Quantification of the collagen fibers of healthy and neoplastic mammary tissue in cats by the Picrossirius Red histochemical method

Although feline mammary carcinoma is not the most prevalent among the species, its aggressive behavior represents a low life expectancy, compared with most undifferentiated types of breast cancer. Tissue stiffness induced by the accumulation of collagen fibers is related to a risk factor for carcinogenesis in healthy women and aggressiveness in those with breast cancer, which can also occur in cats. The objective of this work is to identify the relationship between stromal collagen density and aggressiveness of mammary carcinoma in cats, according to the peripheral and central tissue distribution by the Picrossirius Red histochemical method. Image.J® and MatLab® software were used for digital image processing. The mean values of kurtosis and entropy attributes were ​​grouped into a control group, and low and high-grade carcinoma groups, analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (p <0.01). Interpretation of stromal dynamics is important to evaluate both central and peripheral locations. According to entropy, there was a significant increase in the peripheral density in the carcinoma groups in relation to the control group, which can be justified by blood support. The same can be said of the central region, with a significant gain in collagen fibers from the tumors, indicated by kurtosis. The results suggest the presence of increases in stromal density in mammary carcinomas of cats, regardless of their graduation, and occurring in both regions.

Quantification of the collagen fibers of healthy and neoplastic mammary tissue in cats by the Picrossirius Red histochemical method

Although feline mammary carcinoma is not the most prevalent among the species, its aggressive behavior represents a low life expectancy, compared with most undifferentiated types of breast cancer. Tissue stiffness induced by the accumulation of collagen fibers is related to a risk factor for carcinogenesis in healthy women and aggressiveness in those with breast cancer, which can also occur in cats. The objective of this work is to identify the relationship between stromal collagen density and aggressiveness of mammary carcinoma in cats, according to the peripheral and central tissue distribution by the Picrossirius Red histochemical method. Image.J® and MatLab® software were used for digital image processing. The mean values of kurtosis and entropy attributes were ​​grouped into a control group, and low and high-grade carcinoma groups, analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferronis multiple comparison test (p <0.01). Interpretation of stromal dynamics is important to evaluate both central and peripheral locations. According to entropy, there was a significant increase in the peripheral density in the carcinoma groups in relation to the control group, which can be justified by blood support. The same can be said of the central region, with a significant gain in collagen fibers from the tumors, indicated by kurtosis. The results suggest the presence of increases in stromal density in mammary carcinomas of cats, regardless of their graduation, and occurring in both regions.(AU)

Morphometric and vascular analyses and MMP-2 expression in bladders of animals with bovine enzootic haematuria

Background: Bovine enzootic haematuria is a chronic, non-infectious disease caused by the ingestion of bracken Pteridiumaquilinum that contain ptaquiloside, substance responsible for the development of neoplasms in combination with bovinepapillomavirus infection. Studies examining metalloproteinases have shown that these enzymes may be useful as prognosticmarkers and many studies have correlated the intratumoural microvessel density and incidence of metastasis in a varietyof cancers, including bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the urothelial morphology and vasculature and quantifythe expression of the enzyme metalloproteinase-2 in the bladder lesions of bovine with enzootic haematuria.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty bladders with macroscopic lesions were subjected to routine histological processing. The material was stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin staining methods. Themorphometric analysis included the measurement of the total thickness of the urothelium. Microscopically, the lesionswere differentiated as neoplastic or non-neoplastic, and the vascular changes were characterised as vascular proliferation,ectasia, dilation and thickening and the material stained using the Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin method was used to evaluatesclerosis and the vascular fibroelastosis. The metalloproteinase expression was evaluated using an anti-metalloproteinase-2antibody. The main non-neoplastic lesions found in the urothelium included clear cell metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia,haemorrhage, cystitis cystica and Brunn’s nests and the neoplastic lesions were haemangioma, myxoma, transitional cellcarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, in situ carcinoma and haemangiosarcoma. The urothelium measurements revealed differencesbetween the epithelial thicknesses of bladders with and without neoplasms. The bladder vasculature evaluation revealed...

Morphometric and vascular analyses and MMP-2 expression in bladders of animals with bovine enzootic haematuria

Background: Bovine enzootic haematuria is a chronic, non-infectious disease caused by the ingestion of bracken Pteridiumaquilinum that contain ptaquiloside, substance responsible for the development of neoplasms in combination with bovinepapillomavirus infection. Studies examining metalloproteinases have shown that these enzymes may be useful as prognosticmarkers and many studies have correlated the intratumoural microvessel density and incidence of metastasis in a varietyof cancers, including bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the urothelial morphology and vasculature and quantifythe expression of the enzyme metalloproteinase-2 in the bladder lesions of bovine with enzootic haematuria.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty bladders with macroscopic lesions were subjected to routine histological processing. The material was stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Weigerts resorcin-fuchsin staining methods. Themorphometric analysis included the measurement of the total thickness of the urothelium. Microscopically, the lesionswere differentiated as neoplastic or non-neoplastic, and the vascular changes were characterised as vascular proliferation,ectasia, dilation and thickening and the material stained using the Weigerts resorcin-fuchsin method was used to evaluatesclerosis and the vascular fibroelastosis. The metalloproteinase expression was evaluated using an anti-metalloproteinase-2antibody. The main non-neoplastic lesions found in the urothelium included clear cell metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia,haemorrhage, cystitis cystica and Brunns nests and the neoplastic lesions were haemangioma, myxoma, transitional cellcarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, in situ carcinoma and haemangiosarcoma. The urothelium measurements revealed differencesbetween the epithelial thicknesses of bladders with and without neoplasms. The bladder vasculature evaluation revealed...(AU)

Infection by Mycobacterium bovis in a dog from Brazil

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MtbC). This disease rarely affects dogs. Canine infections are usually caused by M. tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis infections are rare in dogs and associated with consumption of raw milk or contaminated products. Here, we report a Boxer dog who had a M. bovis infection and was admitted to a Brazilian veterinary hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of chronic ehrlichiosis. Despite receiving treatment for chronic ehrlichiosis, it progressed to death. TB was diagnosed during post-mortem examinations using histopathological analysis. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid-fast bacilli in the kidneys, liver, mesentery, and a mass adhered to the liver. Further, PCR-restriction analysis was performed to identify mycobacteria in the samples. A restriction profile compatible with MtbC was found in the lungs. In addition, PCR-based MtbC typing deletions at different loci of chromosome 9 enabled the identification of M. bovis in the lungs. Therefore, it is very essential to perform differential diagnosis of TB in dogs with non-specific clinical signs and who do not respond to treatment, particularly those who had been in contact with TB-infected cattle or owners. Further, we highlight the use of molecular methods for the identification of bacilli, improving the diagnosis and aiding epidemiological studies.(AU)

Linfoma canino: revision de literatura con enfasis en linfoma difuso de celulas B grandes / Canine lymphoma: literature review emphasizing on diffuse large B cell lymphoma / Linfoma canino: revisão de literatura com ênfase no linfoma difuso de grandes células B

Los linfomas no Hodgkin (LNH) son las neoplasias hematopoyéticas más comunes en los perros, sin embargo, su etiología no está bien conocida. Existen varios factores que pueden contribuir con su desarrollo, como cambios en el sistema inmunológico, factores ambientales y alteraciones genéticas. El cáncer puede ocurrir en cualquier edad, pero se sabe que afecta principalmente a animales de mediana edad y animales más viejos. Anatómicamente, el linfoma canino se puede clasificar en multicéntrico, digestivo, tímico, cútaneo y solitario, con cinco estadios clínicos y dos subestadios. En los últimos años se han utilizado diversas clasificaciones en humano, y se han propuesto para los animales domésticos. El inmunofenotipaje de los linfomas se ha incorporado a la mayoría de los sistemas actuales de clasificación, igualmente, la determinación de marcadores biológicos de proliferación y apoptosis. Los linfomas difuso de celulas B grandes (DLBCL) es el subtipo más común en el perro y en el hombre. Los DLBCL son neoplasias que están formadas por células linfoides B caracterizadas por un patrón de crecimiento difuso y pueden presentar por lo menos cinco variantes que están relacionados con diferentes patrones de comportamiento biológico, incluso en perros. Sin embargo, usualmente estos tumores se clasifican sólo como DLBCL sin tener en cuenta sus características morfológicas, su perfil [...](AU)

Non Hodgkin lymphomas (LNHs) are the most common hematopoietic tumors of dogs. However, its etiology is not well established and there are many probable factors that may lead to its development such as immune system aberrations, environmental elements and genetic changes. The tumor may occur at any age but it predominantly affects middle age to elderly dogs. Canine lymphoma can be anatomically divided into multicentric, digestive, thymic, cutaneous or solitary and also into five clinical and two subclinical stages. Lately various human classifications and also one proposed for domestic animals have been used. Lymphoma immunophenotyping is incorporated into current classification systems as well as determination of biological markers for proliferation and apoptosis. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent subtype both in dogs and humans. DLBCLs are tumors composed of lymphoid B cell characterized by a diffuse growth pattern. DLBCLs may present at least five variants which relates to different patterns of biological behavior including in dogs. However, routinely these tumors are only classified as DLBCLs without taking into account its morphologic characteristics, immunohistochemical profile and proliferation index. On account of this the World Health Organization (WHO) proposes that on research projects those variants are thoroughly investigated in order to [...](AU)

Os linfomas não Hodgkin (LNHs) são as neoplasias hematopoiéticas mais comuns nos cães, no entanto, sua etiologia não está bem estabelecida e há diversos fatores que devem contribuir para seu desenvolvimento, como alterações no sistema imune, fatores ambientais e alterações genéticas. A neoplasia pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, mas afeta, predominantemente, animais de meia idade a idosos. Anatomicamente, os linfomas caninos podem ser classificados em: multicêntrico, digestivo, tímico, cutâneo e solitário, com cinco estágios clínicos e dois subestágios. Nos últimos anos, foram utilizadas diversas classificações humanas, além de classificação proposta para os animais domésticos. A imunofenotipagem dos linfomas está incorporada aos sistemas mais atuais de classificação, assim como a determinação da expressão de marcadores biológicos de proliferação e apoptose. O Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B (DLBCL) é o subtipo mais frequente, tanto no cão quanto em humanos. Os DLBCLs são neoplasias formadas por células linfoides B caracterizadas por um padrão de crescimento difuso e podem apresentar pelo menos cinco variantes que estão relacionadas com padrões distintos de comportamento biológico, inclusive nos cães. No entanto, rotineiramente, estes tumores são apenas classificados como DLBCLs sem considerar suas particularidades morfológicas, seu perfil imunoistoquímico e seu índice [...](AU)

Linfoma canino: revision de literatura con enfasis en linfoma difuso de celulas B grandes / Canine lymphoma: literature review emphasizing on diffuse large B cell lymphoma / Linfoma canino: revisão de literatura com ênfase no linfoma difuso de grandes células B

Los linfomas no Hodgkin (LNH) son las neoplasias hematopoyéticas más comunes en los perros, sin embargo, su etiología no está bien conocida. Existen varios factores que pueden contribuir con su desarrollo, como cambios en el sistema inmunológico, factores ambientales y alteraciones genéticas. El cáncer puede ocurrir en cualquier edad, pero se sabe que afecta principalmente a animales de mediana edad y animales más viejos. Anatómicamente, el linfoma canino se puede clasificar en multicéntrico, digestivo, tímico, cútaneo y solitario, con cinco estadios clínicos y dos subestadios. En los últimos años se han utilizado diversas clasificaciones en humano, y se han propuesto para los animales domésticos. El inmunofenotipaje de los linfomas se ha incorporado a la mayoría de los sistemas actuales de clasificación, igualmente, la determinación de marcadores biológicos de proliferación y apoptosis. Los linfomas difuso de celulas B grandes (DLBCL) es el subtipo más común en el perro y en el hombre. Los DLBCL son neoplasias que están formadas por células linfoides B caracterizadas por un patrón de crecimiento difuso y pueden presentar por lo menos cinco variantes que están relacionados con diferentes patrones de comportamiento biológico, incluso en perros. Sin embargo, usualmente estos tumores se clasifican sólo como DLBCL sin tener en cuenta sus características morfológicas, su perfil [...]

Non Hodgkin lymphomas (LNHs) are the most common hematopoietic tumors of dogs. However, its etiology is not well established and there are many probable factors that may lead to its development such as immune system aberrations, environmental elements and genetic changes. The tumor may occur at any age but it predominantly affects middle age to elderly dogs. Canine lymphoma can be anatomically divided into multicentric, digestive, thymic, cutaneous or solitary and also into five clinical and two subclinical stages. Lately various human classifications and also one proposed for domestic animals have been used. Lymphoma immunophenotyping is incorporated into current classification systems as well as determination of biological markers for proliferation and apoptosis. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent subtype both in dogs and humans. DLBCLs are tumors composed of lymphoid B cell characterized by a diffuse growth pattern. DLBCLs may present at least five variants which relates to different patterns of biological behavior including in dogs. However, routinely these tumors are only classified as DLBCLs without taking into account its morphologic characteristics, immunohistochemical profile and proliferation index. On account of this the World Health Organization (WHO) proposes that on research projects those variants are thoroughly investigated in order to [...]

Os linfomas não Hodgkin (LNHs) são as neoplasias hematopoiéticas mais comuns nos cães, no entanto, sua etiologia não está bem estabelecida e há diversos fatores que devem contribuir para seu desenvolvimento, como alterações no sistema imune, fatores ambientais e alterações genéticas. A neoplasia pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, mas afeta, predominantemente, animais de meia idade a idosos. Anatomicamente, os linfomas caninos podem ser classificados em: multicêntrico, digestivo, tímico, cutâneo e solitário, com cinco estágios clínicos e dois subestágios. Nos últimos anos, foram utilizadas diversas classificações humanas, além de classificação proposta para os animais domésticos. A imunofenotipagem dos linfomas está incorporada aos sistemas mais atuais de classificação, assim como a determinação da expressão de marcadores biológicos de proliferação e apoptose. O Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B (DLBCL) é o subtipo mais frequente, tanto no cão quanto em humanos. Os DLBCLs são neoplasias formadas por células linfoides B caracterizadas por um padrão de crescimento difuso e podem apresentar pelo menos cinco variantes que estão relacionadas com padrões distintos de comportamento biológico, inclusive nos cães. No entanto, rotineiramente, estes tumores são apenas classificados como DLBCLs sem considerar suas particularidades morfológicas, seu perfil imunoistoquímico e seu índice [...]

Paraganglioma en perro asociada con la insuficiencia cardíaca: reporte de un caso / Canine paraganglioma associate with bankruptcy cardiac: case report / Paraganglioma em cão associado à falência cardíaca: relato de caso

Neoplasmas primarios del corazón son raros en todas las especies domésticas, sin embargo, paragangliomas se producen en los perros. En este informe, un perro de raza Golden Retriever fue enviado al Departamento de Patología del Hospital Veterinario - UNESP, Botucatu con histórico de muerte súbita. En la necropsia, el corazón mostró neoformación adyacente a la vena cava caudal y en la aurícula derecha, otra parte, fueron observados en ambos pulmones varios nodos. El material recogida fue procesado y se tiñó con hematoxilina-eosina. También se realizó inmunohistoquímica para panel de anticuerpos primarios anti-citoqueratina, antivimentina, anti-desmina, músculo liso anti-actina alfa, anti-factor VIII y anti-enolasa neuronal específica (NSE). Con base en los datos clínicos y morfológicos, anatómicos, histológicos, además, inmunorreactividad positiva para NSE, el tumor se caracterizó por ser un paraganglioma grado 2 de malignidad. Este informe tiene como objetivo contribuir agregando datos a la literatura de esta neoplasia(AU)

Primary neoplasms of the heart are rare in all domestic species, however, paragangliomas occur in dogs. In this case report, a Golden Retriever breed was sent to the Pathology Department of Veterinary Veterinary Hospital - UNESP, Botucatu with sudden death. At necropsy, the heart showed neoformation adjacent to the caudal vena cava and in the right atrium and, in both lungs were observed many nodes. The collected material was processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. It was also performed immunohistochemical panel for anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin, anti-desmin, smooth muscle anti-alpha actin, anti-factor VIII and anti-enolase specific neuron (NSE). Based on the clinical and morphological findings, anatomical, histological, additionally, to positive immunoreactivity for NSE, the tumor was characterized as a paraganglioma grade 2 of malignancy. This report aims to contribute by adding data to the literature of this neoplasm(AU)

Neoplasias primárias do coração são raras em todas as espécies domésticas, contudo, os paragangliomas ocorrem em cães. No presente relato, um cão da raça Golden Retriever foi encaminhado para o Serviço de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário UNESP, Botucatu com queixa de morte súbita. Ao exame de necropsia, o coração apresentou neoformação adjacente a veia cava caudal e também em aurícula direita. Além disso, em ambos os pulmões, foram observados diversos nódulos. O material coletado foi processado rotineiramente e corado pelo método de hematoxilina-eosina. Também foi realizado painel imuno-histoquímico para os anticorpos primários anti-citoqueratina, anti-vimentina, antidesmina, anti-alfa actina de músculo liso, anti-fator VIII e anti-enolase neurônio específico (NSE). Baseados nos dados clínicos e achados morfológicos, anatômicos, histopatológico, adicionalmente, a imunoreatividade positiva para NSE, o tumor foi caracterizado como um paraganglioma grau 2 de malignidade. O presente relato visa contribuir adicionando dados à literatura desta neoplasia(AU)

Paraganglioma en perro asociada con la insuficiencia cardíaca: reporte de un caso / Canine paraganglioma associate with bankruptcy cardiac: case report / Paraganglioma em cão associado à falência cardíaca: relato de caso

Neoplasmas primarios del corazón son raros en todas las especies domésticas, sin embargo, paragangliomas se producen en los perros. En este informe, un perro de raza Golden Retriever fue enviado al Departamento de Patología del Hospital Veterinario - UNESP, Botucatu con histórico de muerte súbita. En la necropsia, el corazón mostró neoformación adyacente a la vena cava caudal y en la aurícula derecha, otra parte, fueron observados en ambos pulmones varios nodos. El material recogida fue procesado y se tiñó con hematoxilina-eosina. También se realizó inmunohistoquímica para panel de anticuerpos primarios anti-citoqueratina, antivimentina, anti-desmina, músculo liso anti-actina alfa, anti-factor VIII y anti-enolasa neuronal específica (NSE). Con base en los datos clínicos y morfológicos, anatómicos, histológicos, además, inmunorreactividad positiva para NSE, el tumor se caracterizó por ser un paraganglioma grado 2 de malignidad. Este informe tiene como objetivo contribuir agregando datos a la literatura de esta neoplasia

Primary neoplasms of the heart are rare in all domestic species, however, paragangliomas occur in dogs. In this case report, a Golden Retriever breed was sent to the Pathology Department of Veterinary Veterinary Hospital - UNESP, Botucatu with sudden death. At necropsy, the heart showed neoformation adjacent to the caudal vena cava and in the right atrium and, in both lungs were observed many nodes. The collected material was processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. It was also performed immunohistochemical panel for anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin, anti-desmin, smooth muscle anti-alpha actin, anti-factor VIII and anti-enolase specific neuron (NSE). Based on the clinical and morphological findings, anatomical, histological, additionally, to positive immunoreactivity for NSE, the tumor was characterized as a paraganglioma grade 2 of malignancy. This report aims to contribute by adding data to the literature of this neoplasm

Neoplasias primárias do coração são raras em todas as espécies domésticas, contudo, os paragangliomas ocorrem em cães. No presente relato, um cão da raça Golden Retriever foi encaminhado para o Serviço de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário UNESP, Botucatu com queixa de morte súbita. Ao exame de necropsia, o coração apresentou neoformação adjacente a veia cava caudal e também em aurícula direita. Além disso, em ambos os pulmões, foram observados diversos nódulos. O material coletado foi processado rotineiramente e corado pelo método de hematoxilina-eosina. Também foi realizado painel imuno-histoquímico para os anticorpos primários anti-citoqueratina, anti-vimentina, antidesmina, anti-alfa actina de músculo liso, anti-fator VIII e anti-enolase neurônio específico (NSE). Baseados nos dados clínicos e achados morfológicos, anatômicos, histopatológico, adicionalmente, a imunoreatividade positiva para NSE, o tumor foi caracterizado como um paraganglioma grau 2 de malignidade. O presente relato visa contribuir adicionando dados à literatura desta neoplasia

Primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma in kidney with involvement of central nervous system and heart in a Siamese cat

Background: Lymphoma is the most common neoplasia in cats and usually happens in middle-aged males of European breeds, FeLV-positive test is also observed in 25% to 50% of these cases. The diagnostic of renal lymphoma is based on clinical signs, the diagnosis is based on clinical signs associated with additional tests. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations allows the classification which can provide prognostic information. Central nervous system metastasis is frequently reported, but lingual and lung lobe extension were also reported. Here, we report a case of renal lymphoma with systemic involvement of heart and CNS in a cat. Case: A 3-year-old male Siamese cat presented with weight loss, emesis, anorexia, polydipsia and polyuria for at least 3 weeks. The clinical parameters were stable, but presenting pale mucosal membrane and also severe dehydration. Complete blood count and chemistry profile revealed anemia and severe azotemia. On abdominal palpation, bilateral renomegaly and irregular contours of both kidneys were also detected. The kidneys were enlarged and had irregular contours on palpation, confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography, that revealed kidneys with markedly irregular contours, and the presence of fluid with high cellularity between cortical and renal capsule (capsular fluid). An aspiration citology by fine-needle from the capsular fluid guided by [...]

Primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma in kidney with involvement of central nervous system and heart in a Siamese cat

Background: Lymphoma is the most common neoplasia in cats and usually happens in middle-aged males of European breeds, FeLV-positive test is also observed in 25% to 50% of these cases. The diagnostic of renal lymphoma is based on clinical signs, the diagnosis is based on clinical signs associated with additional tests. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations allows the classification which can provide prognostic information. Central nervous system metastasis is frequently reported, but lingual and lung lobe extension were also reported. Here, we report a case of renal lymphoma with systemic involvement of heart and CNS in a cat. Case: A 3-year-old male Siamese cat presented with weight loss, emesis, anorexia, polydipsia and polyuria for at least 3 weeks. The clinical parameters were stable, but presenting pale mucosal membrane and also severe dehydration. Complete blood count and chemistry profile revealed anemia and severe azotemia. On abdominal palpation, bilateral renomegaly and irregular contours of both kidneys were also detected. The kidneys were enlarged and had irregular contours on palpation, confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography, that revealed kidneys with markedly irregular contours, and the presence of fluid with high cellularity between cortical and renal capsule (capsular fluid). An aspiration citology by fine-needle from the capsular fluid guided by [...](AU)

Serum concentration and immunostaining of vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs with multicentric lymphoma / Concentração sérica e imunomarcação do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular em cães com linfoma multicêntrico

Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most specific regulators of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, VEGF plays a role in tumorigenesis through activation of an autocrine signaling pathway that enables cancer cells to stimulate their own growth. The aim of this study was to investigate VEGF serum levels and immunoexpression in canine multicentric lymphomas and correlate these parameters with the prognostic factors of this cancer. Sixteen dogs were evaluated (eight clinically healthy and eight diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma). The animals underwent blood sampling to measure VEGF serum concentrations and lymph node biopsy to evaluate VEGF immunoexpression. The VEGF immunoreactivity score was higher (p=0.0003) in the lymph nodes of dogs with multicentric lymphoma (8.50±2.33) than in those of healthy dogs (1.87±1.80). There was no significant difference in the VEGF serum concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma (p=0.08). Immunophenotype, clinical stage and grade of malignancy influenced the life expectancy of dogs with lymphoma. Our results showed that VEGF is expressed in high amounts in the lymph nodes of dogs with multicentric lymphoma and may be responsible for the growth, survival and migration of tumor cells.

O fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) é um dos mais específicos reguladores da angiogênese e da linfangiogênese tumoral, além de influenciar na tumorigênese mediante ativação de um circuito de sinalização autócrina que permite que as células neoplásicas estimulem seu próprio crescimento. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os níveis séricos e a imunomarcação do VEGF nos linfomas multicêntricos caninos e correlacionar esses parâmetros com fatores prognósticos da neoplasia. Foram avaliados 16 cães, sendo oito clinicamente sadios e oito com diagnóstico de linfoma multicêntrico. Os animais foram submetidos à coleta de sangue para mensuração da concentração sérica do VEGF e biopsia de linfonodo para avaliação da imunomarcação do VEGF. O escore de imunomarcação do VEGF foi superior (p=0,0003) nos linfonodos de cães com linfoma multicêntrico (8,50±2,33) em comparação ao escore dos linfonodos de cães sadios (1,87±1,80). Não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações séricas do VEGF de cães sadios e de cães com linfoma (p=0,08). Imunofenótipo, estadiamento clínico e grau de malignidade influenciaram na sobrevida dos cães com linfoma. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o VEGF está expresso em quantidades elevadas nos linfonodos de cães com linfoma multicêntrico, podendo ser responsável pelo crescimento, sobrevivência e migração das células tumorais.(AU)

Sarcoide equino. Aspectos clínicos, etiológicos e anatomopatológicos / Equine sarcoid, clinical, etiological and anatomopathological aspects / Sarcoide Equino. Aspetos Clinicos, Etiológicos E Anatomopatologicos.

O sarcoide equino é a neoplasia cutânea mais frequente entre os equídeos. Seu comportamento clínico é localmente agressivo devido à sua capacidade infiltrativa, além de ser refratário a diferentes formas de terapias. Morfologicamente, o sarcoide equino é uma neoplasia predominantemente de tecido fibroso, com origem fibroblástica, não metastatizante, que mostra muito frequentemente o envolvimento da epiderme, podendo ser reconhecido como um tumor bifásico. Na sua apresentação clínica são reconhecidos vários tipos e subtipos, sendo descritos os tipos oculto, verrucoso, nodular, fibroblástico, maligno e misto. A etiologia do sarcoide equino esta relacionada à infecção pelos PVB-1 e PVB-2, porém esta neoplasia deve ser considerada como um tumor induzido por vírus com uma variedade ampla de manifestações resultantes de interações entre o agente etiológico, o ambiente e o genoma do hospedeiro. O objetivo deste artigo é traçar um painel atualizado sobre as características epidemiológicas, clínico-patológicas e etiológicas do sarcoide equino.(AU)

Equine sarcoid is the most frequent cutaneous neoplasia among equidae. Its clinic behaviour is locally aggressive due to its infiltrative capacity as well as being resistant to different forms of therapy. Morphologically, equine sarcoid is a predominantly fibrous tissue neoplasia, originally fibroblastic and without metastasis, often showing the involvement of epidermis, thus being recognized as a biphasic tumor. In its clinical presentation, several types and subtypes of equine sarcoids are recognized, being described as hidden, verrucous, fibroblastic, malignant and mixed. Etiology of equine sarcoid is related to infection through BPV1 and BPV2, however this neoplasia must be considered as a tumor which is induced by virus, with a wide range of resulting manifestations of interactions between the etiologic agent, the environment and the host genome. The objective of this article is to draw an updated panel over the epidemiologic, clinical-pathological and etiologic characteristics of the equine sarcoid.(AU)

La sarcoidosis equina es la neoplasia cutánea mas frecuente entre los caballos. Su comportamiento clínico es localmente agresivo debido a su capacidad de infiltración, además de ser refractario a diferentes formas de terapias. Morfologicamente, la sarcoidosis equina es una neoplasia predominantemente del tejido fibroso, con origen fibroblástico, sin metástasis, lo que demuestra muy frecuentemente el envolvimiento de la epidermis, y puede ser reconocido como un tumor bifásico. En su presentación clínica son reconocidos varios tipos y subtipos, siendo descritos los tipos oculto, verrugoso, nodular, fibroblástico, maligno y mixto. La etiología de la sarcoidosis equina está relacionada a la infección con PVB1 y PVB2, sin embargo, esta neoplasia debe ser considerada como un tumor inducido por virus con una gran variedad de manifestaciones resultantes de interacciones entre el agente etiológico, el ambiente y el genoma del húsped. El objetivo de este artículo es trazar un panel actualizado sobre las características epidemiológicas, clínico-patológicas y etiológicas del sarcoide equino. (AU)

Resposta tecidual a implantes de discos de poliuretana de mamona nas formas pré-moldada ou biomassa moldada / Tissue reaction to premolded or molded biomass disks of polyurethanes containing castor oil

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta tecidual à implantação de discos de poliuretana derivada do óleo de mamona confeccionados de duas formas distintas, na forma pré-moldada fornecida pela indústria e em biomassa moldada no momento da aplicação, de forma a observar se haveria algum tipo de reação local tardia associada à possível continuidade do processo de endurecimento final do biomaterial. Foram utilizados 20 ratos, linhagem Wistar, fêmeas, com peso de 300-350g, nos quais foi inserido o disco pré-moldado no tecido subcutâneo do flanco direito e o de biomassa moldada no flanco esquerdo. Ambos os discos tinham 0,8cm de diâmetro por 0,5cm de espessura. Para o procedimento histológico, cinco ratos foram submetidos à eutanásia aos 3, 7, 15 e 30 dias de pós-cirúrgico. Os implantes e tecidos circundantes foram colhidos, processados e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina. Foi observada inicialmente uma reação inflamatória moderada, composta especialmente por células polimorfonucleares e macrófagos. Os linfócitos variaram de ausentes a discretos. A reação inflamatória diminui de intensidade à medida que se intensificou a formação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso ao redor dos implantes, porém sem modificação dos números de macrófagos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que ambos os discos de poliuretana induzem uma reação inflamatória similar, que varia de moderada a discreta na dependência do momento de avaliação.(AU)

The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate the tissue reaction to implantation of polyurethane disks containing castor oil produced in premolded form, supplied commercially, and biomass molded at the moment of application; since a late tissue reaction may occur during the total hardening process of the biomaterial. Twenty female Wistar rats, about 3 months of age, weighing 300-350g, and polyurethane disks 0.8cm in diameter and 0.5cm in thickness were used. The premolded disk was implanted into the subcutaneous tissue at the right flank and the molded biomass disk at the left flank. Five rats each were submitted to euthanasia at 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after surgery, and the polyurethane disks and surrounding tissue were collected. The specimens were processed for HE staining and examined microscopically. A moderate inflammatory reaction was primarily composed of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. The lymphocytes varied from absent to discreet. The intensity of the inflammatory reaction decreased at the same time the formation of fibrous conjunctive tissue increased around the implants. However, the numbers of macrophages remained the same. In conclusion, both polyurethane disks induce the same type of inflammatory reaction that varies from slight to moderate according to evaluation time.(AU)

Miofibroblastos: Revisão de literatura / Myofibroblasts: a review / Miofibroblastos: Revisión De La Literatura

A cicatrização é um fenômeno complexo que restabelece a integridade morfológica e funcional de qualquer tecido ou órgão lesado. A reconstituição consiste numa perfeita e ordenada cascata de eventos celulares e moleculares que interagem para que ocorra a recomposição do tecido. Os fibroblastos são as principais células envolvidas na cicatrização e têm por principal função a manutenção da integridade do tecido conjuntivo, pela síntese dos componentes da matriz extracelular. Os miofibroblastos são componentes importantes durante a reparação do tecido lesionado e aparecem após o término dos fenômenos inflamatórios iniciais. Miofibroblastos expressando α-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA) não só promovem a contração, mas também sintetizam níveis elevados de proteases degradantes da matriz extracelular.(AU)

The healing is a complex phenomenon which restores the morphological and functional integrity of any tissue or organ injured. The recovery is a perfect and orderly cascade of cellular and molecular events that interact to have the rebuilding of tissue. The fibroblasts are the main cells involved in wound healing and have the main function to maintain the integrity of the tissue, the synthesis of components of extracellular matrix. The myofibroblasts are important components for the repair of injured tissue and appear after the end of the initial inflammatory phenomena. Myofibroblasts expressing α-actin of smooth muscle (α-SMA) to promote not only contraction but also synthesize high levels of proteases degrading the extracellular matrix.(AU)

La cicatrización es un fenómeno complejo que restaura la integridad morfológica y funcional de cualquier tejido u órgano lesionado. La reconstituición es una cascada perfecta y ordenada de eventos celulares y moleculares que interactúan para producir la reconstrucción del tejido. Los fibroblastos son las principales células implicadas en la cicatrización y su función primordial es de mantener la integridad del tejido conjuntivo, la síntesis de los componentes de la matriz extracelular. Los miofibroblastos son componentes importantes en la reparación del tejido dañado y aparecen después del final de los fenómenos inflamatorios iniciales. Los miofibroblastos expresando α-actina del músculo liso (α-SMA), que promueven no sólo la contracción, sino también una síntesis de altos niveles de proteasas degradantes de la matriz extracelular. (AU)

Segurança e eficácia da técnica de biopsia pulmonar transtorácica percutânea para avaliação histopatológica do parênquima pulmonar de ovinos clinicamente sadios / Safety and effectiveness of the transthoracic percutaneous lung biopsy technique for histopathological evaluation of the lung parenchyma in healthy sheep

Foram analisados os resultados e complicações decorrentes do emprego da técnica de biopsia pulmonar transtorácica percutânea em 20 ovinos clinicamente sadios. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico seguido da biopsia com agulha semi-automática no 7º espaço intercostal direito, 5cm acima do olécrano. Foram analisados o número de tentativas para a execução do procedimento e o tamanho dos fragmentos. As amostras obtidas foram avaliadas histologicamente. Posteriormente ao abate, foi realizado o exame pos mortem para avaliação de complicações da técnica e das eventuais lesões provocadas. Entre todos os animais submetidos à biopsia apenas dois demonstraram resistência a técnica, sendo obtidos fragmentos pulmonares de 4-7mm de comprimento, com média de 1,8±1 tentativas por fragmento. As principais alterações relacionadas à técnica foram tosse, dispnéia inspiratória, elevação das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e aumento do ruído broncobronquiolar. Ao exame post mortem observou-se hemorragia dos músculos intercostais e pleura visceral em todos os animais. Das 20 tentativas de execução da técnica, 18 obtiveram sucesso, enquanto que em duas o fígado foi equivocadamente puncionado. As amostras de tecido pulmonar foram consideradas representativas, pois foi possível a visualização de estruturas íntegras, incluindo bronquíolos e alvéolos. Podemos concluir que a biopsia pulmonar é segura e eficaz para obtenção de amostras pulmonares com fins de diagnóstico histológico.(AU)

The results and complications arising from use of the percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy technique in 20 clinically healthy sheep were analyzed. The animals were subjected to clinical examination followed by lung biopsy with a semi-automatic needle in the 7th right intercostal space, 5cm above the olecranon. The number of attempts to implement the procedure and size of the fragments were evaluated. The samples were evaluated histologically. After the slaughter, a postmortem examination assessed the technical complications and possible injuries. Among all animals which underwent biopsy only two did not tolerate the technique. Lung fragments measuring 4-7mm were obtained by an average of 1.8 attempts per fragment. The main changes related to the procedure were cough, labored breathing, increased heart and breathing rate, and increased bronco-bronchiolar sound. The postmortem examination revealed bleeding of the intercostal muscles and visceral pleura of various extend in all lambs, and a wound up to 14mm length in the lung of two animals that did not tolerate the procedure. From 20 attempts to implement the technique, 18 were successful, while in two of them the liver was mistakenly punctured. Samples of lung tissue were representative. It was possible to visualize intact structures, including bronchioles and alveoli. It could be concluded that lung biopsy is a safe and effective procedure to obtain lung samples for histological diagnosis.(AU)

Classificação citológica dos linfomas caninos / Cytological classification of canine lymphomas

Os linfomas estão entre as neoplasias mais frequentes na espécie canina. Do ponto de vista etiológico, epidemiológico, clínico, morfológico e imunofenotípico os linfomas caninos apresentam muitas semelhanças com os linfomas não-Hodgkin humanos e os esquemas de classificação destes têm sido utilizados na espécie canina. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi aplicar aos linfomas caninos as classificações de Kiel, Working Formulation e Fournel-Fleury, et al., (1994) em material colhido pelo método da PAAF (Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina). De acordo com a Classificação de Kiel, 61,02% (36 casos) das neoplasias se enquadram como de grau alto 38,98% (23 casos) como de grau baixo. Segundo a Classificação da Working Formulation, 11,86% (sete casos) foram classificados linfomas de grau baixo, 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário e 27,12% (16 casos) de grau alto. Utilizando a classificação proposta por Fournel-Fleury et al. (1994), 38,98% (23 casos) dos animais que apresentaram linfomas de grau baixo e 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário ou alto. Concluindo, a PAAF é um método de diagnóstico que pode ser empregado na classificação dos linfomas caninos. A classificação que mostrou melhores resultados foi a de Kiel, que tem por característica principal a ênfase nos achados citológicos. (AU)

Lymphoma is among the most frequent canine neoplasia and share many similarities with human non-Hodgkins lymphoma in respect of etiology, epidemiology, clinical, morphological and immunophenotipical aspects. Human classification schemes have been used in canine lymphoma. The aim of this work was apply Kiel, Working Formulation and Fournel-Fleurys et al. (1994) classification in Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) cytology matherial. According to Kiel scheme 61.02% (36 cases) were high-grade lymphomas and 38.98% (23 cases) low grade. The Working Formulation, showed 11.86% (7 cases) of low grade, 61.02% (36 cases) intermediary grade and 27.12% (16 cases) high grade. In Fournel-Fleurys protocol revealed a predominance of high-grade lymphoma, with 61.02% (36 cases) over 38.98% (23 cases) of low grade. In conclusion, FNA can be used as a diagnostic method and in canine lymphoma cytological classification. Kiels system showed the best results, once is based on cytologic basis. (AU)

Leucemia linfocítica crônica em cão: relato de caso / Chronic lymphocitic leukemia in dog: case report

O presente relato refere-se a um caso de leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC) diagnosticada no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, em um cão da raça Doberman, fêmea, com nove anos e oito meses de idade que apresentava anorexia e histórico de dificuldade locomotora. Ao exame físico observou-se hepato e esplenomegalia. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos resultados do hemograma (hemácias: 2,4 x 106/mL; hemoglobina: 5,6g/dL; hematócrito: 16 por cento), linfocitose (40,1 x 103/mL) e trombocitopenia (32,5 x 103/mL) e no exame citológico da medula óssea onde se observou celularidade aumentada com hipoplasia severa das séries megacariocítica, mielóide e eritróide. A série linfóide apresentou-se marcadamente aumentada, sendo representada principalmente por linfócitos pequenos e médios e em menor grau por plasmócitos.(AU)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was diagnosed in a 9-year-old-female Doberman Pinscher presented to the hospital of FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu with anorexia and locomotion abnormalities. Clinical examination revealed hepato and splenomegaly. The diagnose was based on CBC results which showed anemia (RBC 2.4 x 106/mL; hemoglobin 5.6g/dL; PCV 16 percent), lymphocytosis (40.1 x 103/mL) and thrombocytopenia (32.5 x 103/mL) and in bone marrow evaluation which showed increased cellularity with severe myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocytic hypoplasia. The lymphoid series was marked increased, represented mainly by small and medium lymphocytes and occasional plasma cells.(AU)

Proliferação celular nos linfomas caninos / Cell proliferation in canine lymphoma

O estudo dos linfomas caninos além de abordar a classificação morfológica e imunofenotípica necessita ser ampliado para que se tenha a avaliação da cinética celular. Esta verificação só pode ser feita com segurança quando são avaliados os parâmetros que indicam a taxa de proliferação celular. No homem, estes fatores têm influência no prognóstico e no tratamento dos limfomas. Os 40 linfomas utilizados neste trabalho foram classificados de acordo com a classificação de Kiel e a imunofenotipagem utilizou CD3 (linfócitos T) e CD79a (linfócitos B). A proliferação celular foi avaliada pelos métodos de contagem dos AgNORs e Ki-67 (MIB-1) De acordo com a classificação de Kiel os linfomas de alto grau foram os mais freqüentes, a imunofenotipagem mostrou a mesma freqüência de linfomas T e B. Quando avaliada a proliferação celular houve diferença significativa entre os linfomas de alto e baixo grau tanto pelo método do AgNOR como do KI-67.(MIB-1), porém não foram estatisticamente entre os imunofenótipos Entre as neoplasias de alto grau de malignidade a média de número de NORs por núcleo de célula neoplásica foi de 1,37 ± 0,32, e nos casos de baixo grau de 0,98 ± 0,36, de acordo com o KI-67 a média do percentual de células positivas foi de 43,19% ± 19,01, e 14,09% ± 11,74 nos casos de alto e baixo grau, respectivamente.(AU)

Lymphoma studies deals with morphological classification and immunophenotypic features and they have to be amplified for cellular kinetics evaluation. This evaluation can only be safely made, when the proliferative index are evaluated. In men the proliferation index have, most of the time, important influence in the neoplasia prognosis and treatment In this work it was used 40 canine lymphomas that were classified according to Kiel methods and immunophenotype was achieved with CD3 (T lymphocyte) and CD79a (B lymphocyte). Cellular proliferation was evaluated by AgNORs and Ki-67 (MIB-1) According to Kiel classification system, high grade lymphomas were more frequent and T and B lymphoma showed the same frequency.When cellular proliferation was evaluated, there was a significant difference between high grade and low grade lymphomas by AgNOR and Ki-67 (MIB-1) methods, but did not differ when comparing immunophenotype. Among high grade malignancy lymphomas the NORs medium number per cell nucleoli was 1.37± 0.32 and in low grade was 0.98± 0.36, concerning Ki-67 the positive cellular percentual was 43.19% ± 19.01, e 14.09% ± 11.74 in high and low grade, respectively.(AU)

Restabelecimento funcional do tendão extensor digital longo submetido a ressecção parcial em equinos: observação macroscópica, histopatológica e ultra-sonográfica / Functional restoration of the long digital extensor tendon in horses after parcial tenectomy: gross, histopathologycal and ultrasonographic evaluation

Objetivou-se estudar os aspectos macroscópicos, ultra-sonográficos e histopatológicos do tecido neoformado no local da ressecção parcial do tendão extensor digital longo em 10 eqüinos, no momento do restabelecimento funcional do membro com o animal em locomoção à passo. O exame macroscópico foi realizado a cada 48 horas, o planimétrico das feridas a cada 10 dias, o ultra-sonográfico a cada 15 dias e o histopatológico no final do experimento. As feridas mostraram tecido de granulação em retração e exuberante, sem epitelização total, com aspectos ultra-sonográficos desorganizados diferentes do tendão íntegro e os exames histopatológicos revelaram tecido cicatricial em formação. O restabelecimento funcional médio foi de 45,9 dias, com o tecido neoformado na região da tenectomia permitindo o restabelecimento funcional do membro operado.(AU)

The objective of this work was to study the macroscopic, ultrasonographic and histopathologic aspects from the newly formed cicatricial tissue at the site of the partial resection of the long digital extensor tendon in 10 equines at the moment of functional restoration of the limb with the animal in walk locomotion. The macroscopic exam was performed every 48 hours, the planimetric mensuration every 10 days, the ultrasonographic exam every 15 days and the histopathologyc exam at the end of the study. The wounds showed granulation tissue in retraction, without total lesion epithelization, and the aspects ultrasonographics revealed wound healing with newly formed tissues with variable density and high neovascularization without tendon structural reorganization. The histopathology showed newly formed vascularized tissue, with leukocytic infiltrate and collagenous deposition without full epithelization. The cicatrization tissue formed in the resection region of the tendon, immature and without the structural organization of the normal tendon, showed to be able to functional restoration of the operated limb.(AU)