Lanthanum content and effects on growth, gas exchanges, and chlorophyll index in maize plants / Teor de lantânio e efeitos no crescimento, trocas gasosas e teor de clorofila em plantas de milho

Rare earth elements, such as lanthanum (La), have been applied to agriculture via fertilizers, aiming to increase the productivity and crop quality, such results observed mainly in China. However, the knowledge about the effect of La on maize growth, as well as for other species, despite the growing interest it is still limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of La on maize growth, La content,photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content in maize plants in response to La treatment (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 600 μM) in nutrient solution for three weeks. The plants were placed in geminated pots using a split-root technique. One of the pots in the geminated set was filled with a complete nutrient solution without La, while another was filled with a nutrient solution without phosphorus but containing different concentrations of La. It was verified that roots of maize plants can accumulate approximately sixty percent more La than shoots. Moreover, low La concentrations stimulated an increase in chlorophyll index,resulting in a slight increase in shoot biomass. At higher levels, La didn’t reduce growth but caused adecrease in both photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index.

Elementos terra rara, como lantânio (La), são aplicados à agricultura via fertilizantes, com oobjetivo de aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade das culturas agrícolas, fato observado principalmente naChina. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre o efeito de La no crescimento do milho, bem como para outrasculturas agrícolas, ainda é limitado apesar do interesse crescente. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar oefeito da aplicação de La sobre o crescimento, teor de La, fotossíntese e teor de clorofila em plantas demilho, expostas a concentrações crescentes de La (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 300 e 600 μM) em solução nutritivapor três semanas. As plantas foram colocadas em vasos geminados usando uma técnica de raiz divisória.Um dos potes no conjunto geminado foi preenchido com solução nutritiva completa que não continha La,enquanto outra foi preenchida com solução nutritiva sem fósforo, mas contendo diferentes concentraçõesde La. Foi verificado que as raízes das plantas de milho podem acumular sessenta por cento mais La quandocomparado à parte aérea. Além disso, as baixas concentrações de La estimularam o aumento do teor declorofila, resultando em um aumento na biomassa da parte aérea. Em concentrações mais elevadas, aaplicação de La não reduziu o crescimento das plantas de milho, mas causou diminuição na taxafotossintética e no índice de clorofila.

Lanthanum content and effects on growth, gas exchanges, and chlorophyll index in maize plants / Teor de lantânio e efeitos no crescimento, trocas gasosas e teor de clorofila em plantas de milho

Rare earth elements, such as lanthanum (La), have been applied to agriculture via fertilizers, aiming to increase the productivity and crop quality, such results observed mainly in China. However, the knowledge about the effect of La on maize growth, as well as for other species, despite the growing interest it is still limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of La on maize growth, La content,photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content in maize plants in response to La treatment (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 600 μM) in nutrient solution for three weeks. The plants were placed in geminated pots using a split-root technique. One of the pots in the geminated set was filled with a complete nutrient solution without La, while another was filled with a nutrient solution without phosphorus but containing different concentrations of La. It was verified that roots of maize plants can accumulate approximately sixty percent more La than shoots. Moreover, low La concentrations stimulated an increase in chlorophyll index,resulting in a slight increase in shoot biomass. At higher levels, La didnt reduce growth but caused adecrease in both photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index.(AU)

Elementos terra rara, como lantânio (La), são aplicados à agricultura via fertilizantes, com oobjetivo de aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade das culturas agrícolas, fato observado principalmente naChina. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre o efeito de La no crescimento do milho, bem como para outrasculturas agrícolas, ainda é limitado apesar do interesse crescente. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar oefeito da aplicação de La sobre o crescimento, teor de La, fotossíntese e teor de clorofila em plantas demilho, expostas a concentrações crescentes de La (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 300 e 600 μM) em solução nutritivapor três semanas. As plantas foram colocadas em vasos geminados usando uma técnica de raiz divisória.Um dos potes no conjunto geminado foi preenchido com solução nutritiva completa que não continha La,enquanto outra foi preenchida com solução nutritiva sem fósforo, mas contendo diferentes concentraçõesde La. Foi verificado que as raízes das plantas de milho podem acumular sessenta por cento mais La quandocomparado à parte aérea. Além disso, as baixas concentrações de La estimularam o aumento do teor declorofila, resultando em um aumento na biomassa da parte aérea. Em concentrações mais elevadas, aaplicação de La não reduziu o crescimento das plantas de milho, mas causou diminuição na taxafotossintética e no índice de clorofila.(AU)

Compatibility and incompatibility in hyphal anastomosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which live in symbiosis with 80 % of plants, are not able to grow when separated from their hosts. Spore germination is not host-regulated and germling growth is shortly arrested in the absence of host roots. Germling survival chances may be increased by hyphal fusions (anastomoses), which allow access to nutrients flowing in the extraradical mycelium (ERM). Perfect anastomoses, occurring with high frequency among germlings and the ERM of the same isolate, show protoplasm continuity and disappearance of hyphal walls. A low frequency of perfect fusions has been detected among co-specific genetically different isolates, although fungal nuclei have been consistently detected in all perfect fusions, suggesting active nuclear migration. When plants of different taxa establish symbioses with the same AMF species, anastomoses between ERM spreading from single root systems establish a common mycelium, which is an essential element to plant nutrition and communication. The interaction among mycelia produced by different isolates may also lead to pre-fusion incompatibility which hinders anastomosis formation, or to incompatibility after fusion, which separates the hyphal compartments. Results reported here, obtained by analyses of hyphal compatibility/incompatibility in AMF, suggest that anastomosis formation and establishment of protoplasm flow, fundamental to the maintenance of mycelial physiological and genetic continuity, may affect the fitness of these ecologically important biotrophic fungi.

Compatibility and incompatibility in hyphal anastomosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which live in symbiosis with 80 % of plants, are not able to grow when separated from their hosts. Spore germination is not host-regulated and germling growth is shortly arrested in the absence of host roots. Germling survival chances may be increased by hyphal fusions (anastomoses), which allow access to nutrients flowing in the extraradical mycelium (ERM). Perfect anastomoses, occurring with high frequency among germlings and the ERM of the same isolate, show protoplasm continuity and disappearance of hyphal walls. A low frequency of perfect fusions has been detected among co-specific genetically different isolates, although fungal nuclei have been consistently detected in all perfect fusions, suggesting active nuclear migration. When plants of different taxa establish symbioses with the same AMF species, anastomoses between ERM spreading from single root systems establish a common mycelium, which is an essential element to plant nutrition and communication. The interaction among mycelia produced by different isolates may also lead to pre-fusion incompatibility which hinders anastomosis formation, or to incompatibility after fusion, which separates the hyphal compartments. Results reported here, obtained by analyses of hyphal compatibility/incompatibility in AMF, suggest that anastomosis formation and establishment of protoplasm flow, fundamental to the maintenance of mycelial physiological and genetic continuity, may affect the fitness of these ecologically important biotrophic fungi.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

Enrichment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a contaminated soil after rehabilitation

Spore counts, species composition and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and soil glomalin contents were evaluated in a soil contaminated with Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb after rehabilitation by partial replacement of the contaminated soil with non-contaminated soil, and by Eucalyptus camaldulensis planting with and without Brachiaria decumbens sowing. These rehabilitation procedures were compared with soils from contaminated non-rehabilitated area and non-contaminated adjacent soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities attributes were assessed by direct field sampling, trap culture technique, and by glomalin contents estimate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was markedly favored by rehabilitation, and a total of 15 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi morphotypes were detected in the studied area. Species from the Glomus and Acaulospora genera were the most common mycorrhizal fungi. Number of spores was increased by as much as 300-fold, and species richness almost doubled in areas rehabilitated by planting Eucalyptus in rows and sowing B. decumbens in inter-rows. Contents of heavy metals in the soil were negatively correlated with both species richness and glomalin contents. Introduction of B. decumbens together with Eucalyptus causes enrichment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species and a more balanced community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in contaminated soil.(AU)