare indicators in grazing dairy cows in Northeast Brazil / Avaliação de indicadores de bem-estar em vacas leiteiras a pasto no Nordeste do Brasil

The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.(AU)

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.(AU)