Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by two techniques and at different sampling positions relative to maize-crop rows and interrows / Condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado medida por duas metodologias em posições de amostragem relativa às linhas e entrelinhas da cultura do milho

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) reflects porous system ability to transfer water in the soil-plant system. The study aimed to measure Ks through two distinct techniques. One of them was carried out in the laboratory by applying the constant-head cylinder method (CHC) in undisturbed samples, herein referred to as a standard technique. The other consisted of a simplified falling-head technique to measure Ks in situ (SFH), as proposed by Bagarello et al. (2004). We also verified the correlations of the obtained Ks values with other soil physical properties. SFH method is simpler, faster and does not require sophisticated equipment, which can be executed directly in the field. The experiment was conducted in the city of Floresta (PR), Brazil, at Cocamar Technology Diffusion Unit. It consisted of four treatments: maize-crop interrow without recent machine traffic (MI), maize-crop interrow traveled by a harvester (MIT), maize-crop row (MR) and its relative position to brachiaria crop row sown in consortium, and in maize-crop interrow (BR). In each treatment, 10 sampling points were defined (repetitions), where Ks was determined by SFH and an undisturbed sample was taken to measure Ks in the laboratory. Ks values measured by methodological approaches were compared through the following statistical indices, with their respective results: Willmott"s concordance index (0.944)...

A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) reflete a habilidade do sistema poroso em transferir água no sistema solo-planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir a Ks por meio de duas metodologias, sendo uma realizada em laboratório com aplicação de carga constante em amostras indeformadas, denominada aqui de metodologia padrão, e outra, proposta por Bagarello et al. (2004), consistindo de uma técnica de carga decrescente simplificada que mede a Ks in situ (SFH), bem como verificar suas correlações com outros atributos físicos do solo A metodologia SFH é mais simples, rápida e não necessita de equipamentos sofisticados, podendo ser executada diretamente em campo. O experimento foi conduzido em Floresta-PR, na unidade de difusão de tecnologia da Cocamar, constando de 4 tratamentos, sendo: entrelinha da cultura do milho sem tráfego recente de máquinas (MI); entrelinha da cultura do milho trafegada por colhedora (MIT); linha da cultura do milho (MR) e posição relativa à linha da cultura da braquiária semeada em consórcio e na entrelinha da cultura do milho (BR). Em cada tratamento foram definidos 10 pontos de amostragem (repetições), onde foi feita a determinação da Ks pela SFH e a tomada de uma amostra indeformada que foi utilizada para medir a Ks em laboratório. Os valores de Ks medidos pelas abordagens metodológicas foram comparados por meio dos seguintes índices estatísticos...

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by two techniques and at different sampling positions relative to maize-crop rows and interrows / Condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado medida por duas metodologias em posições de amostragem relativa às linhas e entrelinhas da cultura do milho

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) reflects porous system ability to transfer water in the soil-plant system. The study aimed to measure Ks through two distinct techniques. One of them was carried out in the laboratory by applying the constant-head cylinder method (CHC) in undisturbed samples, herein referred to as a standard technique. The other consisted of a simplified falling-head technique to measure Ks in situ (SFH), as proposed by Bagarello et al. (2004). We also verified the correlations of the obtained Ks values with other soil physical properties. SFH method is simpler, faster and does not require sophisticated equipment, which can be executed directly in the field. The experiment was conducted in the city of Floresta (PR), Brazil, at Cocamar Technology Diffusion Unit. It consisted of four treatments: maize-crop interrow without recent machine traffic (MI), maize-crop interrow traveled by a harvester (MIT), maize-crop row (MR) and its relative position to brachiaria crop row sown in consortium, and in maize-crop interrow (BR). In each treatment, 10 sampling points were defined (repetitions), where Ks was determined by SFH and an undisturbed sample was taken to measure Ks in the laboratory. Ks values measured by methodological approaches were compared through the following statistical indices, with their respective results: Willmott"s concordance index (0.944)...(AU)

A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) reflete a habilidade do sistema poroso em transferir água no sistema solo-planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir a Ks por meio de duas metodologias, sendo uma realizada em laboratório com aplicação de carga constante em amostras indeformadas, denominada aqui de metodologia padrão, e outra, proposta por Bagarello et al. (2004), consistindo de uma técnica de carga decrescente simplificada que mede a Ks in situ (SFH), bem como verificar suas correlações com outros atributos físicos do solo A metodologia SFH é mais simples, rápida e não necessita de equipamentos sofisticados, podendo ser executada diretamente em campo. O experimento foi conduzido em Floresta-PR, na unidade de difusão de tecnologia da Cocamar, constando de 4 tratamentos, sendo: entrelinha da cultura do milho sem tráfego recente de máquinas (MI); entrelinha da cultura do milho trafegada por colhedora (MIT); linha da cultura do milho (MR) e posição relativa à linha da cultura da braquiária semeada em consórcio e na entrelinha da cultura do milho (BR). Em cada tratamento foram definidos 10 pontos de amostragem (repetições), onde foi feita a determinação da Ks pela SFH e a tomada de uma amostra indeformada que foi utilizada para medir a Ks em laboratório. Os valores de Ks medidos pelas abordagens metodológicas foram comparados por meio dos seguintes índices estatísticos...(AU)

Root system and resistance to penetration of Mombaça grass fertilized with nitrogen and irrigated / Sistema radicular e resistência a penetração de capim Mombaça fertilizado com nitrogênio e irrigado

High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.

Elevadas taxas de lotação em sistemas intensivos de produção animal a pasto podem comprometer o desenvolvimento das raízes de forrageiras, devido ao aumento da resistência do solo na camada superficial. Neste estudo testou-se a hipótese que o aumento da lotação animal devido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio em pasto de capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Mombaça), irrigado e sob pastejo intermitente poderiam comprometer a resistência à penetração e consequentemente o crescimento do sistema radicular. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e quatro tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 800 kg de N ha?1 ano. Nas subparcelas foram consideradas as quatro estações do ano. As características geométricas (área, diâmetro e comprimento), e a maior porcentagem de biomassa radicular (91,4%) concentraram-se na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade, devido a menor resistência à penetração nesta camada. O aumento da taxa de lotação decorrente do aumento das doses de nitrogênio em pastagem de capim-Mombaça não afeta diretamente a resistência à penetração do solo e as características do sistema radicular. Entretanto, o aumento das doses de nitrogênio no período das águas aumenta a resistência à penetração, proporcionando maiores taxas de lotação acumulada nestes períodos.

Root system and resistance to penetration of Mombaça grass fertilized with nitrogen and irrigated / Sistema radicular e resistência a penetração de capim Mombaça fertilizado com nitrogênio e irrigado

High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.(AU)

Elevadas taxas de lotação em sistemas intensivos de produção animal a pasto podem comprometer o desenvolvimento das raízes de forrageiras, devido ao aumento da resistência do solo na camada superficial. Neste estudo testou-se a hipótese que o aumento da lotação animal devido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio em pasto de capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Mombaça), irrigado e sob pastejo intermitente poderiam comprometer a resistência à penetração e consequentemente o crescimento do sistema radicular. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e quatro tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 800 kg de N ha?1 ano. Nas subparcelas foram consideradas as quatro estações do ano. As características geométricas (área, diâmetro e comprimento), e a maior porcentagem de biomassa radicular (91,4%) concentraram-se na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade, devido a menor resistência à penetração nesta camada. O aumento da taxa de lotação decorrente do aumento das doses de nitrogênio em pastagem de capim-Mombaça não afeta diretamente a resistência à penetração do solo e as características do sistema radicular. Entretanto, o aumento das doses de nitrogênio no período das águas aumenta a resistência à penetração, proporcionando maiores taxas de lotação acumulada nestes períodos.(AU)

Controlled traffic and soil physical quality of an Oxisol under sugarcane cultivation

Machinery traffic in sugarcane (Saccharumsp.) plantations reduces soil physical quality, and hinders both root development and crop yield. We evaluated the physical quality of an Oxisol and the development of sugarcane roots under controlled traffic. The treatments assessed were: without controlled machinery traffic (WCT), controlled traffic by adjusting the tractor and infield wagons to a 3.0 m track width with the operator guiding the machinery (CT1) and the previous treatment using real time kinematic / global positioning system (RTK / GPS) precision auto steer (CT2). Soil samples were collected from the planting rows, seedbed and inter-row center to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and soil porosity from scanned 2-D images. The root dry mass was sampled from monoliths, separated from the soil by washing through a 2-mm sieve and dried in an oven. A higher LLWR was observed in the planting row under CT1 and CT2 than under WCT. The planting row had a predominance of complex pores with a diameter > 500 µm in the 0.15-0.27 m depth layer under CT1 and CT2. In the planting rows under WCT, the root dry mass was only 44 % of that measured under CT2. Benefits regarding soil physical quality and growth roots were observed when the tractor-wagon track width was adjusted based on the sugarcane spacing using either precision auto steering or manual operation of the machinery.

Controlled traffic and soil physical quality of an Oxisol under sugarcane cultivation

Machinery traffic in sugarcane (Saccharumsp.) plantations reduces soil physical quality, and hinders both root development and crop yield. We evaluated the physical quality of an Oxisol and the development of sugarcane roots under controlled traffic. The treatments assessed were: without controlled machinery traffic (WCT), controlled traffic by adjusting the tractor and infield wagons to a 3.0 m track width with the operator guiding the machinery (CT1) and the previous treatment using real time kinematic / global positioning system (RTK / GPS) precision auto steer (CT2). Soil samples were collected from the planting rows, seedbed and inter-row center to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and soil porosity from scanned 2-D images. The root dry mass was sampled from monoliths, separated from the soil by washing through a 2-mm sieve and dried in an oven. A higher LLWR was observed in the planting row under CT1 and CT2 than under WCT. The planting row had a predominance of complex pores with a diameter > 500 µm in the 0.15-0.27 m depth layer under CT1 and CT2. In the planting rows under WCT, the root dry mass was only 44 % of that measured under CT2. Benefits regarding soil physical quality and growth roots were observed when the tractor-wagon track width was adjusted based on the sugarcane spacing using either precision auto steering or manual operation of the machinery.(AU)

Soil physical quality of Mollisols quantified by a global index

Indicators synthesizing the state of the structural quality and the function of the porous system are useful for assessing soil production capacity as well as the way it may serve natural ecosystems. This research aimed (i) to determine indicators of the state and function of the porous system, (ii) to use them to derive a global index to characterize the soil physical quality, and iii) to establish a reference pore-size distribution curve for Mollisols from the province of Santa Fe (Argentina). Sixty water retention curves (WRC) of A and B horizons of Mollisols, with clay varying between 119 and 538 g kg1, organic matter between 5 and 40 g kg1, and soil bulk density between 1.09 and 1.49 Mg m3, were used. The indicators measured were: pore size distribution, macroporosity (PORp), air capacity (ACt) and plant-available water capacity (PAWC) among others. Soils were classified into four groups according to their physical properties and a reference WRC was determined. From this WRC and considering a total porosity of 0.514 m3 m3, PORp was 0.035 m3 m3, ACt 0.153 m3 m3, field capacity 0.361 m3 m3, permanent wilting point 0.136 m3 m3 and PAWC 0.225 m3 m3. Both the high silt content and low organic matter content confer on the soil characteristics with low stability, excess of small pores and low porosity of the macropore domain. Consequently, the capacity to quickly drain the water excess and allow root proliferation was not optimal, possibly due to the high silt or clay content and the low sand content, characteristic of the soil matrix of these Mollisols.

Soil physical quality of Mollisols quantified by a global index

Indicators synthesizing the state of the structural quality and the function of the porous system are useful for assessing soil production capacity as well as the way it may serve natural ecosystems. This research aimed (i) to determine indicators of the state and function of the porous system, (ii) to use them to derive a global index to characterize the soil physical quality, and iii) to establish a reference pore-size distribution curve for Mollisols from the province of Santa Fe (Argentina). Sixty water retention curves (WRC) of A and B horizons of Mollisols, with clay varying between 119 and 538 g kg1, organic matter between 5 and 40 g kg1, and soil bulk density between 1.09 and 1.49 Mg m3, were used. The indicators measured were: pore size distribution, macroporosity (PORp), air capacity (ACt) and plant-available water capacity (PAWC) among others. Soils were classified into four groups according to their physical properties and a reference WRC was determined. From this WRC and considering a total porosity of 0.514 m3 m3, PORp was 0.035 m3 m3, ACt 0.153 m3 m3, field capacity 0.361 m3 m3, permanent wilting point 0.136 m3 m3 and PAWC 0.225 m3 m3. Both the high silt content and low organic matter content confer on the soil characteristics with low stability, excess of small pores and low porosity of the macropore domain. Consequently, the capacity to quickly drain the water excess and allow root proliferation was not optimal, possibly due to the high silt or clay content and the low sand content, characteristic of the soil matrix of these Mollisols.(AU)

A incorporação de calcário em sistema plantio direto consolidado reduz o estoque de carbono em macroagregados do solo / The incorporation of limestone in consolidated no-tillage system reduces carbon stock in soil macroaggregates

Estoques de carbono em macroagregados do solo possuem relação com a taxa de sequestro de C no solo em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques de carbono em macroagregados (12,5-19,0mm) em função do revolvimento ocasional e/ou da calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto há 17 anos em Pato Branco, sudoeste do Paraná. A partir de outubro de 2009, foi avaliado um experimento em parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo como parcelas, épocas de amostragens após 6, 12 e 20 meses do revolvimento do solo e/ou calagem; nas subparcelas, manejos de solo, sem e com revolvimento do solo com uma aração e uma gradagem; e, nas sub-subparcelas, níveis de calagem, sem e com calcário para elevar o índice de saturação por bases para 70%. Dos 6 aos 12 meses, a aplicação de calcário em superfície ou incorporado aumentou os estoques de C dos macroagregados na camada de 0,10-0,20m. Após 20 meses, a incorporação de calcário em solo reduziu os estoques de C dos macroagregados somente na camada de 0-0,10m. Assim, a calagem na superfície é fundamental para a manutenção e aumento dos estoques de C em macroagregados de solo sob sistema plantio direto, mantendo-o consolidado.

Carbon stocks in soil macroaggregates are related to the rate of soil C sequestration in no-tillage system. This study aimed to evaluate carbon stocks in macroaggregates (12.5 to 19.0mm) as a function of the occasional tillage and/or liming of a Hapludox loamy clayey under no-tillage for 17 years in Pato Branco, Paraná southwest, Brazil. Starting from October 2009, it was evaluated an experiment with split-split plots, with plots as sampling dates after 6, 12 and 20 months of the occasional tillage and/or liming; the subplots as soil management, with and without occasional soil tillage with plowing and disking; and as sub-subplots, liming levels, with and without limestone to raise the base saturation index to 70%. From 6 to 12 months, the limestone application on surface or incorporated increased C stocks of macroaggregates in the 0.10-0.20m layer. After 20 months, the incorporation of limestone in soil reduced C stocks in macroaggregates only in the 0-0.10m layer. Thus, the surface liming is essential for the maintenance and enhancement of C stocks in macroaggregates of no-tillage system, keeping it consolidated.

A incorporação de calcário em sistema plantio direto consolidado reduz o estoque de carbono em macroagregados do solo / The incorporation of limestone in consolidated no-tillage system reduces carbon stock in soil macroaggregates

Estoques de carbono em macroagregados do solo possuem relação com a taxa de sequestro de C no solo em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques de carbono em macroagregados (12,5-19,0mm) em função do revolvimento ocasional e/ou da calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto há 17 anos em Pato Branco, sudoeste do Paraná. A partir de outubro de 2009, foi avaliado um experimento em parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo como parcelas, épocas de amostragens após 6, 12 e 20 meses do revolvimento do solo e/ou calagem; nas subparcelas, manejos de solo, sem e com revolvimento do solo com uma aração e uma gradagem; e, nas sub-subparcelas, níveis de calagem, sem e com calcário para elevar o índice de saturação por bases para 70%. Dos 6 aos 12 meses, a aplicação de calcário em superfície ou incorporado aumentou os estoques de C dos macroagregados na camada de 0,10-0,20m. Após 20 meses, a incorporação de calcário em solo reduziu os estoques de C dos macroagregados somente na camada de 0-0,10m. Assim, a calagem na superfície é fundamental para a manutenção e aumento dos estoques de C em macroagregados de solo sob sistema plantio direto, mantendo-o consolidado.(AU)

Carbon stocks in soil macroaggregates are related to the rate of soil C sequestration in no-tillage system. This study aimed to evaluate carbon stocks in macroaggregates (12.5 to 19.0mm) as a function of the occasional tillage and/or liming of a Hapludox loamy clayey under no-tillage for 17 years in Pato Branco, Paraná southwest, Brazil. Starting from October 2009, it was evaluated an experiment with split-split plots, with plots as sampling dates after 6, 12 and 20 months of the occasional tillage and/or liming; the subplots as soil management, with and without occasional soil tillage with plowing and disking; and as sub-subplots, liming levels, with and without limestone to raise the base saturation index to 70%. From 6 to 12 months, the limestone application on surface or incorporated increased C stocks of macroaggregates in the 0.10-0.20m layer. After 20 months, the incorporation of limestone in soil reduced C stocks in macroaggregates only in the 0-0.10m layer. Thus, the surface liming is essential for the maintenance and enhancement of C stocks in macroaggregates of no-tillage system, keeping it consolidated.(AU)

Soil structure and greenhouse gas production differences between row and interrow positions under no-tillage

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.

Soil structure and greenhouse gas production differences between row and interrow positions under no-tillage

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.(AU)

Pedotransfer functions for the soil water retention and soil resistance to penetration under groundcover management systems in citrus / Funções de pedotransferência para as curvas de retenção de água e de resistência do solo à penetração em sistemas de manejo com plantas de cobertura permanente em citros

The soil quality in management systems can be assessed by simple indicators or pedrotransfer functions. This study was aimed at obtaining pedotransfer function (PTF's) such as the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and the soil resistance to penetration curve (SRPC), under interrows groundcover management systems of the 'Pêra' orange. Three treatments were evaluated: bahiagrass mowed Paspalum notatum, perennial peanut Arachis pintoi and spontaneous vegetation with herbicide, in a Typic Paleudult, northwestern Paraná, Brazil. In May 2003, two hundred and sixteen undisturbed soil samples were collected under beneath and between the whell tracks at 0.05-0.10m depth. Soil bulk density (Db), organic carbon (OC), water content and soil resistance to penetration (PR) were determined to fit the SWRC and SRPC in differents water potential. The Db and OC contributed to fit the SWRC and SRPC under groundcover management systems in the interrows. PTF's were depended Db, OC and treatment to fit SWRC (R²=0.94) and SRPC (R²=0.87). Management on spontaneous vegetation using herbicide enhance soil compaction, decrease water retention and increase PR. Perennial peanut decrease soil water retention and increase PR, and bahiagrass groundcover enhance the soil physical and hydarulic quality in the interrows. Alternatively, PTF's required only to the determinations of the water content and Db to the SRPC and SWRC.(AU)

A qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo pode ser avaliada por indicadores simples ou por equações de pedotransferências. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para as curvas de retenção de água (CRA) e de resistência do solo à penetração (CRP), em sistemas de manejo com plantas de cobertura permanente nas entrelinhas de laranjeira "Pêra". Avaliaram-se três tratamentos: gramínea Paspalum notatum roçada, leguminosa Arachis pintoi e vegetação espontânea com herbicida, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, no noroeste do Paraná. Em maio de 2003, foram coletadas 216 amostras indeformadas de solo sob o rodado e o entrerrodado a 0,05-0,10m de profundidade. Avaliaram-se a densidade do solo (Ds), o teor de carbono orgânico (CO), o teor de água e a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) para ajustar as curvas de CRA e CRS em diferentes potenciais mátricos. As FPT foram dependentes da Ds, CO e tratamento para o ajuste das CRA (R²=0,94) e CRS (R²=0,87). O manejo da vegetação espontânea com herbicida aumenta a compactação do solo, reduz a retenção de água e aumenta a RP. A leguminosa reduz a retenção de água do solo e aumenta a RP, e a gramínea melhora a qualidade física e hídrica do solo nas entrelinhas. Alternativamente, as FPT exigem apenas as determinações dos teores de água e Ds para as CRA e CRS.(AU)

Influência da mata ciliar sobre a qualidade da água do ribeirão aurora, no município de Astorga, Paraná / The Influence of the Riparian Forest Over the Aurora Stream Water Qualaity in Astorga, Paraná / Influjo por la Selva Ciliar em la Calidad del Agua en la Cuenca del Arroyo Aurora, en el Município de Astorga, Paraná

Foram avaliados os fatores que influenciam a qualidade da água na bacia do Ribeirão Aurora, Município de Astorga-PR, onde permanecem remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e predominam atividades de agricultura e pecuária extensiva análises de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos foram realizadas em época de seca e em época de chuvas. Para o pH, a variação foi pequena nas duas épocas. Quanto à cor, a variação ocorreu em época de chuvas, indicando um aumento de partículas que chegaram com a água escoada, ou daquelas depositadas no fundo do rio. A acentuada turbidez encontrada nas amostras obtidas na época das chuvas, deve-se ao aumento de partículas sólidas que foram carreadas para o rio. As concentrações de nitrato e de matéria orgânicas apresentaram valores elevados também em época de chuvas, o que indica o carreamento desse material através da lixiviação do solo.Quanto à dureza, provavelmente, a variação ocorreu devido ao carreamento de CaCO3 pelas águas superficiais. Baseados nestes parâmetros e comparados com os índices do Conama, a água deste rio é de boa qualidade.(AU)

With the objectives to evaluate water quality indicators influenced by riparian forest in the basin of Aurora Stream in Astorga, Paraná, chemical features of the water were analyzed where there are remaining of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. They have been used extensive cattle rising and agriculture activities are predominant. It was analyzed the physic-chemical and biological parameters during rainy and dry stations. The pH variation was low in both stations. Color variation occurred in the rainy station, resulting in an increase of particles brought by the rainwater or of the ones lying on the bottom of the river. The prominent darkness found in the samples from the rainy season are due to the solid particles taken off to the river. The levels of nitrate and organics substances concentration were high also in the rainy season. It means that those substances have been carried through the soil leaching. In relation to rigidity, the variation probably occurred due to the CaCO3 carried by the superficial water. Based on these parameters and comparing to CONAMAs index (National Council of Environment) it was concluded the water of this river has good quality.(AU)

Fueron evaluados los factores que influeyen en la calidad del agua en la cuenca del Riacho Aurora, Municipio de Astorga, Paraná, donde permaneció remaneciente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual y predominan actividades de agricultura y ganadería extensiva. Análisis de parámetros fisioquímicos y biológicos fueron realizadas en épocas de sequía y de lluvias. Para el pH, la variación fue pequeña en las dos épocas. Cuanto al color, la variación ocurrió en época de lluvias, indicando un aumento de partículas que llegaron con el agua escurrida, o de aquellas depositadas en el hondo del río. La acentuada turbidez encontrada en las muestras obtenidas en la época de las lluvias se debe al aumento de partículas sólidas que fueron cargadas para el río. La concentración de nitrato y de materias orgánicas presentaron importancias elevadas también en época de lluvias, lo que indica el arrastramiento de ese material a través de la lixiviación (separación de los sales contenidos) del suelo. Cuanto a la dureza, probablemente, la variación ocurrió debido al cargamento de CaCO3 por las aguas superficiales. Basados en estos parámetros y comparados con los índices del Conama, el agua de este río es de buena calidad.(AU)