Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Identification of Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Samples of Calves in Southern Brazil

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an enteropathogen that commonly causes diarrhea in calves. However, not all E. coli isolates are pathogenic. The aim of this study was to identify E. coli virulence factors derived from fecal samples collected in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) from calves with and without diarrhea, as well as investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates from calves with diarrhea.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty stool samples were collected in 12 farms, each one from calves having one day to six months of age, with and without diarrhea. The total DNA of from these isolates was extracted and a PCR using primers specific for the virulence factors Stx1, Eae, F41, F5 and STa was conducted. The susceptibility testing used the disk diffusion method and the susceptibility profile was evaluated against the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline and streptomycin. From all calves, 15 (15/40, 37.5%) had diarrheal stools and 25 (25/40, 62.5%) had normal or semi-liquid stools. Twelve (12/40; 30%) E. coli isolates showed at least one virulence factor. These factors were found in four isolates (4/15; 26.6%) from diarrheal stools and eight isolates (8/25; 28.5%) from normal stool. The Stx1 factor was identified in five isolates (5

Seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT: An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço Veterinário Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil.

RESUMO: Um levantamento soroepidemiológico foi realizado através do teste de ELISA indireto para determinar a soroprevalência da infecção por Pythium insidiosum em equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), classificadas de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As amostras utilizadas eram provenientes do cadastro das propriedades do Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio do RS (SEAPA-RS), coletadas para o inquérito da anemia infecciosa equina de 2014. As coletas foram realizadas durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 2013, abrangendo as sete mesorregiões geográficas do RS, e totalizaram 1.002 amostras de soro. Do total das amostras testadas, 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22) foram soropositivas para P. insidiosum. Constatou-se o risco relativo (RR) da presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum nas regiões Sudeste 11,17(IC95%, 4,65-26,8), Porto Alegre 4,62 (IC95%, 1,70-12,55), Sudoeste 11,17 (IC95%, 4,65-26,8) e Noroeste 3,72 (IC95%, 1,52-9,09). Observou-se a maior soroprevalência (69,1%) em fêmeas com RR de 1,59 (IC95%, 1,11-2,27). Quanto à presença de açudes, evidenciou-se soropositividade em 74,4% das propriedades, apresentando associação de 2,13 (IC95%,1,16-3,91) em comparação com propriedades sem açude. Em propriedades com assistência veterinária, foi verificada a frequência de 72,7% e RR de 3,04 (IC95%,1,85-4,98). Diante da relevância da pitiose em rebanhos equinos, destaca-se a presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum em equinos no estado do RS.

Seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT: An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço Veterinário Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil.

RESUMO: Um levantamento soroepidemiológico foi realizado através do teste de ELISA indireto para determinar a soroprevalência da infecção por Pythium insidiosum em equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), classificadas de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As amostras utilizadas eram provenientes do cadastro das propriedades do Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio do RS (SEAPA-RS), coletadas para o inquérito da anemia infecciosa equina de 2014. As coletas foram realizadas durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 2013, abrangendo as sete mesorregiões geográficas do RS, e totalizaram 1.002 amostras de soro. Do total das amostras testadas, 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22) foram soropositivas para P. insidiosum. Constatou-se o risco relativo (RR) da presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum nas regiões Sudeste 11,17(IC95%, 4,65-26,8), Porto Alegre 4,62 (IC95%, 1,70-12,55), Sudoeste 11,17 (IC95%, 4,65-26,8) e Noroeste 3,72 (IC95%, 1,52-9,09). Observou-se a maior soroprevalência (69,1%) em fêmeas com RR de 1,59 (IC95%, 1,11-2,27). Quanto à presença de açudes, evidenciou-se soropositividade em 74,4% das propriedades, apresentando associação de 2,13 (IC95%,1,16-3,91) em comparação com propriedades sem açude. Em propriedades com assistência veterinária, foi verificada a frequência de 72,7% e RR de 3,04 (IC95%,1,85-4,98). Diante da relevância da pitiose em rebanhos equinos, destaca-se a presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum em equinos no estado do RS.

Seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT: An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço Veterinário Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil.

RESUMO: Um levantamento soroepidemiológico foi realizado através do teste de ELISA indireto para determinar a soroprevalência da infecção por Pythium insidiosum em equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), classificadas de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As amostras utilizadas eram provenientes do cadastro das propriedades do Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio do RS (SEAPA-RS), coletadas para o inquérito da anemia infecciosa equina de 2014. As coletas foram realizadas durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 2013, abrangendo as sete mesorregiões geográficas do RS, e totalizaram 1.002 amostras de soro. Do total das amostras testadas, 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22) foram soropositivas para P. insidiosum. Constatou-se o risco relativo (RR) da presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum nas regiões Sudeste 11,17(IC95%, 4,65-26,8), Porto Alegre 4,62 (IC95%, 1,70-12,55), Sudoeste 11,17 (IC95%, 4,65-26,8) e Noroeste 3,72 (IC95%, 1,52-9,09). Observou-se a maior soroprevalência (69,1%) em fêmeas com RR de 1,59 (IC95%, 1,11-2,27). Quanto à presença de açudes, evidenciou-se soropositividade em 74,4% das propriedades, apresentando associação de 2,13 (IC95%,1,16-3,91) em comparação com propriedades sem açude. Em propriedades com assistência veterinária, foi verificada a frequência de 72,7% e RR de 3,04 (IC95%,1,85-4,98). Diante da relevância da pitiose em rebanhos equinos, destaca-se a presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum em equinos no estado do RS.

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos restaurantes cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2010

The present study was to evaluate, through the forms of inspection, the sanitary conditions of restaurants registered for Sanitary Surveillance (VISA) in the municipality of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. This study included 315 inspection forms, from 120 restaurants with sanitary permits from January 2006 to December 2010. The following variables: (a) food storage conditions, (b) equipment for hot and cold storage, (c) the physical structure of establishment and (d) hygienic and sanitary conditions of food handlers, were compiled and evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.2 and submitted to the chi-square and Fischer tests. It was observed that in 2009 there were higher rates of nonconformities in the legal hygienic and sanitary aspects in the establishments studied. Such fact can be related to the increasing of the number of health inspectors hired, decentralization of surveillance division, what allowed the achievement of a more detailed inspection forms, and consequently there is an increase in official reports. Additionally, in 2010, food establishments had better rates of conformity with food good manufacturing practices. Based on the information obtained, it was found that the services provided by the VISA of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil are in increasing development.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, através dos roteiros de inspeção, as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos restaurantes cadastrados pela Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) do município de Santa Maria - RS. Neste estudo, foram incluídos 315 roteiros de vistorias provenientes de 120 restaurantes com alvarás sanitários e fiscalizados no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. As variáveis (a) condições de armazenamento dos alimentos, (b) equipamentos de conservação a frio e a quente, (c) estrutura física do estabelecimento e (d) condições higiênico-sanitária dos manipuladores dos alimentos foram compiladas e avaliadas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System) versão 9.2 e submetidos aos testes de Qui-quadrado e Fischer. Constatou-se que, no ano de 2009, ocorreram os maiores índices de desconformidades legais nos aspectos higênico-sanitários nos estabelecimentos pesquisados. Esse fato pode estar relacionado ao aumento do número de fiscais sanitários contratados, à descentralização do setor de fiscalização, o que possibilitou a realização de um maior detalhamento dos requisitos fundamentais a serem avaliados nos roteiros de vistoria e, consequentemente, havendo um aumento nas notificações oficiais. Além disso, no ano de 2010, os estabelecimentos apresentaram melhores índices de adequação às boas práticas de produção de alimentos. Com base nas informações obtidas, verificou-se que os serviços prestados pelo setor de alimentos da VISA de Santa Maria estão em crescente evolução.

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos restaurantes cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2010

The present study was to evaluate, through the forms of inspection, the sanitary conditions of restaurants registered for Sanitary Surveillance (VISA) in the municipality of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. This study included 315 inspection forms, from 120 restaurants with sanitary permits from January 2006 to December 2010. The following variables: (a) food storage conditions, (b) equipment for hot and cold storage, (c) the physical structure of establishment and (d) hygienic and sanitary conditions of food handlers, were compiled and evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.2 and submitted to the chi-square and Fischer tests. It was observed that in 2009 there were higher rates of nonconformities in the legal hygienic and sanitary aspects in the establishments studied. Such fact can be related to the increasing of the number of health inspectors hired, decentralization of surveillance division, what allowed the achievement of a more detailed inspection forms, and consequently there is an increase in official reports. Additionally, in 2010, food establishments had better rates of conformity with food good manufacturing practices. Based on the information obtained, it was found that the services provided by the VISA of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil are in increasing development.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, através dos roteiros de inspeção, as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos restaurantes cadastrados pela Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) do município de Santa Maria - RS. Neste estudo, foram incluídos 315 roteiros de vistorias provenientes de 120 restaurantes com alvarás sanitários e fiscalizados no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. As variáveis (a) condições de armazenamento dos alimentos, (b) equipamentos de conservação a frio e a quente, (c) estrutura física do estabelecimento e (d) condições higiênico-sanitária dos manipuladores dos alimentos foram compiladas e avaliadas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System) versão 9.2 e submetidos aos testes de Qui-quadrado e Fischer. Constatou-se que, no ano de 2009, ocorreram os maiores índices de desconformidades legais nos aspectos higênico-sanitários nos estabelecimentos pesquisados. Esse fato pode estar relacionado ao aumento do número de fiscais sanitários contratados, à descentralização do setor de fiscalização, o que possibilitou a realização de um maior detalhamento dos requisitos fundamentais a serem avaliados nos roteiros de vistoria e, consequentemente, havendo um aumento nas notificações oficiais. Além disso, no ano de 2010, os estabelecimentos apresentaram melhores índices de adequação às boas práticas de produção de alimentos. Com base nas informações obtidas, verificou-se que os serviços prestados pelo setor de alimentos da VISA de Santa Maria estão em crescente evolução.

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos restaurantes cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2010

The present study was to evaluate, through the forms of inspection, the sanitary conditions of restaurants registered for Sanitary Surveillance (VISA) in the municipality of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. This study included 315 inspection forms, from 120 restaurants with sanitary permits from January 2006 to December 2010. The following variables: (a) food storage conditions, (b) equipment for hot and cold storage, (c) the physical structure of establishment and (d) hygienic and sanitary conditions of food handlers, were compiled and evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.2 and submitted to the chi-square and Fischer tests. It was observed that in 2009 there were higher rates of nonconformities in the legal hygienic and sanitary aspects in the establishments studied. Such fact can be related to the increasing of the number of health inspectors hired, decentralization of surveillance division, what allowed the achievement of a more detailed inspection forms, and consequently there is an increase in official reports. Additionally, in 2010, food establishments had better rates of conformity with food good manufacturing practices. Based on the information obtained, it was found that the services provided by the VISA of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil are in increasing development.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, através dos roteiros de inspeção, as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos restaurantes cadastrados pela Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) do município de Santa Maria - RS. Neste estudo, foram incluídos 315 roteiros de vistorias provenientes de 120 restaurantes com alvarás sanitários e fiscalizados no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. As variáveis (a) condições de armazenamento dos alimentos, (b) equipamentos de conservação a frio e a quente, (c) estrutura física do estabelecimento e (d) condições higiênico-sanitária dos manipuladores dos alimentos foram compiladas e avaliadas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System) versão 9.2 e submetidos aos testes de Qui-quadrado e Fischer. Constatou-se que, no ano de 2009, ocorreram os maiores índices de desconformidades legais nos aspectos higênico-sanitários nos estabelecimentos pesquisados. Esse fato pode estar relacionado ao aumento do número de fiscais sanitários contratados, à descentralização do setor de fiscalização, o que possibilitou a realização de um maior detalhamento dos requisitos fundamentais a serem avaliados nos roteiros de vistoria e, consequentemente, havendo um aumento nas notificações oficiais. Além disso, no ano de 2010, os estabelecimentos apresentaram melhores índices de adequação às boas práticas de produção de alimentos. Com base nas informações obtidas, verificou-se que os serviços prestados pelo setor de alimentos da VISA de Santa Maria estão em crescente evolução.

Molecular identification of Clostridium chauvoei from common filter paper / Molecular identification of Clostridium chauvoei from common filter paper

Background: Blackleg is an acute and often fatal infection in bovine caused by the bacterium Clostridium chauvoei. The absence of conclusive diagnosis of blackleg usually occurs due to absence of practical and economical methods to send samples to microbiology laboratory. The goal of this work was to verify the possibility of using ordinary fi lter paper as a practical and economically feasible method for collecting, storing and shipping material to the laboratory to be used in a rapid and direct PCR approach to detect Clostridium chauvoei DNA.Materials, Methods & Results: The PCR technique for the diagnosis of blackleg from common fi lter paper was tested for specifi city, sensitivity and feasibility. To test the specifi city, the papers were impregnated with a suspension of the following microorganisms: C. chauvoei, C. perfringens, C. septicum, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. To test the sensitivity different concentration of C. chauvoei (ATCC 10092) were pipetted on common fi lter paper. To both test, DNA extraction of impregnated ordinary fi lter paper and their respective controls followed the method previously described and tested under different storage times (0 h, 24 h, 72 h and a week later). To test the feasibility, 12 bovine livers were collected and tissues samples were impregnate on common fi lter paper with suspension of C. cha

Background: Blackleg is an acute and often fatal infection in bovine caused by the bacterium Clostridium chauvoei. The absence of conclusive diagnosis of blackleg usually occurs due to absence of practical and economical methods to send samples to microbiology laboratory. The goal of this work was to verify the possibility of using ordinary fi lter paper as a practical and economically feasible method for collecting, storing and shipping material to the laboratory to be used in a rapid and direct PCR approach to detect Clostridium chauvoei DNA.Materials, Methods & Results: The PCR technique for the diagnosis of blackleg from common fi lter paper was tested for specifi city, sensitivity and feasibility. To test the specifi city, the papers were impregnated with a suspension of the following microorganisms: C. chauvoei, C. perfringens, C. septicum, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. To test the sensitivity different concentration of C. chauvoei (ATCC 10092) were pipetted on common fi lter paper. To both test, DNA extraction of impregnated ordinary fi lter paper and their respective controls followed the method previously described and tested under different storage times (0 h, 24 h, 72 h and a week later). To test the feasibility, 12 bovine livers were collected and tissues samples were impregnate on common fi lter paper with suspension of C. cha

Acaricide activity of leaves extracts of Sambucus australis Schltdl. (Caprifoliaceae) at 2% on engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70% has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70% ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2% (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34% and 66% with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70% ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.

A infestação por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em países produtores de bovinos nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Usos indiscriminados de acaricidas químicos têm contribuído para o aparecimento da resistência dos ixodídeos a múltiplas drogas, representando um sério problema no controle de carrapatos. As flores da planta Sambucus australis, conhecidas pelo nome popular de sabugueiro do Brasil, são usadas, na forma de infusão ou emplastros, na medicina popular como diurético, antipirético, antiinflamatório e laxativo; também empregado no tratamento de doenças respiratórias em humanos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro de extratos de folhas de S. australis, como agente carrapaticida. O extrato etanólico a 70% foi dessecado e retomado parte em etanol a 70% ou em água destilada, numa concentração final de 2% (0,2mg-1). No biocarrapaticidograma obteve-se resultados de eficácia entre 34% e 66% para o extrato de folhas diluído em água e etanol a 70%, respectivamente. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de S. australis. Estudos adicionais para determinar os metabólitos ativos, em diferentes estágios de S. australis, fornecerão subsídios para identificar os extratos apropriados a serem testados no controle do R. (B.) microplus.

Acaricide activity of leaves extracts of Sambucus australis Schltdl. (Caprifoliaceae) at 2% on engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70% has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70% ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2% (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34% and 66% with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70% ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.

A infestação por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em países produtores de bovinos nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Usos indiscriminados de acaricidas químicos têm contribuído para o aparecimento da resistência dos ixodídeos a múltiplas drogas, representando um sério problema no controle de carrapatos. As flores da planta Sambucus australis, conhecidas pelo nome popular de sabugueiro do Brasil, são usadas, na forma de infusão ou emplastros, na medicina popular como diurético, antipirético, antiinflamatório e laxativo; também empregado no tratamento de doenças respiratórias em humanos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro de extratos de folhas de S. australis, como agente carrapaticida. O extrato etanólico a 70% foi dessecado e retomado parte em etanol a 70% ou em água destilada, numa concentração final de 2% (0,2mg-1). No biocarrapaticidograma obteve-se resultados de eficácia entre 34% e 66% para o extrato de folhas diluído em água e etanol a 70%, respectivamente. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de S. australis. Estudos adicionais para determinar os metabólitos ativos, em diferentes estágios de S. australis, fornecerão subsídios para identificar os extratos apropriados a serem testados no controle do R. (B.) microplus.

Atividade acaricida in vitro de Glechon spathulata Benth. sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide efficiency of Glechon spathulata extracts on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Engorged ticks were collected from crossbred cattle from one farm in São Pedro do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. in vitro experiments consisted on the immersion tests of engorged females in solutions of G. spathulata, where treatments were made at triplicate with fractions and extracts at 2% concentration, diluted in water and ethanol. Crude dry extract of G. spathulata suspended in 70% ethanol presented an efficiency average of 99%, while the same extract diluted in water demonstrated efficiency average of 72%. It was observed in 70% ethanol control difference in egg eclodibility; however there was no interference in egg weight. The chloroform fraction of G. spathulata showed no efficacy in the test. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extract at 70% of G. spathulata has significant acaricide activity in vitro. This research is the first communication of acaricidal effect of. G. spathulata.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos vegetais de Glechon spathulata (manjeroninha do campo) sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas desse carrapato foram coletadas de bovinos mestiços de uma propriedade do município de São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A experimentação in vitro consistiu na realização de testes de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. O extrato bruto seco e a fração clorofórmica utilizados nos testes in vitro foram preparados na concentração de 2% e diluídos em água e etanol, sendo todos os tratamentos realizados em triplicata. O extrato bruto seco de G. spathulata retomado em etanol a 70% apresentou uma eficácia média de 99%, enquanto que quando o mesmo extrato foi diluído em água, demonstrou eficácia média de 72%. Observou-se que no controle etanol a 70% houve diferença na eclodibilidade dos ovos, porém não interferiu no peso da postura. A fração clorofórmica de G. spathulata não apresentou eficácia no ensaio efetuado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstraram que o extrato hidroetanólico a 70% de G. spathulata apresenta eficácia acaricida in vitro. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de ação acaricida de G. spathulata.

Pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. e anti-herpersvírus equino em cavalos de tração no município de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp and equine herpesvirus (EHV) among carter horses in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Serum samples from 91 horses, involved in the extension project "Programa de Ação Social Amigo do Carroceiro" at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, were collected from March of 2006 to May of 2008. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Neospora spp. and virus neutralization assay to EHV. This research showed 15.4% (14/91) samples were positive to Neospora spp. and no antibodies against EHV were detected. These results suggest the presence of Neospora spp. in carter horses of Santa Maria. Additional studies are needed to determine the zoonotic potential risk and the sanitary importance this protozoan in the population analyzed.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora spp. e o herpesvírus equino (EHV) em soros de cavalos de tração de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Os soros sanguineos provenientes de 91 animais do projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria "Programa de Ação Social Amigos do Carroceiro" (PASAC) foram colhidos no período de março de 2006 a maio de 2008 e submetidos ao teste de imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. e à técnica de soro neutralização para anticorpos anti-EHV. Constatou-se que 15,4% (14/91) das amostras foram reagentes para o Neospora spp. e não se verificou a presença da infecção pelo herpesvírus equino. Sugere-se a circulação do coccídeo na população equina estudada. Salienta-se a necessidade de estudos adicionais sobre o potencial risco zoonótico e a importância sanitária desse protozoário nos cavalos de tração.

Atividade acaricida in vitro de Glechon spathulata Benth. sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide efficiency of Glechon spathulata extracts on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Engorged ticks were collected from crossbred cattle from one farm in São Pedro do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. in vitro experiments consisted on the immersion tests of engorged females in solutions of G. spathulata, where treatments were made at triplicate with fractions and extracts at 2% concentration, diluted in water and ethanol. Crude dry extract of G. spathulata suspended in 70% ethanol presented an efficiency average of 99%, while the same extract diluted in water demonstrated efficiency average of 72%. It was observed in 70% ethanol control difference in egg eclodibility; however there was no interference in egg weight. The chloroform fraction of G. spathulata showed no efficacy in the test. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extract at 70% of G. spathulata has significant acaricide activity in vitro. This research is the first communication of acaricidal effect of. G. spathulata.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos vegetais de Glechon spathulata (manjeroninha do campo) sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas desse carrapato foram coletadas de bovinos mestiços de uma propriedade do município de São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A experimentação in vitro consistiu na realização de testes de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. O extrato bruto seco e a fração clorofórmica utilizados nos testes in vitro foram preparados na concentração de 2% e diluídos em água e etanol, sendo todos os tratamentos realizados em triplicata. O extrato bruto seco de G. spathulata retomado em etanol a 70% apresentou uma eficácia média de 99%, enquanto que quando o mesmo extrato foi diluído em água, demonstrou eficácia média de 72%. Observou-se que no controle etanol a 70% houve diferença na eclodibilidade dos ovos, porém não interferiu no peso da postura. A fração clorofórmica de G. spathulata não apresentou eficácia no ensaio efetuado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstraram que o extrato hidroetanólico a 70% de G. spathulata apresenta eficácia acaricida in vitro. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de ação acaricida de G. spathulata.

Acaricide activity of leaves extracts of Sambucus australis Schltdl. (Caprifoliaceae) at 2% on engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70% has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70% ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2% (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34% and 66% with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70% ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.

A infestação por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em países produtores de bovinos nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Usos indiscriminados de acaricidas químicos têm contribuído para o aparecimento da resistência dos ixodídeos a múltiplas drogas, representando um sério problema no controle de carrapatos. As flores da planta Sambucus australis, conhecidas pelo nome popular de sabugueiro do Brasil, são usadas, na forma de infusão ou emplastros, na medicina popular como diurético, antipirético, antiinflamatório e laxativo; também empregado no tratamento de doenças respiratórias em humanos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro de extratos de folhas de S. australis, como agente carrapaticida. O extrato etanólico a 70% foi dessecado e retomado parte em etanol a 70% ou em água destilada, numa concentração final de 2% (0,2mg-1). No biocarrapaticidograma obteve-se resultados de eficácia entre 34% e 66% para o extrato de folhas diluído em água e etanol a 70%, respectivamente. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de S. australis. Estudos adicionais para determinar os metabólitos ativos, em diferentes estágios de S. australis, fornecerão subsídios para identificar os extratos apropriados a serem testados no controle do R. (B.) microplus.

Pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. e anti-herpersvírus equino em cavalos de tração no município de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp and equine herpesvirus (EHV) among carter horses in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Serum samples from 91 horses, involved in the extension project "Programa de Ação Social Amigo do Carroceiro" at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, were collected from March of 2006 to May of 2008. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Neospora spp. and virus neutralization assay to EHV. This research showed 15.4% (14/91) samples were positive to Neospora spp. and no antibodies against EHV were detected. These results suggest the presence of Neospora spp. in carter horses of Santa Maria. Additional studies are needed to determine the zoonotic potential risk and the sanitary importance this protozoan in the population analyzed.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora spp. e o herpesvírus equino (EHV) em soros de cavalos de tração de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Os soros sanguineos provenientes de 91 animais do projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria "Programa de Ação Social Amigos do Carroceiro" (PASAC) foram colhidos no período de março de 2006 a maio de 2008 e submetidos ao teste de imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. e à técnica de soro neutralização para anticorpos anti-EHV. Constatou-se que 15,4% (14/91) das amostras foram reagentes para o Neospora spp. e não se verificou a presença da infecção pelo herpesvírus equino. Sugere-se a circulação do coccídeo na população equina estudada. Salienta-se a necessidade de estudos adicionais sobre o potencial risco zoonótico e a importância sanitária desse protozoário nos cavalos de tração.

Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract of swine in southern of Brazil

The present study determined the molecular and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates from urinary tract of swine in Southern of Brazil. Molecular characterization of urinary vesicle samples was performed by PCR detection of virulence factors from ETEC, STEC and UPEC. From a total of 82 E. coli isolates, 34 (38.63%) harbored one or more virulence factors. The frequency of virulence factors genes detected by PCR were: pap (10.97%), hlyA (10.97%), iha (9.75%), lt (8.53%), sta (7.31%) sfa (6.09%), f4 (4.87%), f5 (4.87%), stb (4.87%), f6 (1.21%) and f41 (1.21%). Isolates were resistant to penicillin (95.12%), lincomycin (93.9%), erythromycin (92.68%), tetracycline (90.24%), amoxicillin (82.92%), ampicillin (74.39%), josamycin (79.26%), norfloxacin (58.53%), enrofloxacin (57.31%), gentamicin (39.02%), neomycin (37.8%), apramycin (30.48%), colistine (30.48%) and cefalexin (6.09%). A number of 32 (39.02%) E. coli isolates harbored plasmids.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar os padrões moleculares e de resistência aos antimicrobianos de isolados de E. coli provenientes do trato urinário de suínos no Sul do Brasil. Os fatores estudados dividiram os patotipos ETEC, STEC e UPEC. Trinta e quatro (38,63%) isolados avaliados apresentavam um ou mais dos fatores de virulência pesquisados. A freqüência dos genes de virulência detectados foram: pap (10,97%), hlyA (10,97%), iha (9,75%), lt (8,53%), sta (7,31%) sfa (6,09%), f4 (4,87%), f5 (4,87%), stb (4,87%), f6 (1,21%) e f41 (1,21%). Os isolados foram resistentes à penicilina (95,12%), lincomicina (93,9%), eritromicina (92,68%), tetraciclina (90,24%), amoxacilina (82,92%), ampicilina (74,39%), josamicina (79,26%), norfloxacina (58,53%), enrofloxacina (57,31%), gentamicina (39,02%), neomicina (37,8%), apramicina (30,48%), colistina (30,48%) e cefalexina (6,09%). Trinta e dois (39,02%) isolados de E. coli continham plasmídeos.

Molecular characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolates of horse breeding farms from an endemic region in South of Brazil by multiplex PCR

Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive coco-bacillus and an intracellular opportunistic pathogen which causes pneumonia in foals. It is widely detected in environment and has been isolated from several sources, as soil, feces and gut from health and sick foals. The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiological status (endemic, sporadic or no infection) of horse breeding farms from Bage County in South of Brazil, using a multiplex PCR. One hundred and eighteen R. equi isolates were identified by biochemical tests and submitted to a specie-specific and vapA multiplex PCR. These isolates were obtained from: three farms where the R. equi infection has been noticed, two farms where the disease has been not reported and one farm where the disease is frequent. All clinical isolates from horse breeding farms where the disease is endemic and/or sporadic were vapA-positive. None environmental isolates were vapA-positive. In three horse breeding farms with sporadic R. equi infection, 11.54% of the isolates from adult horse feces were vapA-positive. The multiplex PCR technique has proven to be effective for the molecular and epidemiological characterization of the R. equi isolates in horse breeding farms. An important finding in this study was the isolation of vapA-positive R. equi from adult horse feces, which is an evidence for other routes of dissemination of this pathogen in the farms.

Rhodococcus equi é um coco-bacilo gram positivo que causa pneumonia em potros. Trata-se de um patógeno oportunista amplamente detectado no ambiente e isolado de várias fontes, como solo, fezes e intestino de potros doentes e sadios. O presente estudo visa caracterizar a situação epidemiológica de criatórios eqüinos da região de Bagé, RS, Brasil, pela técnica de PCR multiplex. Cento e dezoito isolados de R. equi foram identificados por testes bioquímicos e, posteriormente, submetidos a um PCR multiplex para caracterização da espécie e da presença do gene vapA. Estes isolados eram provenientes de três haras com histórico da doença, dois haras onde não havia casos da doença e uma propriedade onde a infecção por R. equi é relatada frequentemente. Todos os isolados clínicos provenientes de haras onde a doença é endêmica e/ou esporádica foram vapA positivos. Nenhum isolado ambiental foi vapA positivo. Nos três haras onde a doença é esporádica, 11,54% dos isolados de fezes de eqüinos adultos foram positivos para o gene vapA. A técnica de PCR multiplex mostrou-se efetiva para caracterização epidemiológica e molecular dos criatórios equinos, estando de acordo com o histórico da propriedade. Um fato relevante demonstrado pela aplicação desta técnica foi a detecção de R. equi vapA positivo nas fezes de eqüinos adultos. Esta observação pode pressupor que haja outras vias de disseminação da bactéria dentro de uma propriedade.

Molecular identification of Clostridium chauvoei from common filter paper / Molecular identification of Clostridium chauvoei from common filter paper

Background: Blackleg is an acute and often fatal infection in bovine caused by the bacterium Clostridium chauvoei. The absence of conclusive diagnosis of blackleg usually occurs due to absence of practical and economical methods to send samples to microbiology laboratory. The goal of this work was to verify the possibility of using ordinary fi lter paper as a practical and economically feasible method for collecting, storing and shipping material to the laboratory to be used in a rapid and direct PCR approach to detect Clostridium chauvoei DNA.Materials, Methods & Results: The PCR technique for the diagnosis of blackleg from common fi lter paper was tested for specifi city, sensitivity and feasibility. To test the specifi city, the papers were impregnated with a suspension of the following microorganisms: C. chauvoei, C. perfringens, C. septicum, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. To test the sensitivity different concentration of C. chauvoei (ATCC 10092) were pipetted on common fi lter paper. To both test, DNA extraction of impregnated ordinary fi lter paper and their respective controls followed the method previously described and tested under different storage times (0 h, 24 h, 72 h and a week later). To test the feasibility, 12 bovine livers were collected and tissues samples were impregnate on common fi lter paper with suspension of C. cha

Background: Blackleg is an acute and often fatal infection in bovine caused by the bacterium Clostridium chauvoei. The absence of conclusive diagnosis of blackleg usually occurs due to absence of practical and economical methods to send samples to microbiology laboratory. The goal of this work was to verify the possibility of using ordinary fi lter paper as a practical and economically feasible method for collecting, storing and shipping material to the laboratory to be used in a rapid and direct PCR approach to detect Clostridium chauvoei DNA.Materials, Methods & Results: The PCR technique for the diagnosis of blackleg from common fi lter paper was tested for specifi city, sensitivity and feasibility. To test the specifi city, the papers were impregnated with a suspension of the following microorganisms: C. chauvoei, C. perfringens, C. septicum, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. To test the sensitivity different concentration of C. chauvoei (ATCC 10092) were pipetted on common fi lter paper. To both test, DNA extraction of impregnated ordinary fi lter paper and their respective controls followed the method previously described and tested under different storage times (0 h, 24 h, 72 h and a week later). To test the feasibility, 12 bovine livers were collected and tissues samples were impregnate on common fi lter paper with suspension of C. cha

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)