Energia metabolizável e aminoácidos digestíveis de coprodutos de trigo e de farinhas de origem animal em dietas para frangos de corte / [Metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids of wheat co-products and animal origin meals in broiler diets]

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy, standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) and digestible amino acid values of wheat meal (WM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), meat bone meal (MBM) and poultry-by-product meal (PPM) in diets for broilers. In the first experiment, the total excreta collection method was used, with 180 chicks with 14 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + reference diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. In the second experiment, 180 broilers from 24 to 28 days old were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + one protein free diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. The AMEn values of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 3052, 3174, 1556 and 3200 (kcal/kg), respectively. The average SIAAD of the essential and non-essential amino acids of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 74.21, 97.50, 69.28 and 83.08; 76.32, 96.42, 63.93 and 77.66, respectively. The values of the main digestible limiting amino acids were 0.18, 1.42, 0.41 and 0.94 for methionine; 0.20, 1.48, 1.73 and 2.73 for lysine; 0.23, 1.67, 0.72 and 1.89 for threonine; and 0.35, 3.22, 1.38 and 2.47 for valine, respectively for the feedstuffs in study.(AU)

Sunflower Meal and Supplementation of an Enzyme Complex in Layer Diets

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of 64- to 79-wk-old laying hens fed diets supplemented with an enzyme complex (EC) and containing increasing sunflower meal (SFM) levels. A total of 384 Hy-Line Brown layers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of SFM, and inclusion or not of EC), with eight replicates of six birds each unit. The levels of SFM inclusion were 0, 8, 16 and 24%, utilized in two distinct diets. Diets were calculated to meet all the nutritional requirements of birds, except for the nutrients that would be made available by the nutritional matrix of the enzyme complex, with or without utilization of EC. The parameters analyzed were feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%/bird/day), egg weight, egg mass (g/bird/day), feed conversion ratio per egg mass, feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, body weight gain, egg components (yolk, albumen and eggshell) and the economic efficiency index (EEI). There was no interaction between EC addition and the SFM levels in the diet. The addition of EC in the diets of laying hens did not affect egg productive or components parameters. The increase in the SFM levels in the diet presented quadratic effect on egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, with calculated optimal sunflower meal inclusion levels of 6.72% and 5.83%, respectively, for each parameter. The best economic efficiency per dozen eggs was obtained with the diet with 16.0% SFM and EC inclusion, whereas per egg mass with the diet with of 24.0% SFM and no EC addition.(AU)

Sunflower Meal and Supplementation of an Enzyme Complex in Layer Diets

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of 64- to 79-wk-old laying hens fed diets supplemented with an enzyme complex (EC) and containing increasing sunflower meal (SFM) levels. A total of 384 Hy-Line Brown layers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of SFM, and inclusion or not of EC), with eight replicates of six birds each unit. The levels of SFM inclusion were 0, 8, 16 and 24%, utilized in two distinct diets. Diets were calculated to meet all the nutritional requirements of birds, except for the nutrients that would be made available by the nutritional matrix of the enzyme complex, with or without utilization of EC. The parameters analyzed were feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%/bird/day), egg weight, egg mass (g/bird/day), feed conversion ratio per egg mass, feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, body weight gain, egg components (yolk, albumen and eggshell) and the economic efficiency index (EEI). There was no interaction between EC addition and the SFM levels in the diet. The addition of EC in the diets of laying hens did not affect egg productive or components parameters. The increase in the SFM levels in the diet presented quadratic effect on egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, with calculated optimal sunflower meal inclusion levels of 6.72% and 5.83%, respectively, for each parameter. The best economic efficiency per dozen eggs was obtained with the diet with 16.0% SFM and EC inclusion, whereas per egg mass with the diet with of 24.0% SFM and no EC addition.

Effects of Dietary L-Glutamine or L-Glutamine Plus L-Glutamic Acid Supplementation Programs on the Performance and Breast Meat Yield Uniformity of 42-d-Old Broilers

This study aimed at evaluating four dietary L-Glutamine (L-Gln) or L-Gln plus L-Glutamate (L-Glu) supplementation programs on the performance, breast yield, and uniformity of broilers. A total of 2,112 one-d-old male Cobb 500(r) broilers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu × 4 supplementation programs), totaling eight treatments with 12 replicates of 22 broilers each. The supplementation programs consisted of the dietary inclusion or not of 0.4% of L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for four different periods: 0 days (negative control), 9d, 21d, and 42d. Feed intake (FI, g), body weight gain (BWG, g), feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg/kg), coefficient of variation of body weight (CV, %), body weight uniformity (UNIF, %), breast weight (BW, g), breast yield (BY, %), coefficient of variation of breast weight (CVB), breast uniformity (UNIFB), coefficient of variation of breast yield (CVBY), and breast yield uniformity (UNIFBY) were evaluated. Birds fed the diets treatments supplemented with L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for 9d presented 3% higher BWG (p<0.05) compared with the controls. The L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu supplementation until broilers were 21 days old resulted in 14, 10, 16, and 12% improvements (p<0.05) in CV, UNIF, CVBY, UNIFBY, respectively. The supplementation of 0.4% L-Gln (L-Gln 99%) or L-Gln plus L-Glu (minimum 95%) to pre-starter and starter broiler diets is recommended to improve body weight gain and uniformity.

Effects of Dietary L-Glutamine or L-Glutamine Plus L-Glutamic Acid Supplementation Programs on the Performance and Breast Meat Yield Uniformity of 42-d-Old Broilers

This study aimed at evaluating four dietary L-Glutamine (L-Gln) or L-Gln plus L-Glutamate (L-Glu) supplementation programs on the performance, breast yield, and uniformity of broilers. A total of 2,112 one-d-old male Cobb 500(r) broilers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu × 4 supplementation programs), totaling eight treatments with 12 replicates of 22 broilers each. The supplementation programs consisted of the dietary inclusion or not of 0.4% of L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for four different periods: 0 days (negative control), 9d, 21d, and 42d. Feed intake (FI, g), body weight gain (BWG, g), feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg/kg), coefficient of variation of body weight (CV, %), body weight uniformity (UNIF, %), breast weight (BW, g), breast yield (BY, %), coefficient of variation of breast weight (CVB), breast uniformity (UNIFB), coefficient of variation of breast yield (CVBY), and breast yield uniformity (UNIFBY) were evaluated. Birds fed the diets treatments supplemented with L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for 9d presented 3% higher BWG (p<0.05) compared with the controls. The L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu supplementation until broilers were 21 days old resulted in 14, 10, 16, and 12% improvements (p<0.05) in CV, UNIF, CVBY, UNIFBY, respectively. The supplementation of 0.4% L-Gln (L-Gln 99%) or L-Gln plus L-Glu (minimum 95%) to pre-starter and starter broiler diets is recommended to improve body weight gain and uniformity.(AU)

Alterações radiográficas do aparato podotroclear de equinos da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais sem sinais clínicos de doença do osso navicular / Radiographic changes in the podotroclear apparatus from Minas Gerais State Military horses without clinical signs of navicular disease

Os objetivos deste experimento foram identificar e associar alterações radiográficas do aparato podotoclear de equinos do Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes da Policia Militar do estado de Minas Gerais sem histórico e sinais clínicos de doença do osso navicular. Foi avaliado um total de 33 equinos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 10 e 20 anos. Os dígitos torácicos foram radiografados de forma padronizada nas projeções lateromedial (LM), dorsoproximal palmarodistal 65º (DPPD) e palmaroproximal palmarodistal (SK). A radiopacidade medular aumentada em projeção SK foi a principal alteração radiográfica detectada. Essa alteração foi associada a maior número de invaginações sinovais, a maior espessura de cortical em relação à medular em exposição SK e a maior relação corticomedular em exposição LM (P<0,05). Esses achados indicam uma predisposição da população equina para desenvolver a síndrome do osso navicular, possivelmente associada ao trauma repetitivo promovido pelo constante trabalho em piso duro.(AU)

The aims of this study were to identify and associate radiographic changes of podotoclear apparatus in horses from the Tiradentes Calvary Regiment of the Military Police of Minas Gerais State without history and clinical signs of navicular disease. 33 horses from both sexes, aged between 10 and 20 years were evaluated. The thoracic digits were radiographed in a standardized manner in lateralmedial (LM), palmaroproximal-distodorsal 65o(DPPD) and palmaroproximal-distopalmar (SK) projections. The increased medullary radiopacity in SK projection was the main radiological change detected and was associated with a higher number of synoval invaginations, increased cortical thickness in relation to medulla in SK exposure and increased corticomedullar in LM exposure (P < 0.05). These findings indicate a predisposition of this population to develop navicular syndrome, which is possibly associated with repetitive trauma promoted by constant work on hard floors.(AU)

Estudo da correlação de medidas radiográficas indicadoras de laminite em éguas da raça Mangalarga Marchador com e sem sinais de sobrepeso / Correlation study about radiographic measurements signaling laminitis in Mangalarga Marchador mares with or without signs of overweight

A avaliação radiográfica do casco é essencial no diagnóstico e na avaliação da laminite em equinos, contudo poucos estudos têm sido feitos em raças nacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a morfometria de imagens radiográficas obtidas do dígito de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM), a fim de obter um perfil de medidas indicadoras de laminite nessa população e comparar grupos sem (escore corporal 5 e 6) e com (escore corporal 7 e 8) sinais de sobrepeso. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores para as medidas dos dois grupos (P>0,05), mas verificou-se correlação positiva entre a distância entre os planos da linha coronária e do ápice do processo extensor (afundamento da falange distal) e indicadores de deposição de gordura localizada no pescoço e na base da cauda. Os achados demonstram que a morfometria radiográfica do dígito dessa população de equinos Mangalarga Marchador difere da de raças estrangeiras. Além disso, nos animais estudados, éguas com escore corporal 7 e 8 não aparentaram estarem mais sujeitas à laminite, uma vez que não houve diferença entre a morfometria de éguas com escore inferior. Entretanto, as correlações positivas entre índices de obesidade e a distância de afundamento da falange distal indicam que éguas Mangalarga Marchador também estão sujeitas à ocorrência de laminite associada à obesidade.(AU)

The radiographic evaluation of the hoof is essential in the diagnosis and follow-up of equine laminitis; however, few studies have been conducted in Brazilian breeds. The aim was to perform the morphometry of radiographic images taken from the digit of Mangalarga Marchador in order to obtain a profile of measurements indicative of laminitis in this population. We also compared measurements form mares without (body score 5 and 6) and with (body score 7 and 8) signs of overweight. There was no significant difference between measurements from the two groups (P> 0.05), but there was significant positive correlation between founder distance and signs of adiposity in the neck and in the base of the tail. Findings from this study demonstrate that radiographic morphology of the hoof from this population of Mangalarga Marchador mares differ from standard international reference values. Furthermore, in this group of mares, those with body condition grading 7 and 8 did not seem to be more prone to develop laminitis, since there was no difference when they were compared with mares showing lower grades. However, a significant correlation among founder distance and signs of adiposity in the neck and base of tail indicate that Mangalarga Marchador mares are also prone to obesity-associated laminitis.(AU)

Estudo radiográfico do posicionamento da falange distal e suas possíveis correlações com obesidade em equinos de patrulhamento da Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais / Radiographic study of the distal phalanx position and their possible correlation with obesity in patrol horses from the Military Police of Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de se verificarem possíveis correlações entre a falange distal, o estojo córneo e a obesidade, 55 equinos de patrulhamento provenientes do Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes do Estado de Minas Gerais - RCAT tiveram seus dígitos torácicos radiografados. Posteriormente, os animais foram classificados quanto ao acúmulo de tecido adiposo regional por métodos subjetivos (escore corporal e escore de pescoço) e objetivos (índice de massa corporal, circunferência do pescoço e determinação de espessura do tecido adiposo por meio de ultrassonografia na inserção da cauda e do abdômen). Na população estudada, o índice de massa corporal evidenciou que 52,6 por cento dos equinos se encontravam acima do peso. A circunferência do pescoço a 50 por cento de seu comprimento dorsal e a medida ultrassonográfica na inserção da cauda se mostraram os melhores métodos objetivos para quantificar o acúmulo de tecido adiposo. Foram identificadas particularidades radiográficas características da população estudada que diferem de parâmetros internacionais. Observaram-se correlações significantes entre sinais de obesidade e medidas radiográficas indicadoras de laminite, sugerindo associação entre essas duas condições na população estudada.(AU)

With the aim to verify possible correlations between the spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof and signs of obesity, 55 horses from the Cavalry Regiment Alferes Tiradentes of Minas Gerais State Police - RCAT had x-rays taken from their thoracic hoofs. After that, horses were classified based on their subjective (body condition and neck scores) and objective (body mass index, neck circumferences, ultrasound measurement of fat tissue of the tail and on abdomen) methods for adiposity. Within the population, the body mass index showed that 52.6 percent of horses were overweight. Neck circumference at 50 percent of its dorsal length and ultrasound measurement of fat thickness on the insertion of the tail were the best objective methods. We identified specific radiographic characteristics of the population that were different from international parameters. Significant correlations among signs of obesity and measurements that indicate lamintis were found, suggesting association between these conditions in this horse population.(AU)

Avaliação da proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido como estimador da proteína não degradável no rúmen para forragens tropicais / Evaluation of acid detergent insoluble protein as an estimator of rumen non-degradable protein in tropical grass forages

Estimou-se a fração protéica não degradável no rúmen obtida a partir dos compostos nitrogenados insolúveis em detergente ácido (PIDA). Foram utilizadas 96 amostras obtidas por simulação manual de pastejo e extrusa esofágica em dois sistemas de pastejo rotacionado com capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier) e com capim-mombaça (Pannicum maximum cv. Mombaça). A fração protéica não degradável no rúmen observada ou real foi obtida por intermédio de incubação ruminal das amostras por 240 horas, seguida de tratamento com detergente neutro, denominada proteína não degradável insolúvel em detergente neutro (PIIDN). A comparação entre valores preditos e observados foi feita por intermédio do ajustamento de equação de regressão linear simples de valores preditos sobre valores observados (PIIDN). Os resultados permitiram evidenciar a não-equivalência (P<0,01) e a não associação (P>0,28) entre os valores preditos e observados da fração protéica não degradável. Sugere-se que a PIDA não seja adotada como estimador da fração protéica não degradável, a qual deve ser estimada por intermédio de métodos biológicos, dentre os quais sugerem-se os protocolos adotados para obtenção das concentrações de PIIDN.(AU)

Parâmetros cinéticos da degradação in vitro de alimentos incubados com inóculo microbiano de diferentes espécies de ruminantes / Kinetic parameters of the ruminal in vitro degradation of feedstuffs given to different ruminant species

Parâmetros cinéticos da degradação ruminal de alguns alimentos utilizados para ruminantes de zoológicos foram estimados mediante incubação in vitro com líquido ruminal de audade (Ammotragus lervia), cervo sambar (Cervus unicolor), elande (Taurotragus oryx), bovino (Bos taurus), bubalino (Bubalus bubalis), caprino (Capra hircus) e ovino (Ovis aries). Os parâmetros cinéticos foram estimados pela técnica da produção de gás, cujos dados foram ajustados pelos modelos de um e de duplo compartimento. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos parâmetros cinéticos que permitissem agrupar os alimentos (fibrosos × não fibrosos) e os animais (domésticos × silvestres). O modelo de duplo compartimento foi o mais adequado para a estimação dos parâmetros cinéticos da degradação ruminal. Inóculo microbiano oriundo de ruminantes domésticos não é recomendado para estimar parâmetros cinéticos da degradação ruminal de alimentos utilizados para ruminantes silvestres de zoológicos.(AU)

The estimation of the ruminal kinetic parameters of pumpkin, potato-sweet, beet, broccoli, carrot, alfalfa hay, alfalfa pellet and bean, currently used for feeding wild and domestic ruminants raised in the Rio de Janeiro Zoo, was made through in vitro incubation of the feedstuffs together with ruminal fluid obtained from aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), eland (Taurotragus oryx), cattle (Bos taurus), buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), goat (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries). The gas production technique was used to obtain gas profiles, and the data were fitted by the mono or double compartmental model. The kinetic parameters were discrepant among both, animals and feedstuffs, and the double compartmental model gave the best estimation. Ruminal inocula from domestic ruminants can not be used to estimate the kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation of feedstuffs for wild ruminants.(AU)