Meat and carcass traits of the red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)

Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) is a native bird of the Brazilian fauna and has great potential to become a domesticated species. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass and main parts yield and to assess meat quality of that bird. Two trials, one studying stocking density and the other litter materials, lasting 60 days each, were conducted. The studied traits were evaluated in two birds/replicate/treatment. Performance was evaluated by the least square method. The results showed that bird age at slaughter significantly influenced carcass and breast yields (p<0.05). Mean carcass, breast, thighs+drumstick and wing yields were 86.50±2.78%, 32.84±1.50%, 27.71±1.44%, and 13.21±0.94%, respectively. Shear force, pH, water holding capacity, lightness, redness and yellowness means and standard deviations were 1.92±0.98 kgf.cm-2, 6.07±0.12; 70±0.53%, 48.30±0.96, 1.96±1.01, and 1.61±1.0, respectively. Moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, and cholesterol contents were 72.35±0.16%, 1.12±0.06%, 25.53±0.50%, 0.17±0.01%, and 18.87±2.76 mg/10g, respectively. Results showed carcass and parts yields and the physical-chemical traits of tinamou meat are similar to chicken meat; however, tinamou meat is less acidic and has higher protein level combined with less calories and lower cholesterol levels.(AU)

Meat and carcass traits of the red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)

Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) is a native bird of the Brazilian fauna and has great potential to become a domesticated species. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass and main parts yield and to assess meat quality of that bird. Two trials, one studying stocking density and the other litter materials, lasting 60 days each, were conducted. The studied traits were evaluated in two birds/replicate/treatment. Performance was evaluated by the least square method. The results showed that bird age at slaughter significantly influenced carcass and breast yields (p 0.05). Mean carcass, breast, thighs+drumstick and wing yields were 86.50±2.78%, 32.84±1.50%, 27.71±1.44%, and 13.21±0.94%, respectively. Shear force, pH, water holding capacity, lightness, redness and yellowness means and standard deviations were 1.92±0.98 kgf.cm-2, 6.07±0.12; 70±0.53%, 48.30±0.96, 1.96±1.01, and 1.61±1.0, respectively. Moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, and cholesterol contents were 72.35±0.16%, 1.12±0.06%, 25.53±0.50%, 0.17±0.01%, and 18.87±2.76 mg/10g, respectively. Results showed carcass and parts yields and the physical-chemical traits of tinamou meat are similar to chicken meat; however, tinamou meat is less acidic and has higher protein level combined with less calories and lower cholesterol levels.

Effect of crude protein levels and organic selenium supplementation in the diets fed during the breeding season on reproductive parameters of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens)

There is little information on the nutrition of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) reared in captivity, and their nutritional requirements still need to be determined. This study aimed at determining dietary crude protein requirements and testing four organic selenium supplementation levels in the diet of red-winged tinamous during the breeding season. Birds were housed in a conventional broiler house divided in 16 boxes with one male and three females each. Iso-energy (2800kcal ME/kg) pelleted feeds, based on corn and soybean meal, were supplied in tube feeders. In the first experiment, treatments consisted of four different diets containing different crude protein (CP) contents (15, 18, 21, or 24%) and in the second experiment, the four diets contained equal protein level (22.5%) and four different organic selenium levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8ppm). Data were analyzed by the least square method. The best egg weight and eggshell thickness were obtained with 22.5% dietary CP. Organic selenium did not influence the studied reproductive traits of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) males or females.

Effect of crude protein levels and organic selenium supplementation in the diets fed during the breeding season on reproductive parameters of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens)

There is little information on the nutrition of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) reared in captivity, and their nutritional requirements still need to be determined. This study aimed at determining dietary crude protein requirements and testing four organic selenium supplementation levels in the diet of red-winged tinamous during the breeding season. Birds were housed in a conventional broiler house divided in 16 boxes with one male and three females each. Iso-energy (2800kcal ME/kg) pelleted feeds, based on corn and soybean meal, were supplied in tube feeders. In the first experiment, treatments consisted of four different diets containing different crude protein (CP) contents (15, 18, 21, or 24%) and in the second experiment, the four diets contained equal protein level (22.5%) and four different organic selenium levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8ppm). Data were analyzed by the least square method. The best egg weight and eggshell thickness were obtained with 22.5% dietary CP. Organic selenium did not influence the studied reproductive traits of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) males or females.

Efeitos genéticos e não-genéticos sobre o intervalo de parto em fêmeas suínas no Sudeste do Brasil / Genetic and environmental effects on the farrowing interval in sows in the southeastern region of Brazil

The effect of environmental and genetic effects on the farrowing interval in Dalland (C-40) sows in the Southeast of Brazil was studied. Data consisting of 1,013 farrowing intervals recorded in two herds were analyzed, using a model that included the sire and the dam as random effects and the year of farrowing, the herd and the farrowing season as fixed effects, plus the covariables sow's age at farrowing, litter size at birth, lactation length and weaning-estrus interval. For the farrowing interval first only, variance components were estimated by REML, with an animal model that included, as fixed effect, a contemporary group and, as random effects, the additive genetic variance and the error. The mean farrowing interval was 140.9+5.7 days, with a 4.0 percent coefficient of variation. Variance analysis showed no effect of either year, season of farrowing or herd on the farrowing interval. The sire effect was not important for the farrowing interval, but the dam represented an important source of variation. The total number of piglets born and the sow's age at farrowing had no influence on the farrowing interval. The length of lactation exerted an influence on the farrowing interval, accounting for 19.4 percent of the total variation of this trait. Likewise, the linear regression of the weaning-estrus interval in relation to the farrowing interval was highly significant, accounting for 51.7 percent of the total variation. The heritability estimate was 0.00, suggesting that no genetic gain can be obtained by selection for a shorter farrowing interval.(AU)

Efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre a idade à primeira concepção de fêmeas suínas / Estimates of genetic and environmental effects on age at first conception of gilts

The genetic and environmental factors that affect age at first conception (AFC) of gilts were evaluated, using 466 observations of Dalland animals (C-40). The software program MTDFREML was used to assess the genetic parameters on an animal model that included as fixed effect, contemporary group and, as random effects, the additive genetic, the common litter and the error. Mean value of AFC was 241.12±25.9 days, with CV of 8.5 percent. Variance analysis showed that year (P<0.01), season (P<0.01) and herd effects (P<0.01) were important sources of variation of AFC. The throat effect (P=0.34) was not important for the AFC, but the mother of the gilts (P<0.01) was an important source of variation. The heritability estimate was 0.44±0.14 that this trait would yield genetic gain as a response to the selection.(AU)

Reproductive and behavioral aspects of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) in groups with different sex ratios

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of tinamous submitted to five different male:female ratios. The study was carried out with 72 birds in a randomized experimental design with 4 replications. Tinamous were housed in cages, using the ratios of one (1:1), two (2:1), three (3:1) and four (4:1) females per male, and also one male was housed with three females individually (3R:1), in a rotational system. Reproductive records of the breeding season from September 2004 to March 2005 were used. The reproductive traits studied were: number of eggs laid, fertility, and percentage of eggs damaged and cracked by pecking. Nonparametric analyses of these traits were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test. Two replications of treatments 1:1 and 4:1, and one of treatment 2:1 were video-taped for three days, 12 hours/day. The videotapes were sampled according to the scan method to fit an ethogram. Birds were also watched for one hour per day to study dominance and agonistic behavior. None of the reproductive traits was affected by mating sex ratio (p 0.05). Female dominance could be related to displacement behavior (r=1.00), and male sitting in immobility plus sitting in activity behaviors were related to lower number of damaged eggs (r=-0.90). Social dominance was indirectly determined by displacement behavior in the study situation. A large number of damaged eggs occurred in all treatments, thereby not allowing a clear conclusion on the best male:female ratio.

Reproductive and behavioral aspects of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) in groups with different sex ratios

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of tinamous submitted to five different male:female ratios. The study was carried out with 72 birds in a randomized experimental design with 4 replications. Tinamous were housed in cages, using the ratios of one (1:1), two (2:1), three (3:1) and four (4:1) females per male, and also one male was housed with three females individually (3R:1), in a rotational system. Reproductive records of the breeding season from September 2004 to March 2005 were used. The reproductive traits studied were: number of eggs laid, fertility, and percentage of eggs damaged and cracked by pecking. Nonparametric analyses of these traits were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test. Two replications of treatments 1:1 and 4:1, and one of treatment 2:1 were video-taped for three days, 12 hours/day. The videotapes were sampled according to the scan method to fit an ethogram. Birds were also watched for one hour per day to study dominance and agonistic behavior. None of the reproductive traits was affected by mating sex ratio (p 0.05). Female dominance could be related to displacement behavior (r=1.00), and male sitting in immobility plus sitting in activity behaviors were related to lower number of damaged eggs (r=-0.90). Social dominance was indirectly determined by displacement behavior in the study situation. A large number of damaged eggs occurred in all treatments, thereby not allowing a clear conclusion on the best male:female ratio.

Componentes de variância para o período de gestação em bovinos de corte / Genetic parameters estimates for gestation length in beef cattle

Estimaram-se os componentes de variância do período de gestação (PG) considerando-se o efeito direto do bezerro e os efeitos direto da vaca e aleatório do touro (pai do bezerro). Além dos efeitos aleatórios, os modelos estatísticos incluíram os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos, composto pela data juliana de inseminação, ano de nascimento e sexo do bezerro, e a idade da vaca ao parto (covariável linear e quadrática). As médias de PG para os animais da raça Nelore foram 294,55 dias (machos) e 293,34 dias (fêmeas) e para os animais cruzados, 292,49 dias (machos) e 292,55 dias (fêmeas). Os componentes de variância observados no Nelore, utilizando-se o modelo 1, que considerou o PG como característica do bezerro, foram 14,47; 72,78 e 57,31 para os componentes aditivo direto (s2a), fenotípico total (s2p) e residual (s2e), respectivamente, e a herdabilidade foi 0,21. Para os animais cruzados, pelo mesmo modelo, os componentes de variância foram 90,40 (s2a), 127,35 (s2p ) e 36,95 (s2e), e a herdabilidade, 0,71. Os componentes de variância do PG do Nelore sob o modelo 2, que considerou o PG como característica da vaca, foram 12,78; 5,01; 74,84 e 57,05, para s2a; s2pb (variância do pai do bezerro); s2p e s2e, respectivamente. A fração fenotípica atribuída ao touro (c2) foi 0,07 e a repetibilidade, 0,17. Para os cruzados, estimaram-se 22,11; 22,97; 127,70 e 82,61 para s2a; s2pb; s2p e s2e, respectivamente, enquanto o c2 foi 0,18 e o coeficiente de repetibilidade, 0,17. Sugere-se, para fins de seleção, que o coeficiente de herdabilidade utilizado seja o obtido na análise em que PG foi considerado como característica do bezerro.(AU)

Variance components were estimated for gestation length fitting the additive direct effect of calf, maternal genetic effect and sire effect as random effects. The statistical models also included the fixed effects of contemporary group, that included the date of breeding (AI), date of birth, and sex of calf, and the covariate age of dam at calving (linear and quadratic). Two different models were used, model 1 considering GL as a trait of the calf, and model 2 considering GL as a trait of the dam. The means of gestation length for the purebred animals were 294.55 days (males) and 293.34 days (females), while for the crossbred animals they were 292.49 days (males) and 292.55 days (females). Variance components for the purebred animals, fitting model 1, were 14.47, 72.78 and 57.31, for the additive genetic (s2a), total phenotypic (s2p) and residual (s2e) effects, respectively, with a heritability estimate of 0.21. For the crossbred animals, variance components for s2a, s2p, s2e were 90.40, 127.35 and 36.95, respectively, with a heritability of 0.71. Fitting model 2, the estimated variance components for the purebred animals were 12.78, 5.01, 74.84 and 57.05 for s2a , sire of calf (s 2asire), s2p, and s2e , respectively. The sire effect accounted for 0.07 (c2) of the phenotypic variance and the coefficient of repeatability was 0.17. For the crossbred animals, the variance components were 22.11 (s2a ), 22.97 (s 2asire ), 127.70 (s2p) and 82.61 (s2e), while c2 was 0.18 and repeatability was 0.17. Therefore, regarding selection of beef cattle, it is suggested to use the heritability estimate obtained by model 1, where GL is considered as a trait of the calf.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA REPRODUÇÃO DE PERDIZES (Rhynchotus rufescens) EM CATIVEIRO

O interesse ao reproduzir em cativeiro animais selvagens com potencial comercial, como a perdiz (Rhynchotusrufescens), pode ser uma alternativa viável à preservação desta espécie nativa. Assim sendo, conhecer a eficiência reprodutiva desses animais em cativeiro, torna-se imprescindível. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os dados de dois ciclos de postura de 51 famílias de perdizes, compostas por duas fêmeas e um macho, durante o período de setembro de 1999 a março de 2001. O peso médio das fêmeas e machos, quando eles iniciaram o primeiro ciclo, era 825 g e 725 g, respectivamente. A média geral de peso do ovo foi 53,1 g, com comprimentos médios dos eixos maior e menor de 5,3 cm e 4,0 cm, respectivamente. O número médio de ovos por família foi 17,1. O período de postura caracterizou-se por fases inicial (01-30/09/99) e final (16/01-15/02/00) de menor produção intermediadas por uma fase mais longa (01/10/99-15/01/00) e de maior produção. Também foram analisadas as médias de peso dos ovos/família, sendo 67,94 g a maior e 40,85 g a menor. Com o objetivo de estudar os fatores que influenciam o número de ovos postos, foi feito o perfil de curva de postura, que apresentou dois períodos de postura mais demarcados durante a estação reprodutiva, possivelmente, devido à interferência do ambiente na postura. A análise de variância do número de ovos postos foi elaborada pelo mé

Estimates of correction factors for lactation length and genetic parameters for milk yield in buffaloes / Estimativas de fatores de correção para duração da lactação e de parâmetros genéticos da produção de leite de búfalas

Estimaram-se fatores de correção para produção de leite aos 90, 240, 270 e 305 dias de lactação e parâmetros genéticos e de ambiente da produção de leite ajustada para esses períodos de lactação, utilizando-se 3888 lactações de 1630 búfalas, controladas entre 1987 e 2001, em 10 rebanhos do Estado de São Paulo. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados por meio do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, livre de derivadas, aplicado a um modelo animal com medidas repetidas. As estimativas de herdabilidade para produção de leite corrigida para 90, 240, 270 e 305 dias de lactação foram 0,17; 0,15; 0,14 e 0,14, respectivamente. Nessa mesma ordem de apresentação, as estimativas de repetibilidade foram 0,40; 0,44; 0,41 e 0,41. As estimativas de correlação genética entre essas produções de leite corrigidas variaram de 0,96 a 1,00. Os fatores de correção multiplicativos para as diferentes classes de duração da lactação foram eficientes para ajustar a produção de leite aos 90, 240, 270 e 305 dias de lactação. (AU)

Correction factors for milk yield at 90, 240, 270 and 305 days of lactation of buffaloes and genetic and environmental parameters for milk yield of these lactation periods were estimated. The data used consisted of 3888 lactation records of 1630 buffaloes from 10 herds reared in the State of São Paulo. Genetic parameters were estimated by the derivative free restricted maximum likelihood method, fitting an animal repeatability model. Heritability estimates for milk yield corrected for 90, 240, 270 and 305 days of lactation were 0.17, 0.15, 0.14 and 0.14, respectively. In this same order, repeatability estimates were 0.40, 0.44, 0.41 and 0.41. The genetic correlation estimates between these corrected milk yields ranged from 0.96 to 1.00. The multiplicative correction factors for the different classes of lactation lengths were efficient for adjustment of milk yield at 90, 240, 270 and 305 days of lactation.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA REPRODUÇÃO DE PERDIZES (Rhynchotus rufescens) EM CATIVEIRO.

O interesse ao reproduzir em cativeiro animais selvagens com potencial comercial, como a perdiz (Rhynchotusrufescens), pode ser uma alternativa viável à preservação desta espécie nativa. Assim sendo, conhecer a eficiência reprodutiva desses animais em cativeiro, torna-se imprescindível. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os dados de dois ciclos de postura de 51 famílias de perdizes, compostas por duas fêmeas e um macho, durante o período de setembro de 1999 a março de 2001. O peso médio das fêmeas e machos, quando eles iniciaram o primeiro ciclo, era 825 g e 725 g, respectivamente. A média geral de peso do ovo foi 53,1 g, com comprimentos médios dos eixos maior e menor de 5,3 cm e 4,0 cm, respectivamente. O número médio de ovos por família foi 17,1. O período de postura caracterizou-se por fases inicial (01-30/09/99) e final (16/01-15/02/00) de menor produção intermediadas por uma fase mais longa (01/10/99-15/01/00) e de maior produção. Também foram analisadas as médias de peso dos ovos/família, sendo 67,94 g a maior e 40,85 g a menor. Com o objetivo de estudar os fatores que influenciam o número de ovos postos, foi feito o perfil de curva de postura, que apresentou dois períodos de postura mais demarcados durante a estação reprodutiva, possivelmente, devido à interferência do ambiente na postura. A análise de variância do número de ovos postos foi elaborada pelo mé

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA REPRODUÇÃO DE PERDIZES (Rhynchotus rufescens) EM CATIVEIRO.

O interesse ao reproduzir em cativeiro animais selvagens com potencial comercial, como a perdiz (Rhynchotusrufescens), pode ser uma alternativa viável à preservação desta espécie nativa. Assim sendo, conhecer a eficiência reprodutiva desses animais em cativeiro, torna-se imprescindível. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os dados de dois ciclos de postura de 51 famílias de perdizes, compostas por duas fêmeas e um macho, durante o período de setembro de 1999 a março de 2001. O peso médio das fêmeas e machos, quando eles iniciaram o primeiro ciclo, era 825 g e 725 g, respectivamente. A média geral de peso do ovo foi 53,1 g, com comprimentos médios dos eixos maior e menor de 5,3 cm e 4,0 cm, respectivamente. O número médio de ovos por família foi 17,1. O período de postura caracterizou-se por fases inicial (01-30/09/99) e final (16/01-15/02/00) de menor produção intermediadas por uma fase mais longa (01/10/99-15/01/00) e de maior produção. Também foram analisadas as médias de peso dos ovos/família, sendo 67,94 g a maior e 40,85 g a menor. Com o objetivo de estudar os fatores que influenciam o número de ovos postos, foi feito o perfil de curva de postura, que apresentou dois períodos de postura mais demarcados durante a estação reprodutiva, possivelmente, devido à interferência do ambiente na postura. A análise de variância do número de ovos postos foi elaborada pelo mé

Estudo de modelo alternativo para estimação de componentes de (co)variância e predição de valores genéticos de características de crescimento em bovinos da raça Nelore / Alternative model to estimate (co)variance components and to predict breeding values for growth traits in Nelore cattle

Foram obtidas estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e preditas DEP's (diferença esperada na progênie) para pesos não-padronizados aos 120 dias de idade (PR120), à desmama (PR240), ao ano de idade (PR365), aos 15 meses (PR455) e ao sobreano (PR550), de 29.769 animais Nelore, adotando-se o método REML, sob modelo animal. Para características PR120, PR240, PR365 e PR455, o modelo completo incluiu efeitos aleatórios de animal, aditivo materno, de ambiente permanente da vaca e de resíduo, efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos (GC) aos 120 dias de idade, ou à desmama, classe de idade da vaca ao parto (CIVP), e como covariável a idade do animal à época da pesagem. Para características pós-desmama (PR365, PR455 e PR550), consideraram-se dois modelos de análise: um sem efeito permanente da vaca, com efeitos aleatórios de animal, aditivo materno e de resíduo, efeitos fixos de GC ao ano de idade, aos 15 meses ou ao sobreano e CIVP, e como covariável a idade do animal à época da pesagem, e outro com efeitos aleatórios de animal e de resíduo, efeitos fixos de GC ao ano de idade, aos 15 meses ou ao sobreano e CIVP, e como covariável a idade do animal à época da pesagem. As médias observadasñdesvios-padrao foram 127+25kg (PR120); 191ñ34kg (PR240); 225ñ42kg (PR365); 266ñ51kg (PR455) e 310ñ56kg (PR550). Resultantes das análises de característica única sob modelo completo, as estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna para PR120, PR240, PR365 e PR455 foram 0,23 e 0,08; 0,19 e 0,10; 0,24 e 0,04; 0,30 e 0,04, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta foram 0,39; 0,44 e 0,43, respectivamente, para PR365, PR455 e PR550. A partir do modelo sem efeito de ambiente permanente, as estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna foram, respectivamente para PR365, PR455 e PR550, 0,25 e 0,08; 0,32 e 0,07; 0,38 e 0,03. Quando comparadas às estimativas de herdabilidade das características padronizadas, houve pouca diferença em magnitude entre elas. Importante mudança de...(AU)

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for non-standardized weights at nursing (PR120), at weaning (PR240), at yearling (PR365) and at post yearling (PR550), and to predict EPDs (expected progeny differences) for these traits using records from 29,769 Nellores. Covariance components and genetic parameters were estimated by mixed-model methodology, REML, using an animal model. Models for PR120, PR240, PR365 and PR455 included the random direct and maternal animal effects, the dam permanent environmental effect and the error. Fixed effects were contemporary group (CG) and age of cow at parturition (CIVP) and the covariate age of the calf at measuring. Two additional models for PR365, PR455 and PR550 analyses were used: the first included CG and CIVP, animal and maternal direct effect, residual and age of the calf (as covariate), and the second included CG and CIVP (as fixed effects), animal direct effect, residual and age of calf at measuring. Observed means±standard deviations were: 127±25kg (PR120); 191±34kg (PR240); 225±42kg (PR365); 266±51kg (PR455) and 310±56kg (PR550). From single-trait analyses, direct and maternal heritabilities for PR120, PR240, PR365 and PR455 were, respectively, .23 and .08; .19 and .10; .24 and .04; .30 and .04. Direct heritabilities were .39; .44 and .43, respectively, for PR365, PR455 and PR550. In the model without permanent effect, direct and maternal heritabilities for PR365, PR455 and PR550 were .25 and .08; .32 and .07; .38 and .03, respectively. When the estimates for standardized traits at the same period were compared, no differences in magnitude were found. Rank correlation had important changes when standardized and non-standardized traits were compared.(AU)