Management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of São Paulo state / Manejo e controle de parasitas em fazendas leiteiras da região noroeste paulista

Abstract Dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all Brazilians regions. Parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the State of São Paulo. The aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. Very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control or acaricide efficacy tests. The majority (87.5%) controlled ticks at a high frequency, without technical criteria and care to apply the acaricide. Spraying was the most used mode of acaricide application (95%) and endectocides were used by 45%. Cattle tick fever was the harm most associated with ticks (87.5%) followed closely by screwworm (77.5%). However, 65% were satisfied with their tick control. About the control of others parasites, all dewormed at least twice a year their animals; 65% were controlling horn fly; 40% had problems with screwworm. The interviewers had in general good level of education and the farms generally exhibited a high degree of technology for milk production on pasture because half of them received technical assistance frequently.(AU)

Resumo A bovinocultura leiteira é de extrema importância econômica e social em todas as regiões brasileiras. Os parasitas podem reduzir a produção leiteira, especialmente o carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Este trabalho consistiu em um questionário respondido por 40 produtores de leite da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de saber como os produtores controlam carrapatos e outros parasitas. Grande parte deles não conhecia o ciclo biológico do carrapato do boi nem o controle estragégico e o teste de eficácia de carrapaticidas. A maioria (87,5%) controlava o carrapato com alta frequência, sem critérios técnicos e cuidados na aplicação do carrapaticida. A aspersão foi o modo de aplicação mais usado (95%) e endectocidas eram utilizados por 45%. Tristeza parasitária bovina foi o prejuízo mais associado ao carrapato (87,5%), seguido de perto pela bicheira (77,5%). No entanto, 65% estavam satisfeitos com o controle do carrapato. A maioria (82,5%) criava gado mestiço. Em relação ao controle de outros parasitas, todos vermifugavam seus animais pelo menos duas vezes por ano; 65% deles controlava a mosca-do-chifre; 40% têm problemas com bicheira. Os entrevistados, de forma geral, tinham bom nível educacional, e as fazendas geralmente exibiam alto grau de tecnologia em produção de leite a pasto, porque metade delas recebia assistência técnica constante de um programa estatal que incentiva a produção leiteira sustentável.(AU)

Parasites control on dairy farming at São Paulo state / Controle de parasitas em propriedades leiteiras do estado de São Paulo

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of São Paulo State. The parasites can reduce milk productivity, specially the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This work consisted on a survey on 40 dairy farms located in the Northeast region of São Paulo State. The principal objective of the quiz was to know how producers do the cattle tick control and about others parasites. 45% responded that the cattle tick is a problem in their properties and 65% were satisfied with the tick control, but only 17.5% know the biological cicle of this tick. The percentage of 29.5 was associated the hematologic diseases (anaplasmosis and babesiosis) with damages caused by the cattle tick, as well as 21.5% associated with the presence of screwworm (Cochliomiya hominivorax). The other responces about damages associated with the cattle tick were: weight loss (19.5%), milk loss (15.5%), mortality (12%) and transmission of others diseases (2%). The summer was the great response (88%) about the period of major tick incidence. The percentage of 87.5 of the surveyed applied acaricide with high frequency (7 to 30 days), but 50% apply selectively to the most infested cattle. The dairy workers (55%) and the owners (45%) apply the acaricide, always when they see tick infestation (92.5%) and the application is on all the animals body (87.5%) instead of par

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Dairy farming characterization at São Paulo northeast region concern to pastures / Caracterização de propriedades leiteiras do noroeste paulista quanto às pastagens

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of the São Paulo Northeast region. The use of correct technologies, monitoring of the bovine cattle, financial and productive planning and the best application of disable resources can lead to a dairy activity more rentable to the farmers. The objective of this quiz was to evaluate majorly the situation of pastures in to farmer profile, property characteristics, herd characteristics, area of grasslands and forage species, employed fertilization and adopted management system inside or not CATI Milk project. CATI Milk is a project of technical assistance and rural extension, which aims to develop the milk production chain (including improvement in herd management and grazing). This work consisted on appliance of a 97 questions quiz given to 40 dairy farmers from the São Paulo Northeast region, Brazil, where 20 farmers were part of the CATI Milk project and other 20 farmers were not. Pastures with up to 32.5 ha comprise 75% of the studied properties (77.5%), Urochloa (sin. Brachiaria) was the predominant forage (46%), followed by Megathyrsus (sin. Panicum) 41.5% of pasture. The older age of pastures (> 6 years) were predominant (54%), while those grazing 3-6 years represented 15% and younger than 3 years, 31%. It was found that (Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa Marandu, Xaraés, MG-4, MG-5 and Piat

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Morphophysiological characteristcs and nutrition of aries grass (Panicum maximum, jacq.) with nitrogen fertilization / Características morfofisiológicas e nutrição de capim Áries (Panicum maximum, jacq.) mediante a adubação nitrogenada

Low availability of nitrogen (N) is a factor that limits forage production. Pastures are mostly formed of grasses, which need large N amounts to sustain high yields. Additionally, the availability of this nutrient affects the persistence and quality of the forage produced. However, when applying fertilizers containing nitrogen up to 50% can be lost, making their use costly for farmers. N is a highly volatile gas, and urea, widely used in agriculture, contains 46% N. When urea comes in contact with moisture in the soil, hydrolysis occurs due to the precipitation of the enzyme urease, accelerating the transformation of urea into ammonia, which can be lost by volatilization. One of the techniques to increase the efficiency of using urea is application of nitrogen fertilizers along with urease inhibitors, to retard the breakdown of urea so that it becomes incorporated in the soil slowly. One of the inhibitors used is N-(n-butyl) phosphate triamide (NBPT). This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen sources and doses on some productive characteristics of Áries grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq) to find ways to improve the effectiveness of nitrogen application. The tests were performed at Centro Nutrição Animal e Pastagens Instituto de Zootecnia in Nova Odessa, São Paulo, from March to August 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications in 2 x 3 fact

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Waste compost effect on macronutrients in haplorthox soil / Efeito de composto de lixo sobre os teores de macronutrientes em um solo haplorthox

Composting is a controlled aerobic process to treat and stabilize organic wastes, transforming them into organic fertilizers. It is environmentally friendly (by treating polluting wastes and recycling nutrients and materials), sanitary (by breaking the cycle of diseases and eliminating vectors) and socially beneficial (by generating jobs and improving crop yields). The use of compost from urban waste (the product obtained by composting the organic part of solid household wastes) can improve soil fertility without harming the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of organic fertilizer (waste compost - WC) on soil macronutrient contents. The experiment was performed at the Animal Nutrition and Pasture Center Instituto de Zootecnia Nova Odessa, SP, between January and June 2013, in a Haplorthox soil (pHCaCl2= 4.9), cultivated with piatagrass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf), without liming. The treatments involved five rates of WC application: 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 Mg ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications, in pottery vessels (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment (original soil) and after cultivation of the grass (60 days after application). The samples were air dried and passed through sieves with 2 mm mesh and analyzed chemically. The macronu

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Evaluation of micronutrient in soil treated with organic fertilizer / Avaliação de micronutrientes em solo tratado com fertilizante orgânico

Taking advantage of organic fertilizer for use in agriculture, may have beneficial effects for supplying organic matter and nutrients to the soil. The tested organic fertilizer is produced in a system of thermophilic composting of sewage sludge, the process by which it is mixed with chopped pruning urban, the crushed sugar cane and eucalyptus bark, and the mixture is subjected to aeration process revolving mechanical and oxidation promoted by an intense activity of microorganisms. The same is also additived with gypsum (Ca2SO4) in order to reduce the losses of ammonia from the process, helping to prevent odors and also attraction of vectors, besides enriching the material with calcium and sulfur, two macronutrients in plants. On the other hand the application of such compounds should be carefully monitored in order to prevent environmental risks from its use. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of rates of organic fertilizer (OF), in the Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), in a Typic Acrudox soil, pHCaCl2= 4.9, cultivated with Aries grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq.), without liming and focused in soil micronutrients contents. Treatments involved four rates of OF application: 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 t ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Caracterização de propriedades leiteiras do noroeste paulista quanto àspastagens e controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Dairy farming characterization at Paulista Northeast region concern topastures and tick control

A bovinocultura leiteira é de extrema importância econômica e social no Noroeste Paulista. O uso de tecnologias adequadas, o acompanhamento zootécnico do rebanho bovino, o planejamento financeiro e produtivo e a melhor aplicação dos recursos disponíveis podem tornar a atividade leiteira mais rentável aos produtores rurais. Este trabalho consistiu na aplicação de um levantamento, através de um questionário contendo 97 perguntas a 40 produtores de leite da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, 20 ligados ao Projeto CATI Leite e 20 não ligados. O objetivo foi avaliar as pastagens e levantar a situação de controle do carrapato bovino, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus nos rebanhos bovinos. As informações geradas abordaram temas relacionados à caracterização do entrevistado, da propriedade e do rebanho, área da pastagem e espécies forrageiras, adubação e manejo de pastagem, conhecimentos sobre biologia e resistência de carrapatos, aplicação de carrapaticida e controle de carrapato e caracterização das propriedades quanto ao controle de outros parasitas. Conclui-se que as propriedades, principalmente as participantes do projeto CATI Leite utilizam mais as tecnologias indicadas para a produção leiteira sustentável, dentre as quais figuram o uso e manejo de pastagens, pastejo rotativo e adubação do pasto. Contudo a maioria dos produtores rurais não realiza o controle de carrapatos com critérios técnico-científicos, baseando-se na avaliação subjetiva da infestação nos animais. Este fato favoreceu o estabelecimento da resistência dos acaricidas, demonstrando que a percepção dos produtores sobre o controle de carrapatos é falha...

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of the Paulista Northeast region. The use of correct Technologies, zootecnique monitoring of the bovine cattle, financial and productive planning and the best application of disable resources can lead to a dairy activity more rentable to the farmers. This work consisted on appliance of a quiz of 97 questions given to 40 dairy farmers from the Paulista Northeast region where 20 were part of the CATI Leite project and other 20 were not. The objective of this quiz was to evaluate majorly the situation of pastures and tick control (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the cattle herd). Information generated gave idea about farmer profile, property characteristics, herd characteristics, pasture area and specie used fertilization and managing procedures adopted, knowledge about resistance and tick biology, chemical control of ticks and control of other parasites. It was concluded that properties on the CATI Leite project adopted sustainable technologies suitable for dairy production system, more than other properties as rotation pastures, despite the tick control is not well done following the correct scientific criteria, and still based upon subjective infestation. Such information can favor acaricide resistance by the ticks, showing a fail on the parasite control...

Caracterização de propriedades leiteiras do noroeste paulista quanto àspastagens e controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Dairy farming characterization at Paulista Northeast region concern topastures and tick control

A bovinocultura leiteira é de extrema importância econômica e social no Noroeste Paulista. O uso de tecnologias adequadas, o acompanhamento zootécnico do rebanho bovino, o planejamento financeiro e produtivo e a melhor aplicação dos recursos disponíveis podem tornar a atividade leiteira mais rentável aos produtores rurais. Este trabalho consistiu na aplicação de um levantamento, através de um questionário contendo 97 perguntas a 40 produtores de leite da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, 20 ligados ao Projeto CATI Leite e 20 não ligados. O objetivo foi avaliar as pastagens e levantar a situação de controle do carrapato bovino, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus nos rebanhos bovinos. As informações geradas abordaram temas relacionados à caracterização do entrevistado, da propriedade e do rebanho, área da pastagem e espécies forrageiras, adubação e manejo de pastagem, conhecimentos sobre biologia e resistência de carrapatos, aplicação de carrapaticida e controle de carrapato e caracterização das propriedades quanto ao controle de outros parasitas. Conclui-se que as propriedades, principalmente as participantes do projeto CATI Leite utilizam mais as tecnologias indicadas para a produção leiteira sustentável, dentre as quais figuram o uso e manejo de pastagens, pastejo rotativo e adubação do pasto. Contudo a maioria dos produtores rurais não realiza o controle de carrapatos com critérios técnico-científicos, baseando-se na avaliação subjetiva da infestação nos animais. Este fato favoreceu o estabelecimento da resistência dos acaricidas, demonstrando que a percepção dos produtores sobre o controle de carrapatos é falha...(AU)

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of the Paulista Northeast region. The use of correct Technologies, zootecnique monitoring of the bovine cattle, financial and productive planning and the best application of disable resources can lead to a dairy activity more rentable to the farmers. This work consisted on appliance of a quiz of 97 questions given to 40 dairy farmers from the Paulista Northeast region where 20 were part of the CATI Leite project and other 20 were not. The objective of this quiz was to evaluate majorly the situation of pastures and tick control (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the cattle herd). Information generated gave idea about farmer profile, property characteristics, herd characteristics, pasture area and specie used fertilization and managing procedures adopted, knowledge about resistance and tick biology, chemical control of ticks and control of other parasites. It was concluded that properties on the CATI Leite project adopted sustainable technologies suitable for dairy production system, more than other properties as rotation pastures, despite the tick control is not well done following the correct scientific criteria, and still based upon subjective infestation. Such information can favor acaricide resistance by the ticks, showing a fail on the parasite control...(AU)

Dairy farming characterization at São Paulo northeast region concern to pastures / Caracterização de propriedades leiteiras do noroeste paulista quanto às pastagens

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of the São Paulo Northeast region. The use of correct technologies, monitoring of the bovine cattle, financial and productive planning and the best application of disable resources can lead to a dairy activity more rentable to the farmers. The objective of this quiz was to evaluate majorly the situation of pastures in to farmer profile, property characteristics, herd characteristics, area of grasslands and forage species, employed fertilization and adopted management system inside or not CATI Milk project. CATI Milk is a project of technical assistance and rural extension, which aims to develop the milk production chain (including improvement in herd management and grazing). This work consisted on appliance of a 97 questions quiz given to 40 dairy farmers from the São Paulo Northeast region, Brazil, where 20 farmers were part of the CATI Milk project and other 20 farmers were not. Pastures with up to 32.5 ha comprise 75% of the studied properties (77.5%), Urochloa (sin. Brachiaria) was the predominant forage (46%), followed by Megathyrsus (sin. Panicum) 41.5% of pasture. The older age of pastures (> 6 years) were predominant (54%), while those grazing 3-6 years represented 15% and younger than 3 years, 31%. It was found that (Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa Marandu, Xaraés, MG-4, MG-5 and Piat

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Parasites control on dairy farming at São Paulo state / Controle de parasitas em propriedades leiteiras do estado de São Paulo

The dairy cattle farming have a great importance on the economy and social aspects of São Paulo State. The parasites can reduce milk productivity, specially the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This work consisted on a survey on 40 dairy farms located in the Northeast region of São Paulo State. The principal objective of the quiz was to know how producers do the cattle tick control and about others parasites. 45% responded that the cattle tick is a problem in their properties and 65% were satisfied with the tick control, but only 17.5% know the biological cicle of this tick. The percentage of 29.5 was associated the hematologic diseases (anaplasmosis and babesiosis) with damages caused by the cattle tick, as well as 21.5% associated with the presence of screwworm (Cochliomiya hominivorax). The other responces about damages associated with the cattle tick were: weight loss (19.5%), milk loss (15.5%), mortality (12%) and transmission of others diseases (2%). The summer was the great response (88%) about the period of major tick incidence. The percentage of 87.5 of the surveyed applied acaricide with high frequency (7 to 30 days), but 50% apply selectively to the most infested cattle. The dairy workers (55%) and the owners (45%) apply the acaricide, always when they see tick infestation (92.5%) and the application is on all the animals body (87.5%) instead of par

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Evaluation of micronutrient in soil treated with organic fertilizer / Avaliação de micronutrientes em solo tratado com fertilizante orgânico

Taking advantage of organic fertilizer for use in agriculture, may have beneficial effects for supplying organic matter and nutrients to the soil. The tested organic fertilizer is produced in a system of thermophilic composting of sewage sludge, the process by which it is mixed with chopped pruning urban, the crushed sugar cane and eucalyptus bark, and the mixture is subjected to aeration process revolving mechanical and oxidation promoted by an intense activity of microorganisms. The same is also additived with gypsum (Ca2SO4) in order to reduce the losses of ammonia from the process, helping to prevent odors and also attraction of vectors, besides enriching the material with calcium and sulfur, two macronutrients in plants. On the other hand the application of such compounds should be carefully monitored in order to prevent environmental risks from its use. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of rates of organic fertilizer (OF), in the Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), in a Typic Acrudox soil, pHCaCl2= 4.9, cultivated with Aries grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq.), without liming and focused in soil micronutrients contents. Treatments involved four rates of OF application: 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 t ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Waste compost effect on macronutrients in haplorthox soil / Efeito de composto de lixo sobre os teores de macronutrientes em um solo haplorthox

Composting is a controlled aerobic process to treat and stabilize organic wastes, transforming them into organic fertilizers. It is environmentally friendly (by treating polluting wastes and recycling nutrients and materials), sanitary (by breaking the cycle of diseases and eliminating vectors) and socially beneficial (by generating jobs and improving crop yields). The use of compost from urban waste (the product obtained by composting the organic part of solid household wastes) can improve soil fertility without harming the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of organic fertilizer (waste compost - WC) on soil macronutrient contents. The experiment was performed at the Animal Nutrition and Pasture Center Instituto de Zootecnia Nova Odessa, SP, between January and June 2013, in a Haplorthox soil (pHCaCl2= 4.9), cultivated with piatagrass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf), without liming. The treatments involved five rates of WC application: 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 Mg ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications, in pottery vessels (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment (original soil) and after cultivation of the grass (60 days after application). The samples were air dried and passed through sieves with 2 mm mesh and analyzed chemically. The macronu

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Morphophysiological characteristcs and nutrition of aries grass (Panicum maximum, jacq.) with nitrogen fertilization / Características morfofisiológicas e nutrição de capim Áries (Panicum maximum, jacq.) mediante a adubação nitrogenada

Low availability of nitrogen (N) is a factor that limits forage production. Pastures are mostly formed of grasses, which need large N amounts to sustain high yields. Additionally, the availability of this nutrient affects the persistence and quality of the forage produced. However, when applying fertilizers containing nitrogen up to 50% can be lost, making their use costly for farmers. N is a highly volatile gas, and urea, widely used in agriculture, contains 46% N. When urea comes in contact with moisture in the soil, hydrolysis occurs due to the precipitation of the enzyme urease, accelerating the transformation of urea into ammonia, which can be lost by volatilization. One of the techniques to increase the efficiency of using urea is application of nitrogen fertilizers along with urease inhibitors, to retard the breakdown of urea so that it becomes incorporated in the soil slowly. One of the inhibitors used is N-(n-butyl) phosphate triamide (NBPT). This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen sources and doses on some productive characteristics of Áries grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq) to find ways to improve the effectiveness of nitrogen application. The tests were performed at Centro Nutrição Animal e Pastagens Instituto de Zootecnia in Nova Odessa, São Paulo, from March to August 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications in 2 x 3 fact

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.