Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu
Resumo
The major problem of implementation of direct seeding in the Northeast is the phytomass production and accumulation on the soil surface. There is a necessity to develop cropping systems for the Northeast region, which produce large quantities of phytomass, to stay for longer time on the soil surface, providing protection to the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of phytomass production of different cropping systems and its influence on corn yield in the microregion of Guarabira - PB. Six cropping systems were installed: tillage with maize (SD); tillage with corn+velvetbean (SDM); tillage with maize+pigeonpea (SDG); tillage with corn+ velvetbean+pigeonpea (SDGM); tillage with corn+broad bean (SDF); and no tillage with corn+ velvetbean+broad bean (SDFM); with and without NPK fertilizer, were evaluated for 9 years. The percentage of crop cover and the phytomass accumulation on the soil and yield of corn were evaluated. The mineral fertilizer and legumes provided increases ranging between 22% and 49% of corn grain yield among tillage systems. Over the years, crop systems promoted stock biomass with increases of up to 76% on the soil surface, and although the precipitation is a limiting factor for biomass production, the use of legumes and fertilization with NPK mineral systems cultures facilitated the implementation of no-till system in this region.
A grande dificuldade de implantação da semeadura direta no Nordeste é a produção e o acúmulo de fitomassa na superfície do solo. Há necessidade de se desenvolver sistemas de culturas para região Nordeste, que produzam grandes quantidades de fitomassa, para permanecer por maior tempo na superfície, oferecendo proteção ao solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a capacidade de produção de fitomassa de diferentes sistemas de culturas e sua influencia na produtividade do milho na microrregião de Guarabira - PB. Foram instalados seis sistemas de culturas: semeadura direta com milho (SD); semeadura direta com milho + mucuna (SDM); semeadura direta com milho + guandu (SDG); semeadura direta com milho + guandu + mucuna (SDGM); semeadura direta com milho + fava (SDF) e semeadura direta com milho + fava + mucuna (SDFM), na presença e ausência de adubação mineral com N-P-K, avaliados durante 9 anos. Foram avaliados o percentual de cobertura e a quantidade de fitomassa sobre o solo, bem como a produtividade de grãos de milho. A adubação mineral e as leguminosas proporcionaram acréscimos variando entre 22% e 49% de produtividade de grãos de milho entre os sistemas de cultivo. Com o passar dos anos, os sistemas de culturas promoveram estoque de fitomassa com acréscimos de até 76% na superfície do solo e, embora a precipitação seja um fator limitante para produção de fitomassa, o uso das leguminosas e da adubação mineral com N-P-K nos sistemas de culturas facilitaram a implantação do sistema de semeadura direta na região estudada.
Resumo
The major problem of implementation of direct seeding in the Northeast is the phytomass production and accumulation on the soil surface. There is a necessity to develop cropping systems for the Northeast region, which produce large quantities of phytomass, to stay for longer time on the soil surface, providing protection to the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of phytomass production of different cropping systems and its influence on corn yield in the microregion of Guarabira - PB. Six cropping systems were installed: tillage with maize (SD); tillage with corn+velvetbean (SDM); tillage with maize+pigeonpea (SDG); tillage with corn+ velvetbean+pigeonpea (SDGM); tillage with corn+broad bean (SDF); and no tillage with corn+ velvetbean+broad bean (SDFM); with and without NPK fertilizer, were evaluated for 9 years. The percentage of crop cover and the phytomass accumulation on the soil and yield of corn were evaluated. The mineral fertilizer and legumes provided increases ranging between 22% and 49% of corn grain yield among tillage systems. Over the years, crop systems promoted stock biomass with increases of up to 76% on the soil surface, and although the precipitation is a limiting factor for biomass production, the use of legumes and fertilization with NPK mineral systems cultures facilitated the implementation of no-till system in this region.
A grande dificuldade de implantação da semeadura direta no Nordeste é a produção e o acúmulo de fitomassa na superfície do solo. Há necessidade de se desenvolver sistemas de culturas para região Nordeste, que produzam grandes quantidades de fitomassa, para permanecer por maior tempo na superfície, oferecendo proteção ao solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a capacidade de produção de fitomassa de diferentes sistemas de culturas e sua influencia na produtividade do milho na microrregião de Guarabira - PB. Foram instalados seis sistemas de culturas: semeadura direta com milho (SD); semeadura direta com milho + mucuna (SDM); semeadura direta com milho + guandu (SDG); semeadura direta com milho + guandu + mucuna (SDGM); semeadura direta com milho + fava (SDF) e semeadura direta com milho + fava + mucuna (SDFM), na presença e ausência de adubação mineral com N-P-K, avaliados durante 9 anos. Foram avaliados o percentual de cobertura e a quantidade de fitomassa sobre o solo, bem como a produtividade de grãos de milho. A adubação mineral e as leguminosas proporcionaram acréscimos variando entre 22% e 49% de produtividade de grãos de milho entre os sistemas de cultivo. Com o passar dos anos, os sistemas de culturas promoveram estoque de fitomassa com acréscimos de até 76% na superfície do solo e, embora a precipitação seja um fator limitante para produção de fitomassa, o uso das leguminosas e da adubação mineral com N-P-K nos sistemas de culturas facilitaram a implantação do sistema de semeadura direta na região estudada.
Resumo
The major problem of implementation of direct seeding in the Northeast is the phytomass production and accumulation on the soil surface. There is a necessity to develop cropping systems for the Northeast region, which produce large quantities of phytomass, to stay for longer time on the soil surface, providing protection to the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of phytomass production of different cropping systems and its influence on corn yield in the microregion of Guarabira - PB. Six cropping systems were installed: tillage with maize (SD); tillage with corn+velvetbean (SDM); tillage with maize+pigeonpea (SDG); tillage with corn+ velvetbean+pigeonpea (SDGM); tillage with corn+broad bean (SDF); and no tillage with corn+ velvetbean+broad bean (SDFM); with and without NPK fertilizer, were evaluated for 9 years. The percentage of crop cover and the phytomass accumulation on the soil and yield of corn were evaluated. The mineral fertilizer and legumes provided increases ranging between 22% and 49% of corn grain yield among tillage systems. Over the years, crop systems promoted stock biomass with increases of up to 76% on the soil surface, and although the precipitation is a limiting factor for biomass production, the use of legumes and fertilization with NPK mineral systems cultures facilitated the implementation of no-till system in this region.
A grande dificuldade de implantação da semeadura direta no Nordeste é a produção e o acúmulo de fitomassa na superfície do solo. Há necessidade de se desenvolver sistemas de culturas para região Nordeste, que produzam grandes quantidades de fitomassa, para permanecer por maior tempo na superfície, oferecendo proteção ao solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a capacidade de produção de fitomassa de diferentes sistemas de culturas e sua influencia na produtividade do milho na microrregião de Guarabira - PB. Foram instalados seis sistemas de culturas: semeadura direta com milho (SD); semeadura direta com milho + mucuna (SDM); semeadura direta com milho + guandu (SDG); semeadura direta com milho + guandu + mucuna (SDGM); semeadura direta com milho + fava (SDF) e semeadura direta com milho + fava + mucuna (SDFM), na presença e ausência de adubação mineral com N-P-K, avaliados durante 9 anos. Foram avaliados o percentual de cobertura e a quantidade de fitomassa sobre o solo, bem como a produtividade de grãos de milho. A adubação mineral e as leguminosas proporcionaram acréscimos variando entre 22% e 49% de produtividade de grãos de milho entre os sistemas de cultivo. Com o passar dos anos, os sistemas de culturas promoveram estoque de fitomassa com acréscimos de até 76% na superfície do solo e, embora a precipitação seja um fator limitante para produção de fitomassa, o uso das leguminosas e da adubação mineral com N-P-K nos sistemas de culturas facilitaram a implantação do sistema de semeadura direta na região estudada.
Resumo
When efficiently introduced, no-tillage system benefices soil and crops. In Brazil, no-tillage studies are concentrated in South and Center-west regions, being necessary information about it in Northeast region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the no-tillage influence on maize yield under rainfed agriculture in Northeast Brazil, in an experiment conducted during seven years. The crops of maize (Zea mays) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were used in three soil management systems: maize in conventional tillage (CC), maize in no-tillage (SD), maize in no-tillage plus pigeon pea sowed in the interrow (SG), with presence and absence of mineral N, P and K fertilization. Soil samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment to determine soil bulk density, soil particle density, total porosity, dry and wet mean weight aggregate diameters and aggregate stability index. It was also quantified soil cover rate and maize yield. The soil porosity and aggregate stability were lower after the study period. Soil coverage increased significantly, about 96 % of the area under SD and SG systems, early in the culture development. Mineral fertilization and no-tillage systems highly influenced the maize yield. The rainfall was the factor that caused greater variability on the results of this study.
Quando implantado de modo eficiente, a semeadura direta beneficia o solo e as culturas. No Brasil, a maioria dos estudos com plantio direto concentra-se no Sul e no Centro-Oeste, carecendo de informações sobre esse sistema de manejo do solo no ambiente da região Nordeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da semeadura direta na produtividade do milho em agricultura de sequeiro na região Nordeste do Brasil, em um experimento conduzido em Alagoinha-PB durante sete anos. As culturas do milho (Zea mays) e do guandu (Cajanus cajan) foram implantadas em três sistemas de manejo: milho em cultivo convencional (CC), milho em semeadura direta (SD), milho em semeadura direta com guandu intercalar (SG), na presença e ausência de adubação com N, P e K. As amostras de solo foram coletadas no início e no final do experimento, sendo determinados a densidade do solo e de partículas, a porosidade total, o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados secos e úmidos e o índice de estabilidade de agregados. Também foram quantificadas a percentagem de cobertura do solo e a produtividade de grãos de milho. A porosidade do solo e a estabilidade de agregados foram menores após o período avaliado. A cobertura do solo aumentou significativamente, chegando a cobrir 96 % da área nos sistemas SD e SG, no início do desenvolvimento da cultura. A adubação e os sistemas SD e SG influenciaram positivamente na produtividade do milho. A precipitação pluvial foi o fator que causou maior variabilidade nos resultados ao longo do estudo.
Resumo
When efficiently introduced, no-tillage system benefices soil and crops. In Brazil, no-tillage studies are concentrated in South and Center-west regions, being necessary information about it in Northeast region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the no-tillage influence on maize yield under rainfed agriculture in Northeast Brazil, in an experiment conducted during seven years. The crops of maize (Zea mays) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were used in three soil management systems: maize in conventional tillage (CC), maize in no-tillage (SD), maize in no-tillage plus pigeon pea sowed in the interrow (SG), with presence and absence of mineral N, P and K fertilization. Soil samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment to determine soil bulk density, soil particle density, total porosity, dry and wet mean weight aggregate diameters and aggregate stability index. It was also quantified soil cover rate and maize yield. The soil porosity and aggregate stability were lower after the study period. Soil coverage increased significantly, about 96 % of the area under SD and SG systems, early in the culture development. Mineral fertilization and no-tillage systems highly influenced the maize yield. The rainfall was the factor that caused greater variability on the results of this study.
Quando implantado de modo eficiente, a semeadura direta beneficia o solo e as culturas. No Brasil, a maioria dos estudos com plantio direto concentra-se no Sul e no Centro-Oeste, carecendo de informações sobre esse sistema de manejo do solo no ambiente da região Nordeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da semeadura direta na produtividade do milho em agricultura de sequeiro na região Nordeste do Brasil, em um experimento conduzido em Alagoinha-PB durante sete anos. As culturas do milho (Zea mays) e do guandu (Cajanus cajan) foram implantadas em três sistemas de manejo: milho em cultivo convencional (CC), milho em semeadura direta (SD), milho em semeadura direta com guandu intercalar (SG), na presença e ausência de adubação com N, P e K. As amostras de solo foram coletadas no início e no final do experimento, sendo determinados a densidade do solo e de partículas, a porosidade total, o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados secos e úmidos e o índice de estabilidade de agregados. Também foram quantificadas a percentagem de cobertura do solo e a produtividade de grãos de milho. A porosidade do solo e a estabilidade de agregados foram menores após o período avaliado. A cobertura do solo aumentou significativamente, chegando a cobrir 96 % da área nos sistemas SD e SG, no início do desenvolvimento da cultura. A adubação e os sistemas SD e SG influenciaram positivamente na produtividade do milho. A precipitação pluvial foi o fator que causou maior variabilidade nos resultados ao longo do estudo.
Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu
Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu
Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu
Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu
Resumo
Background: Many seed oils have been used as anti-inflammatory agents, administred by ingestion or topical application in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to perform a chemical analysis of fatty profile and a pharmacological study through a topical experiment of TPA-induced ear edema test and an internal assay - acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss mice of some fixed oils popularly used for inflammatory problems, trying to confirm their action.Materials, Methods & Results: Fixed lipids of Ouratea fieldingiana (batiputá), Caryocar coreaceum (pequi), Annacardium occidentale (cashew-nuts), Cocos nucifera (coco-da-bahia), Byrsonima crassifolia (murici) e Elaeis guineenses (palm) were selected for the identification of fatty acids profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by TPA-induced ear edema test and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in Swiss male mice. The oils were purchased in local markets or extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane. The oils of cashew nut, murici fruit, and pequi nut presented a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (81.80, 74.46 and 60.72 %, respectively). In the oils of batiputá and murici, linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (45.06% and 74.66%, respectively) and oleic acid was main constituent in cashew nu