Changes of renal histopathology and the role of Nrf2/HO-1 in asphyxial cardiac arrest model in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the role of Nrf2/HO-1 in renal histopathological ailments time-dependently in asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) rat model. Methods Eighty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into five groups of eight rats each. Asphyxial CA was induced in all the experimental rats except for the sham group. The rats were sacrificed at 6 hours, 12 hours, one day and two days post-CA. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crtn) and malondialdehyde from the renal tissues were evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining were done to evaluate the renal histopathological changes in the renal cortex. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 immunohistochemistry (ihc) and western blot analysis were performed after CA. Results The survival rate of rats decreased in a time-dependent manner: 66.6% at 6 hours, 50% at 12 hours, 38.1% in one day, and 25.8% in two days. BUN and serum Crtn markedly increased in CA-operated groups. Histopathological ailments of the renal cortical tissues increased significantly from 6 hours until two days post-CA. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 expression level significantly increased at 6 hours, 12 hours, and one day. Conclusions The survival rate decreased time-dependently, and Nrf/HO-1 expression increased from 6 hours with the peak times at 12 hours, and one day post-CA.

The dietary inclusion of chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L) influences the thermal properties of muscle proteins, but not the texture of drumstick muscle in broiler chickens

In this study, the effect of replacement of soybean meal with raw chickpea seeds as a primary protein source in the diet of broiler chicks on physical properties of drumstick muscle (m. gastrocnemius) was examined. One-day-old Ross 308 broilers (n=160) were fed soybean meal (n=80) or raw chickpea seeds (n=80) as a primary protein source for 42 days. Drumstick muscles, after dissection and storage for 24 h at 5°C, were subjected to texture profile analysis to determine changes in the structural and material integrity, and the thermal stability of muscle proteins were assessed on the basis of differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Light meromyosin, heavy meromyosin and sarcoplasmic proteins in the meat samples of broilers fed raw chickpea seeds were characterized by higher thermal stability as the higher denaturation temperatures were observed. In addition, the calorimetric enthalpy of denaturation of light meromyosin was significantly higher in the muscles of broiler fed raw chickpea seeds, while higher enthalpy of denaturation of actin was determined in those fed soybean meal. Muscle weight, hardness, and the other evaluated textural traits, did not differ between treatments. In summary, dietary protein source affected only thermal stability of muscle proteins; however, the physiological consequences of these alterations are yet to be determined. This study also showed that thermal analysis can be a useful tool for analyzing the effect of nutrition on the development and structural changes in the muscle tissues of poultry.(AU)

The dietary inclusion of chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L) influences the thermal properties of muscle proteins, but not the texture of drumstick muscle in broiler chickens

In this study, the effect of replacement of soybean meal with raw chickpea seeds as a primary protein source in the diet of broiler chicks on physical properties of drumstick muscle (m. gastrocnemius) was examined. One-day-old Ross 308 broilers (n=160) were fed soybean meal (n=80) or raw chickpea seeds (n=80) as a primary protein source for 42 days. Drumstick muscles, after dissection and storage for 24 h at 5°C, were subjected to texture profile analysis to determine changes in the structural and material integrity, and the thermal stability of muscle proteins were assessed on the basis of differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Light meromyosin, heavy meromyosin and sarcoplasmic proteins in the meat samples of broilers fed raw chickpea seeds were characterized by higher thermal stability as the higher denaturation temperatures were observed. In addition, the calorimetric enthalpy of denaturation of light meromyosin was significantly higher in the muscles of broiler fed raw chickpea seeds, while higher enthalpy of denaturation of actin was determined in those fed soybean meal. Muscle weight, hardness, and the other evaluated textural traits, did not differ between treatments. In summary, dietary protein source affected only thermal stability of muscle proteins; however, the physiological consequences of these alterations are yet to be determined. This study also showed that thermal analysis can be a useful tool for analyzing the effect of nutrition on the development and structural changes in the muscle tissues of poultry.

The effect of lentil-by product on growth performance and carcass traits of heavy white turkeys

The subject of this study was to figure out the effects of lentil by product (LP) on growth performance and carcass traits of the white heavy turkeys. To accomplish this goal, a total of 210 day old big-6 turkey chicks were used. The birds were divided into 7 seven groups with 3 replicates. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th groups received 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % lentil by product, respectively. All the diets were made as izonitrojenic and izocaloric. The highest live body weights of males and females were observed in the control group at the end of the 15th week, which was the time of slaughtering of females, however the differences between the control and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were not significant (p>0.05). The same differences continued for males at the end of the 17th wk of age, which was the time of slaughtering of males. Similar results were observed in carcass traits, as well. The best FCR was noted in the control group and it was significantly (p<0.05) different than in the treatment groups. The lowest and highest feed intake was observed in the 7th and 3rd groups. No significant differences were observed between control and all treatment groups. As a result, it could be said that lentil by product could be added into turkey diets up to 15% with no negative effect on live body weight and carcass traits because there was no significant differences between control and treatment groups (5, 10,15 % LP).(AU)

The effect of lentil-by product on growth performance and carcass traits of heavy white turkeys

The subject of this study was to figure out the effects of lentil by product (LP) on growth performance and carcass traits of the white heavy turkeys. To accomplish this goal, a total of 210 day old big-6 turkey chicks were used. The birds were divided into 7 seven groups with 3 replicates. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th groups received 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % lentil by product, respectively. All the diets were made as izonitrojenic and izocaloric. The highest live body weights of males and females were observed in the control group at the end of the 15th week, which was the time of slaughtering of females, however the differences between the control and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were not significant (p>0.05). The same differences continued for males at the end of the 17th wk of age, which was the time of slaughtering of males. Similar results were observed in carcass traits, as well. The best FCR was noted in the control group and it was significantly (p<0.05) different than in the treatment groups. The lowest and highest feed intake was observed in the 7th and 3rd groups. No significant differences were observed between control and all treatment groups. As a result, it could be said that lentil by product could be added into turkey diets up to 15% with no negative effect on live body weight and carcass traits because there was no significant differences between control and treatment groups (5, 10,15 % LP).

Analysis of variables affecting carcass weight of white turkeys by regression analysis based on factor analysis scores and ridge regression

In this study, the influence of carcass parts weights (thigh, breast, wing, back weight, gizzard, heart, and feet) on whole carcass weight of white turkeys (Big-6) was analyzed by regression analysis based on ridge regression and factor analysis scores. For this purpose, a total of 30 turkey carcasses of 15 males and 15 females with 17 weeks of age, were used. To determine the carcass weight (CW), thigh weight (TW), breast weight (BRW), wing weight (WW), back weight (BW), gizzard weight (GW), heart weight (HW), and feet weight (FW) were used. In the ridge regression model, since the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values of the variables were less than 10, the multicollinearity problem was eliminated. Furthermore, R2=0.988 was obtained in the ridge regression model. Since the eigenvalues of the two variables predicted by factor analysis scores were greater than 1, the model can be explained by two factors. The variance explained by two factors constitutes 88.80% of the total variance. The regression equation was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the regression equation, two factors obtained by using factor analysis scores were independent variables and standardized carcass weight was considered as dependent variable. In the regression model created by factor analysis scores, the Variance Inflation Factor values were 1 and R2=0.966. Both regression models were found to be suitable for predicting carcass weight of turkeys. However, the ridge regression method, which presented higher R2 value, has been shown to better explain the carcass weight.(AU)

Analysis of variables affecting carcass weight of white turkeys by regression analysis based on factor analysis scores and ridge regression

In this study, the influence of carcass parts weights (thigh, breast, wing, back weight, gizzard, heart, and feet) on whole carcass weight of white turkeys (Big-6) was analyzed by regression analysis based on ridge regression and factor analysis scores. For this purpose, a total of 30 turkey carcasses of 15 males and 15 females with 17 weeks of age, were used. To determine the carcass weight (CW), thigh weight (TW), breast weight (BRW), wing weight (WW), back weight (BW), gizzard weight (GW), heart weight (HW), and feet weight (FW) were used. In the ridge regression model, since the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values of the variables were less than 10, the multicollinearity problem was eliminated. Furthermore, R2=0.988 was obtained in the ridge regression model. Since the eigenvalues of the two variables predicted by factor analysis scores were greater than 1, the model can be explained by two factors. The variance explained by two factors constitutes 88.80% of the total variance. The regression equation was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the regression equation, two factors obtained by using factor analysis scores were independent variables and standardized carcass weight was considered as dependent variable. In the regression model created by factor analysis scores, the Variance Inflation Factor values were 1 and R2=0.966. Both regression models were found to be suitable for predicting carcass weight of turkeys. However, the ridge regression method, which presented higher R2 value, has been shown to better explain the carcass weight.

Histopathological evaluation of formalin toxicity in Arapaima gigas (Arapaimidae), the giant fish from Amazon

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration and the structural and ultra-structural effects caused by the formalin exposure on juveniles of Arapaima gigas. Ninety fish (60.1± 2.5g and 20.2±0.9cm) were exposed to 0, 22, 44, 66, 88 and 110mg L-1 in order to determine the lethal concentration (LC50-96h) that was 36.4mg L-1 of formalin. Sublethal effects were evaluated using histopathological analysis on the gills and assessment of behavioral alterations and clinical signs. The LC50 of formalin for 24, 48 and 72h was 88.3, 64.7 and 56.8mg L-1 respectively. Clinical signs and behavioral changes were found: erratic swimming, lethargy, crowding on the water surface, loss of hydrodynamic equilibrium, spasms and agonistic confrontation, which were observed only at 88 and 110mg L-1. The histological alteration index (HAI) showed that 66, 88 and 100mg L-1 presented significant difference (p 0.05) in relation to unexposed fish, indicating that moderate damage to the gills of fish exposed to formalin had occurred. The mean values of alteration (MVA) for 22, 44, 66, 88 and 110mg L-1 were 1.14, 1.29, 1.51, 1.53 and 1.60 respectively, and differences in this index were only observed with 110 mgL-1 of formalin. It is therefore possible to conclude that sublethal concentrations of formalin (22.0mg L-1) did not compromise the health of juveniles of A. gigas. Finally, concentrations greater than to LC50-96h may be carefully used for short-term exposure, since the MVA for all concentrations tested only indicated localized lesions that did not compromise gills functionality of exposed fish.

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração letal e efeitos estruturais e ultraestruturais causados pela exposição a formalina em juvenis de Arapaima gigas. Noventa peixes (60,1±2,5g e 20,2±0,9cm) foram expostos a 0, 22, 44, 66, 88 e 110mg L-1, para determinar a concentração letal (CL50-96h) de formalina que foi 36,4mg L-1. Os efeitos subletais foram avaliados por análises histopatológicas das brânquias e avaliação das alterações comportamentais e sinais clínicos. A CL50 de formalina para 24, 48 e 72horas foi de 88,3, 64,7 e 56,8; respectivamente. Sinais clínicos e alterações comportamentais encontradas foram: natação errática, letargia, aglomeração de peixes na superfície da água, perda de equilíbrio hidrodinâmico, espasmos e confronto agonísticos, observados apenas nas concentrações de 88 e 110mg L-1. O índice de alteração histológica (IAH) mostrou que as concentrações de 66, 88 e 100mg L-1 apresentaram diferenças significativas (p 0,05) em relação aos controles, indicando a ocorrência de danos moderados nas brânquias dos peixes expostos a formalina. Os valores médios de alteração (VMA) para as concentrações 22, 44, 66, 88 e 110mg L-1 foram 1,14, 1,29, 1,51, 1,53 e 1,60; respectivamente, e as diferenças na composição desse índice foram observados apenas na exposição com 110mg L-1 de formalina. Foi possível concluir que concentrações subletais de formalina (22,0mg L-1) não comprometem a saúde de juvenis de A. gigas. Concentrações de formalina acima da CL50-96h podem ser usadas cuidadosamente para banho de curto tempo, uma vez que o VMA para todas as concentrações testadas indicou apenas lesões localizadas que não comprometem a funcionalidade das brânquias dos peixes expostos.

Efficacy of oral doramectin as treatment for Psoroptes ovis and Leporacarus gibbus in naturally infested rabbits

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the efficacy of a single oral dose of doramectin in the control of Psoroptes ovis and Leporacarus gibbus in naturally infested rabbits. Sixteen adult rabbits were selected and distributed in two experimental groups. The treated group received 200 g/Kg of oral doramectin and the control group received the same volume of saline solution. The diagnosis of the mites was made with a stereoscopic microscope. Hairs from the dorsal part of the neck, lumbar right, lumbar left, ventral side of the tail and ventral abdomen were evaluated for L. gibbus, and ear wax evaluated for P. ovis. The evaluation of the efficiency and the clinical assessment of the lesions was made in days 0, +3, +7, +14, +21, +28, and +35 after treatment. An efficacy of 75% and 87,5% was observed for L. gibbus in days +3 and +7 after treatment, an efficacy of 100% was observed in days +14, + 21, +28 e +35. An efficacy of 100% for the control of P. ovis was observed following day +7. The clinical lesion score of the control group remained unaltered, except for one animal which conditions worsened during experimentation. In the treated group animals, regression of the lesions was observed following day +3, and on day +21 no signal of infestation by P. ovis was present. None of the animals from the treated group presented secondary collateral effects caused by the doramectin, which proved itself as an optimal alternative for mite control in naturally infested rabbits.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da doramectina administrada por via oral no controle de Psoroptes ovis e Leporacarus gibbus em coelhos naturalmente infestados. Foram selecionados 16 coelhos adultos, distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais, compondo oito animais por grupo. O grupo tratado foi medicado com 200g/kg de doramectina por via oral, enquanto que no grupo controle foi administrado o mesmo volume de solução salina. O diagnóstico dos ácaros foi realizado com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico. Foram coletados pelos das regiões do pescoço dorsal, lombar direita, lombar esquerda, cauda ventral e abdômen ventral para avaliação de L. gibbus e para P. ovis foi coletado cerúmen das orelhas com auxílio de zaragatoas. A avaliação da eficácia e a avaliação clínica das lesões, mensuradas em escores (grau 0 a 4), foi realizada nos dias 0, +3, +7, +14, +21, +28 e +35, após o tratamento. Foi observada eficácia de 75% e 87,5% no controle de L. gibbus nos dias +3 e +7 após o tratamento, sendo observada eficácia de 100% nos dias +14, + 21, +28 e +35. Foi observada eficácia de 100% no controle de P. ovis a partir do dia +7, permanecendo até o final do período observacional. O escore das lesões clínicas no grupo controle permaneceu de forma inalterada, exceto em um animal que piorou ao longo dos dias experimentais, enquanto nos animais do grupo tratado regrediu a partir do dia +3 e já no dia +21 após o tratamento, os animais apresentavam-se sem sinais da infestação por P. ovis. Nenhum animal do grupo tratado apresentou quaisquer efeitos colaterais secundários causados pela doramectina, que se mostrou uma ótima alternativa para o controle dos ácaros em coelhos naturalmente parasitados.

Resultados agronômicos e qualitativos da nova cultivar de trigo 'BRS Marcante' / Agronomic and qualitative results of the new wheat cultivar 'BRS Marcante'

A cultivar de trigo 'BRS Marcante' foi desenvolvida pela Embrapa, envolvendo um híbrido F1 do cruzamento entre as linhagens PF 980533 e PF 970227 com a cultivar 'BRS Guamirim', realizado em telado, na Embrapa Trigo, no inverno de 2003. As gerações segregantes foram conduzidas pelo método genealógico e a linhagem resultante, nomeada de PF 080310. A cultivar caracteriza-se pela sua ampla capacidade de adaptação às condições de cultivo do sul do Brasil, pelo bom potencial de rendimento de grãos e qualidade industrial da classe Pão.(AU)

The wheat cultivar 'BRS Marcante' was developed by Embrapa, as a result a cross between F1 hybrid between lines PF 980533 and PF 970227 with 'BRS Guamirim' and carried out in a green-house of Embrapa Wheat, on 2003 winter season. The segregate generations were conducted by genealogic method and the genotype resulted was named PF 080310. It has wide adaptation ability to south Brazilian conditions, high grain yield potential and belongs to Bread Class.(AU)

Precisão experimental de ensaios de trigo analisados pelo método de Papadakis / Experimental precision in wheat cultivars trials using the Papadakis method

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o uso da análise dos resultados dos ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso (VCU) de trigo pelo método de Papadakis modifica os pressupostos do modelo matemático e as medidas de precisão experimental. Para isso, foram usados os dados de produtividade de grãos de trigo de 48 ensaios de VCU, conduzidos sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, entre 2008 e 2011. Para cada ensaio, sem e com o uso do método de Papadakis, foram realizados a verificação dos pressupostos, a análise de variância, os testes de hipóteses e calculadas as estatísticas para a identificação da precisão experimental. Esses pressupostos não foram violados para os dois métodos de análise (sem e com Papadakis). Com o uso do método de Papadakis (parcelas vizinhas), aumenta o índice de diferenciação de Fasoulas, 29,7 contra 15,5 sem o uso do método e a acurácia seletiva, 0,95 contra 0,90 sem o uso do método. Ensaios com três repetições, analisados com o método de Papadakis, possibilitam a identificação de cultivares de trigo com superioridade na produtividade de grãos com 90% de precisão. Para manter a precisão de 90% na análise sem o uso de Papadakis, seriam necessárias seis repetições.(AU)

The aim of this research was to verify whether the use of wheat yield trials results analysis, using the Papadakis method, modifies the assumptions of the mathematical model and indicators of experimental precision. Wheat productivity data, 2008 to 2011 years, obtained from 48 cultivar yield trials under randomized block design were considered. In each trial, either with or without the use of the Papadakis method, the assumptions, analysis of variance and hypothesis tests were verified as well as the calculations to identify the experimental precision. The assumptions were not violated by both methods (with or without de Papadakis method). With the Papadakis method (neighboring plots) the differentiation of the Fasoulas index increased, 29.7 compared to 15.5 without the use of the method, and the selective accuracy, 0.95 against 0.90 without the method. Trials using three replications when analysed by the Papadakis method allowed to identify superior bean varieties with 90% precision. In order to maintain the same precision (90%), six replications would be necessary without the Papadakis method.(AU)

Uso do germoplasma da Embrapa nos programas de melhoramento de trigo no Brasil / Use of Embrapa's germplasm in Brazilian wheat breeding programs

O programa de melhoramento genético de trigo da Embrapa tem papel importante na história da triticultura brasileira, tendo dado origem a mais de 100 novas cultivares para as diferentes regiões do Brasil, ao longo dos quase 40 anos de existência. Entretanto, não se pode atribuir sua importância somente ao número de cultivares criadas, mas também ao impacto de seu germoplasma nos programas de melhoramento genético de outras instituições. O trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a importância do germoplasma da Embrapa nos programas de melhoramento genético de trigo no Brasil. Foram analisadas as genealogias de todas as cultivares de trigo indicadas para cultivo no País, no período de 2005 a 2012, por obtentor vegetal. No período estudado, a média de participação do germoplasma da Embrapa nas cultivares de outros obtentores é de 58,7%, com destaque para a Biotrigo Genética, a CCGL TEC e OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda, respectivamente, com média de uso de 100,0%, 97,5% e 87,7%.(AU)

The wheat breeding program of Embrapa has an important role in the history of this cereal in Brazil, releasing more than one hundred new cultivars to different regions of the country in almost forty years of existence. However, is not possible assign its importance only to the number of cultivars, but also the impact of their germplasm in other brazilian wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to quantify the importance of Embrapa's germplasm in the brazilian wheat breeding programs. Were analyzed the genealogies of all wheat cultivars indicated for growth since 2005 and 2012, by institution. During the study period, the average participation of Embrapa's germplasm on cultivars of other institutions was 58.7%, with emphasis to Biotrigo Genética, CCGL TEC and OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda, respectively, in which use was 100%, 97.5% and 87.7%.(AU)

Prebiotic levels in the diet on performance and egg quality of Japanese quail / Níveis de prebiótico na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas

Aimed to evaluate the benefits of adding the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CWSC) and its best level in the diet on the performance and quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), during the production phase. 400 Japanese quails, were distributed in a complete random design, with five treatments and 10 replicates with 8 birds each. It was used five diets with different levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). To analyze the performance of birds and egg quality, the variables evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen of eggs produced, feed conversion per mass of eggs produced, viability, percentage of the yolk, percentage of the albumen, percentage of the shell and shell thickness. Egg weight, percentage of yolk and percentage of albumen were not influenced by the inclusion of cell wall of S. cerevisiae in the diet of Japanese quails. The increasing levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae to the level of 1.5kg/t in the diet improved production, feed conversion per dozen, feed conversion per mass and shell quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail during the production phase.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os benefícios da adição da parede celular de Sacharomyces cerevisiae (PCSC) e seu melhor nível de inclusão na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e 10 repetições com 8 aves cada. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas com diferentes níveis de parede celular de S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). Para análise do desempenho das aves e da qualidade dos ovos, as variáveis avaliadas foram: o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso médio dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar por massa, a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos, a viabilidade, a percentagem dos constituintes do ovo (gema, albúmen e casca) e a espessura de casca. O peso dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a viabilidade, a percentagem da gema e a percentagem do albúmen não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de parede celular de S. cerevisiae na dieta das codornas japonesas. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de parede celular de S. cerevisiae até o nível de 1,5kg/t na dieta melhorou a produção, a conversão alimentar por dúzia, a conversão alimentar por massa e a qualidade da casca de ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção.(AU)

Níveis de prebiótico na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas

Aimed to evaluate the benefits of adding the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CWSC) and its best level in the diet on the performance and quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), during the production phase. 400 Japanese quails, were distributed in a complete random design, with five treatments and 10 replicates with 8 birds each. It was used five diets with different levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). To analyze the performance of birds and egg quality, the variables evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen of eggs produced, feed conversion per mass of eggs produced, viability, percentage of the yolk, percentage of the albumen, percentage of the shell and shell thickness. Egg weight, percentage of yolk and percentage of albumen were not influenced by the inclusion of cell wall of S. cerevisiae in the diet of Japanese quails. The increasing levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae to the level of 1.5kg/t in the diet improved production, feed conversion per dozen, feed conversion per mass and shell quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail during the production phase.

Objetivou-se avaliar os benefícios da adição da parede celular de Sacharomyces cerevisiae (PCSC) e seu melhor nível de inclusão na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e 10 repetições com 8 aves cada. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas com diferentes níveis de parede celular de S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). Para análise do desempenho das aves e da qualidade dos ovos, as variáveis avaliadas foram: o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso médio dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar por massa, a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos, a viabilidade, a percentagem dos constituintes do ovo (gema, albúmen e casca) e a espessura de casca. O peso dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a viabilidade, a percentagem da gema e a percentagem do albúmen não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de parede celular de S. cerevisiae na dieta das codornas japonesas. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de parede celular de S. cerevisiae até o nível de 1,5kg/t na dieta melhorou a produção, a conversão alimentar por dúzia, a conversão alimentar por massa e a qualidade da casca de ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção.

Prebiotic levels in the diet on performance and egg quality of Japanese quail / Níveis de prebiótico na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas

Aimed to evaluate the benefits of adding the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CWSC) and its best level in the diet on the performance and quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), during the production phase. 400 Japanese quails, were distributed in a complete random design, with five treatments and 10 replicates with 8 birds each. It was used five diets with different levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). To analyze the performance of birds and egg quality, the variables evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen of eggs produced, feed conversion per mass of eggs produced, viability, percentage of the yolk, percentage of the albumen, percentage of the shell and shell thickness. Egg weight, percentage of yolk and percentage of albumen were not influenced by the inclusion of cell wall of S. cerevisiae in the diet of Japanese quails. The increasing levels of cell wall of S. cerevisiae to the level of 1.5kg/t in the diet improved production, feed conversion per dozen, feed conversion per mass and shell quality of eggs produced by Japanese quail during the production phase.

Objetivou-se avaliar os benefícios da adição da parede celular de Sacharomyces cerevisiae (PCSC) e seu melhor nível de inclusão na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e 10 repetições com 8 aves cada. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas com diferentes níveis de parede celular de S. cerevisiae (0 kg/t; 0.5kg/t; 1.0kg/t; 1.5kg/t; 2.0kg/t). Para análise do desempenho das aves e da qualidade dos ovos, as variáveis avaliadas foram: o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso médio dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar por massa, a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos, a viabilidade, a percentagem dos constituintes do ovo (gema, albúmen e casca) e a espessura de casca. O peso dos ovos, a massa de ovos, a viabilidade, a percentagem da gema e a percentagem do albúmen não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de parede celular de S. cerevisiae na dieta das codornas japonesas. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de parede celular de S. cerevisiae até o nível de 1,5kg/t na dieta melhorou a produção, a conversão alimentar por dúzia, a conversão alimentar por massa e a qualidade da casca de ovos produzidos por codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção.

Alteração no método de amostragem de Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål, 1854) (Hem.: Cercopidae) e avaliação da eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, 1879) Sorokin, 1883 (Hyp.: Clavicipitaceae)

The present study suggests a change in the method of sampling the spittlebug in sugarcane crops in order to improve the control of this pest. Conventional monitoring of Mahanarva fimbriolata may underestimate the number of eggs in the area, causing pest resurgence. In this regard a study was carried out in Ponta Porã, MS, Brazil, in order to study possible changes in the methods used for sampling M. fimbriolata. The experiment consists of randomized blocks with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: 1) control - untreated, 2) Thiamethoxam 250 WG at 250 g ha-1, 3) IBCB 425 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 4) IBCB 425 at 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 5) IBCB 425 at 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 6) BIO 08 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 7) BIO 08 at 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 8) BIO 08 at 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 9) IBCB 425 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - granular application and 10) BIO 08 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - granular application. Evaluations of effectiveness of treatments were obtained at 15, 45, 75 and 105 days after application (DAA). At 15 DAA treatments with the isolated application with grainy BIO 08 and IBCB 425 at dosage of 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 and 10 x 10(9) con ha-1 showed an efficiency of 73.33 and 70.66%, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments with biological and chemical insecticides tested in the experiment at 75 and 105 DAA.

Sugere-se uma alteração no método de amostragem da cigarrinha-da-raiz para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar com o objetivo de aprimorar o controle da praga. O monitoramento convencional de Mahanarva fimbriolata pode subestimar o número de ovos da área, ocasionando ressurgência da praga. Neste sentido, um estudo foi realizado em Ponta Porã, MS, com o objetivo de alterar a proposta de amostragem da M. fimbriolata. O delineamento experimental composto por blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1) Testemunha - não tratada, 2) Thiamethoxam 250WG - 250 g ha-1, 3) IBCB 425 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 4) IBCB 425 - 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 5) IBCB 425 - 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 6) BIO 08 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 7) BIO 08 - 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 8) BIO 08 - 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 9) IBCB 425 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - aplicação granulada e 10) BIO 08 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - aplicação granulada. As avaliações de eficiência dos tratamentos obtidas aos 15, 45, 75 e 105 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Aos 15 DAA os tratamentos com os isolados BIO 08 - aplicação granulada e IBCB 425 nas doses de 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 e 10 x 10(9) con ha-1 apresentaram eficiência de 73,33 e 70,66%, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com os inseticidas biológicos e químicos testados no experimento aos 75 e 105 DAA.

Alteração no método de amostragem de Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål, 1854) (Hem.: Cercopidae) e avaliação da eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, 1879) Sorokin, 1883 (Hyp.: Clavicipitaceae)

The present study suggests a change in the method of sampling the spittlebug in sugarcane crops in order to improve the control of this pest. Conventional monitoring of Mahanarva fimbriolata may underestimate the number of eggs in the area, causing pest resurgence. In this regard a study was carried out in Ponta Porã, MS, Brazil, in order to study possible changes in the methods used for sampling M. fimbriolata. The experiment consists of randomized blocks with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: 1) control - untreated, 2) Thiamethoxam 250 WG at 250 g ha-1, 3) IBCB 425 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 4) IBCB 425 at 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 5) IBCB 425 at 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 6) BIO 08 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 7) BIO 08 at 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 8) BIO 08 at 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 9) IBCB 425 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - granular application and 10) BIO 08 at 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - granular application. Evaluations of effectiveness of treatments were obtained at 15, 45, 75 and 105 days after application (DAA). At 15 DAA treatments with the isolated application with grainy BIO 08 and IBCB 425 at dosage of 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 and 10 x 10(9) con ha-1 showed an efficiency of 73.33 and 70.66%, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments with biological and chemical insecticides tested in the experiment at 75 and 105 DAA.

Sugere-se uma alteração no método de amostragem da cigarrinha-da-raiz para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar com o objetivo de aprimorar o controle da praga. O monitoramento convencional de Mahanarva fimbriolata pode subestimar o número de ovos da área, ocasionando ressurgência da praga. Neste sentido, um estudo foi realizado em Ponta Porã, MS, com o objetivo de alterar a proposta de amostragem da M. fimbriolata. O delineamento experimental composto por blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1) Testemunha - não tratada, 2) Thiamethoxam 250WG - 250 g ha-1, 3) IBCB 425 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 4) IBCB 425 - 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 5) IBCB 425 - 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 6) BIO 08 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1, 7) BIO 08 - 10 x 10(9) con ha-1, 8) BIO 08 - 15 x 10(9) con ha-1, 9) IBCB 425 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - aplicação granulada e 10) BIO 08 - 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 - aplicação granulada. As avaliações de eficiência dos tratamentos obtidas aos 15, 45, 75 e 105 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Aos 15 DAA os tratamentos com os isolados BIO 08 - aplicação granulada e IBCB 425 nas doses de 5 x 10(9) con ha-1 e 10 x 10(9) con ha-1 apresentaram eficiência de 73,33 e 70,66%, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com os inseticidas biológicos e químicos testados no experimento aos 75 e 105 DAA.

Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) from symptomatic puppies

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. In this study CPV-2 was detected and recovered from puppies showing clinical disease from Montevideo, Uruguay. Samples were processed and used to infect CRFK and MDCK cells in order to isolate the virus. Out of twelve, two samples were positive for CPV-2. A genomic region of 583 bp was amplified and the molecular characterization was performed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Two isolated viruses (UY1 and UY2) were CPV-2c-like viruses. The comparison between the cytophatic effect (CPE) of CPV-2 (vaccinal virus) and CPV-2c (isolated virus) on primary canine cells cultures and on CRFK line cells, demonstrated that CPV-2c is less citopathogenic in CRFK than in primary cultures. Our study represents the first report on isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) in cell cultures from South American dogs.

Propolis: a natural product as an alternative for disinfection of embryonated eggs for incubation

During the cooling process of embryonated eggs, there is a natural air flux from the surface to the inner part of the eggs, carrying contaminants such as bacteria and fungi through the shell's pores, infecting embryos and resulting in the inability to hatch or poor chick quality. Formaldehyde, a toxic product, is still the most used disinfectant for embryonated eggs in the aviculture industry. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the green propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to formaldehyde, 140 hatching eggs from laying hens were collected and submitted to disinfection with five different treatments: T1 - without disinfection; T2 - formaldehyde fumigated eggs; T3, T4 and T5 disinfection by immersion in propolis solution in the concentrations of 2,400 µg, 240 µg and 24 µg, respectively. The contamination levels by total mesophiles and fungi of the egg shells (Aspergillus sp. and other moulds) after disinfection with propolis were lower than when compared to the control without disinfection. In comparison with formaldehyde, the 240 µg and 24 µg propolis concentrations did not differ regarding antibacterial activity, but for antifungal activity the 2,400 µg and 240 µg concentrations were more efficient. The 2,400 µg and 240 µg propolis treatments presented a hatching rate of 94.1%, compared to only 84.6% for the formaldehyde treatment. The green propolis ethanolic extract presented antibacterial and antifungal activities in embryonated eggs showing that it can be a new natural disinfectant product substituting formaldehyde.

Durante o processo de resfriamento dos ovos embrionados, há um fluxo natural de ar da superfície para o interior dos ovos carreando contaminantes como bactérias e fungos, por meio dos poros da casca, infectando o embrião e resultando na inabilidade para eclodir e pintinhos de má qualidade. O formaldeído que é um produto tóxico ainda é o desinfetante mais utilizado para a desinfecção de ovos embrionados pela indústria avícola. Para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, como alternativa ao formaldeído, foram coletados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de frango de corte submetidos à desinfecção com cinco tratamentos: T1 - sem desinfecção; T2 - ovos fumigados com formaldeído; T3, T4 e T5 desinfetados por imersão com solução de própolis nas concentrações de 2.400 µg, 240 µg e 24 µg, respectivamente. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores), após a desinfecção com própolis, foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído as concentrações de própolis com 240 µg e 24 µg não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, já para atividade antifúngica, 2,4 mg e 240 µg foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos, após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2,4 mg e 240 µg) apresentaram as maiores taxas com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. Portanto, o extrato etanólico de própolis verde apresenta atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados podendo ser um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.

The hydrophobicity and roughness of a nasoenteral tube surface influences the adhesion of a multi-drug resistant strain of Staphylococcus Aureus

In this study, we examined the physiochemical properties of nasoenteral feeding tubes made from two different types of polymer: silicone materials and polyurethane. The internal surfaces of the nasoenteral feeding tubes were analyzed for their hydrophobicity, roughness, microtopography, rupture-tension and ability to stretch. We also studied the adhesion of an isolated, multi-drug resistant strain of S. aureus to these polymers. The polyurethane nasoenteral tube, which was classified as hydrophilic, was more resistant to rupture-tension and stretching tests than the silicone tube, which was classified as hydrophobic. Additionally, the polyurethane tube had a rougher surface than the silicone tube. Approximately 1.0 log CFU.cm-2 of S. aureus cells adhered to the tubes and this number was not statistically different between the two types of surfaces (p > 0.05). In future studies, new polymers for nasoenteral feeding tubes should be tested for their ability to support bacterial growth. Bacterial adhesion to these polymers can easily be reduced through modification of the polymer's physicochemical surface characteristics.