Bacteria isolated from free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs sold in semiarid conditions and its one health impact

Background: Food contamination is an important and growing public health concern due to the risk of foodborne illnesses.In this context, the egg, consumed all over the world, stands out. This food has been pointed out as a carrier of severalbacteria, causing outbreaks of food toxinfection. The production of free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs hasbeen an alternative for generating income for producers in Brazil; however, there is no monitoring of the sanitary qualityof this product. The objective of this study was to identify microorganisms in 128 free-range chicken eggs sold in openmarkets in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at commercial fairs in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Braziliansemiarid region. The minimum number of eggs to be used was determined by the formula for simple random samples considering the following parameters: expected frequency of positive eggs of 50% (for sample maximization), 95% confidencelevel and sampling error of 10%. The minimum number of eggs to be sampled was 97; however, 128 eggs were obtained inthe period from August 2018 to April 2019. The internal content of the eggs was subjected to bacteriological culture usingan adapted methodology, and for the in vitro susceptibility assessment the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hintonagarwasused. In addition to biochemical tests, Gram-negative bacteria were subjected to microbiological diagnosis using theMALDI-TOF (Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight) technique. Bacterial growth was found in40 (31.3%) eggs. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus spp. (27.5%), Bacillus spp. (15%) andEnterobacter cloacae (25%). There was bacterial growth in albumens [n = 10; 7.8%] and in egg yolks [n=38; 29.7%] (P< 0.001). The antimicrobials that showed highest resistance rates were ampicillin...

Bacteria isolated from free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs sold in semiarid conditions and its one health impact

Background: Food contamination is an important and growing public health concern due to the risk of foodborne illnesses.In this context, the egg, consumed all over the world, stands out. This food has been pointed out as a carrier of severalbacteria, causing outbreaks of food toxinfection. The production of free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs hasbeen an alternative for generating income for producers in Brazil; however, there is no monitoring of the sanitary qualityof this product. The objective of this study was to identify microorganisms in 128 free-range chicken eggs sold in openmarkets in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at commercial fairs in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Braziliansemiarid region. The minimum number of eggs to be used was determined by the formula for simple random samples considering the following parameters: expected frequency of positive eggs of 50% (for sample maximization), 95% confidencelevel and sampling error of 10%. The minimum number of eggs to be sampled was 97; however, 128 eggs were obtained inthe period from August 2018 to April 2019. The internal content of the eggs was subjected to bacteriological culture usingan adapted methodology, and for the in vitro susceptibility assessment the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hintonagarwasused. In addition to biochemical tests, Gram-negative bacteria were subjected to microbiological diagnosis using theMALDI-TOF (Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight) technique. Bacterial growth was found in40 (31.3%) eggs. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus spp. (27.5%), Bacillus spp. (15%) andEnterobacter cloacae (25%). There was bacterial growth in albumens [n = 10; 7.8%] and in egg yolks [n=38; 29.7%] (P< 0.001). The antimicrobials that showed highest resistance rates were ampicillin...(AU)

Efeitos do banho prévio, da tricotomia e da antissepsia na redução da contaminação do sítio cirúrgico em cadelas submetidas à OSH eletiva / Effects of the previous bath, trichotomy and antisepsis in reducing contamination of the surgical site in bitches undergoing elective OSH

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influencia do banho 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e da tricotomia pré-operatória na redução da contagem microbiana da pele do campo operatório, bem como a eficiência antisséptica do gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% e da polivinilpirrolidona iodada 10% para antissepsia do sítio cirúrgico, verificando sua ação 4 minutos e 2 horas após aplicação. Utilizaram-se 20 cadelas hígidas, alocadas ao acaso em 2 grupos de 10 animais: os animais do Grupo I foram submetidos ao banho 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, enquanto os do Grupo II não passaram por este procedimento. Foram isolados diversos gêneros bacterianos antes e após o uso dos antissépticos. Significância estatística foi verificada entre os grupos quanto ao efeito do banho prévio à cirurgia, apenas 2 horas após a aplicação de clorexidina. A tricotomia reduziu 26,48% da carga microbiana nos animais do Grupo I e elevou a carga microbiana em 41,19% nos animais do Grupo II, revelando diferença estatística. Após o uso dos antissépticos, não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos em nenhum momento. Do mesmo modo, a comparação da eficiência dos antissépticos com ou sem banho, não revelou significância estatística. A polivinilpirrolidona iodada causou reação alérgica em 15% dos animais e não foi observada irritação cutânea causada pela clorexidina. Conclui-se que o banho prévio tem efeito na redução da carga bacteriana apenas após 2 horas de antissepsia com clorexidina; a tricotomia é mais eficaz na redução microbiana quando o animal é submetido ao banho e os dois antissépticos são igualmente eficazes na antissepsia cirúrgica por até 2 horas quer o animal tome banho ou não previamente à cirurgia.(AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of bath 24 hours before surgery and preoperative shaving in reducing microbial count of the operating field skin and antiseptic efficiency of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate and 10% iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone for antisepsis of the surgical site, by checking its action 4 minutes and 2 hours after application. We used 20 healthy bitches, randomly allocated into 2 groups of 10 animals: Group I underwent bath 24 hours before surgery, whereas Group II did not undergo this procedure. Many bacterial genera have been isolated before and after use of antiseptics. Statistical significance was observed between the groups regarding the effect of bath prior to surgery, just two hours after application of chlorhexidine. Shaving reduced 26.48% of the microbial load in Group I and increased the microbial load in 41.19% in Group II, showing statistical difference. After the use of antiseptics, there was no statistical difference between the groups at any time. Similarly, comparison of the efficiency of the bath with or without antiseptic showed no statistical significance. The iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone caused allergic reaction in 15% of animals and was not observed skin irritation caused by chlorhexidine. We conclude that the prior bath is effective in reducing bacterial load just after 2 hours of antisepsis with chlorhexidine; shaving is more effective in reducing microbial when the animal is subjected to the bath and the two antiseptic agents are equally effective in surgical antisepsis or for up to 2 hours the animal did not take a bath or prior to surgery.(AU)

Efeitos do banho prévio, da tricotomia e da antissepsia na redução da contaminação do sítio cirúrgico em cadelas submetidas à OSH eletiva / Effects of the previous bath, trichotomy and antisepsis in reducing contamination of the surgical site in bitches undergoing elective OSH

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influencia do banho 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e da tricotomia pré-operatória na redução da contagem microbiana da pele do campo operatório, bem como a eficiência antisséptica do gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% e da polivinilpirrolidona iodada 10% para antissepsia do sítio cirúrgico, verificando sua ação 4 minutos e 2 horas após aplicação. Utilizaram-se 20 cadelas hígidas, alocadas ao acaso em 2 grupos de 10 animais: os animais do Grupo I foram submetidos ao banho 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, enquanto os do Grupo II não passaram por este procedimento. Foram isolados diversos gêneros bacterianos antes e após o uso dos antissépticos. Significância estatística foi verificada entre os grupos quanto ao efeito do banho prévio à cirurgia, apenas 2 horas após a aplicação de clorexidina. A tricotomia reduziu 26,48% da carga microbiana nos animais do Grupo I e elevou a carga microbiana em 41,19% nos animais do Grupo II, revelando diferença estatística. Após o uso dos antissépticos, não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos em nenhum momento. Do mesmo modo, a comparação da eficiência dos antissépticos com ou sem banho, não revelou significância estatística. A polivinilpirrolidona iodada causou reação alérgica em 15% dos animais e não foi observada irritação cutânea causada pela clorexidina. Conclui-se que o banho prévio tem efeito na redução da carga bacteriana apenas após 2 horas de antissepsia com clorexidina; a tricotomia é mais eficaz na redução microbiana quando o animal é submetido ao banho e os dois antissépticos são igualmente eficazes na antissepsia cirúrgica por até 2 horas quer o animal tome banho ou não previamente à cirurgia.(AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of bath 24 hours before surgery and preoperative shaving in reducing microbial count of the operating field skin and antiseptic efficiency of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate and 10% iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone for antisepsis of the surgical site, by checking its action 4 minutes and 2 hours after application. We used 20 healthy bitches, randomly allocated into 2 groups of 10 animals: Group I underwent bath 24 hours before surgery, whereas Group II did not undergo this procedure. Many bacterial genera have been isolated before and after use of antiseptics. Statistical significance was observed between the groups regarding the effect of bath prior to surgery, just two hours after application of chlorhexidine. Shaving reduced 26.48% of the microbial load in Group I and increased the microbial load in 41.19% in Group II, showing statistical difference. After the use of antiseptics, there was no statistical difference between the groups at any time. Similarly, comparison of the efficiency of the bath with or without antiseptic showed no statistical significance. The iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone caused allergic reaction in 15% of animals and was not observed skin irritation caused by chlorhexidine. We conclude that the prior bath is effective in reducing bacterial load just after 2 hours of antisepsis with chlorhexidine; shaving is more effective in reducing microbial when the animal is subjected to the bath and the two antiseptic agents are equally effective in surgical antisepsis or for up to 2 hours the animal did not take a bath or prior to surgery.(AU)