Composição mineral da cana-de-açúcar in natura hidrolisada com cal virgem (CaO)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral composition of "in natura" sugarcane hydrolyzed with increasing doses of quicklime and different periods of exposure to air. The levels of quicklime (CaO) used were 0.0 (control); 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 to 2.0% based on natural matter of cane and the time of exposure to air at 0; 24; 48; 72 and 96 hours. The mineral composition was assessed through the concentrations of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). We used a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures for comparison of means by Tukey test at 5% probability was used. The Ca concentration changes (P 0,05) caused a modification of the Ca:P ratio in the hydrolyzed sugarcane that reached 36.46:1 at the highest dose of lime (2.0%). The levels of P, K, Mg, Zn and Cu decreased with increasing levels of quicklime (P 0,05). Regarding to the period of exposure to air, there was an increase in the concentration of K, Mg, and Mn (P 0,05). The treatment of sugarcane with microprocessed quicklime (CaO) increases the Ca content of the forage. Pb is present in the quicklime but in a concentration well below the toxic concentration for ruminants.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição mineral da cana-de-açúcar in natura hidrolisada com doses crescentes de cal virgem e diferentes tempos de exposição ao ar. As doses de cal virgem (CaO) utilizadas foram 0,0 (controle); 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% com base na matéria natural da cana e os tempos de exposição ao ar 0; 24; 48; 72 e 96 horas. A composição mineral foi avaliada através das concentrações cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), potássio (K), magnésio (Mg); zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), cromo (Cr), chumbo (Pb) e cádmio (Cd). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram analisados utilizando uma análise de variância com medidas repetidas, para a comparação das médias foi utilizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A variação no teor de Ca (P 0,05) ocasionou alteração na relação Ca:P da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada, chegando a relação de 36,46:1 na dose mais elevada de cal (2,0%). Os teores de P, K, Mg, Zn e Cu diminuíram com a elevação da dose de cal (P 0,05). Em relação ao fator tempo, houve um acréscimo na concentração K, Mg e Mn (P 0,05). O tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem (CaO) microprocessada aumenta o teor de Ca do volumoso ocasionando um aumento na relação Ca:P. Há presença de Pb na cal virgem, porém abaixo da concentração tóxica para ruminantes.

Desempenho e características da carcaça de novilhos submetidos à suplementação na seca

The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of two supplementation strategies in the dry season on performance and carcass traits of steers finished on marandu grass. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and eighteen repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of ad libitum protein mineral salt (PMS) and supplementation with concentrate (SC) with 0.5% of body weight. It was used 36 Nelore steers with initial weight of 417kg and 20 months of age. After slaughter, carcasses were weighted, identified and cooled for 24 hours. Carcass yield, ribeye, fat thickness, pH and marbling score were measured. The animals supplemented with concentrate had higher (P 0.01) average daily weight gain (0.562kg) and higher fat thickness adjusted to 100kg carcass than animals supplemented with protein mineral salt (0.395kg), but did not differed (P>0.01) in relation to carcass weight, carcass yield, ribeye, pH and marbling. The results show that the supplementation with concentrate accelerates gains, allowing early and better condition of slaughter and the use of protein mineral salt with adequate forage mass may be an alternative supplementation because less need for structure, control consumption, lower labor and greater ease in supply.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de duas estratégias de suplementação no período seco sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça de novilhos terminados em capim-marandu. Foram utilizados 36 bovinos Nelore, machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 417 ± 10,7kg e idade média de 20 meses. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e dezoito repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de sal mineral proteinado (SMP) fornecido ad libitum e da suplementação com concentrado (SC) com 0,5% do peso corporal (PC). Após abate, as carcaças foram pesadas, identificadas e resfriadas por 24 horas. Foram medidos rendimento de carcaça, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, pH e escore de marmorização. Os animais da SC apresentaram maior (P=0,00007) ganho de peso médio diário (0,562kg) e espessura de gordura subcutânea ajustada para 100kg de carcaça (1,7mm) em relação aos animais do SMP (0,395kg; 1,3mm), respectivamente, mas não diferiram (P>0,01) em relação ao peso de carcaça, rendimento de carcaça, área de olho de lombo, pH e marmorização. Conclui-se que a suplementação com concentrado durante o período seco proporciona maior ganho de peso médio diário e espessura de gordura subcutânea ajustada para 100kg de carcaça, antecipando a idade de abate e a utilização de sal mineral proteinado com massa de forragem adequada pode ser uma alternativa de suplementação devido menor exigência de estrutura, controle de consumo, menor mão-de-obra e maior facilidade no fornecimento.

Seed-borne pathogens and electrical conductivity of soybean seeds

Adequate procedures to evaluate seed vigor are important. Regarding the electrical conductivity test (EC), the interference in the test results caused by seed-borne pathogens has not been clarified. This research was carried out to study the influence of Phomopsis sojae (Leh.) and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr.) Grove var. truncata (Schw.) Arx. fungi on EC results. Soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) were inoculated with those fungi using potato, agar and dextrose (PDA) medium with manitol (-1.0 MPa) and incubated for 20 h at 25 °C. The colony diameter, index of mycelial growth, seed water content, occurrence of seed-borne pathogens, physiological potential of the seeds, measured by germination and vigor tests (seed germination index, cold test, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity), and seedling field emergence were determined. The contents of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in the seed and in the soaking solution were also determined. A complete 2 × 4 factorial design with two seed sizes (5.5 and 6.5 mm) and four treatments (control, seeds incubated without fungi, seeds incubated with Phomopsis and seeds incubated with Colletotrichum) were used with eight (5.5 mm large seeds) and six (6.5 mm large seeds) replications. All seeds submitted to PDA medium had their germination reduced in comparison to the control seeds. This reduction was also observed when seed vigor and leached ions were considered. The presence of Phomopsis sojae fungus in soybean seed samples submitted to the EC test may be the cause of misleading results.

Seed-borne pathogens and electrical conductivity of soybean seeds

Adequate procedures to evaluate seed vigor are important. Regarding the electrical conductivity test (EC), the interference in the test results caused by seed-borne pathogens has not been clarified. This research was carried out to study the influence of Phomopsis sojae (Leh.) and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr.) Grove var. truncata (Schw.) Arx. fungi on EC results. Soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) were inoculated with those fungi using potato, agar and dextrose (PDA) medium with manitol (-1.0 MPa) and incubated for 20 h at 25 °C. The colony diameter, index of mycelial growth, seed water content, occurrence of seed-borne pathogens, physiological potential of the seeds, measured by germination and vigor tests (seed germination index, cold test, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity), and seedling field emergence were determined. The contents of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in the seed and in the soaking solution were also determined. A complete 2 × 4 factorial design with two seed sizes (5.5 and 6.5 mm) and four treatments (control, seeds incubated without fungi, seeds incubated with Phomopsis and seeds incubated with Colletotrichum) were used with eight (5.5 mm large seeds) and six (6.5 mm large seeds) replications. All seeds submitted to PDA medium had their germination reduced in comparison to the control seeds. This reduction was also observed when seed vigor and leached ions were considered. The presence of Phomopsis sojae fungus in soybean seed samples submitted to the EC test may be the cause of misleading results.

Bromatological characteristics and in vitro digestibility of four sugarcane varieties subjected or not to the application of quicklime - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.13775

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the bromatological characteristics and the in vitro digestibility of four sugarcane varieties, subjected or not to hydrolysis, with quicklime. A completely randomized design was employed with three replications arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with four sugarcane varieties (SP 52454, RB 867515, RB 855536 and IAC 862480), hydrolyzed or not. There was significant effect on brix (p 0.05) and industrial fiber (p 0.05), and IAC 862480 variety had the lowest levels of industrial fiber. There were no significant difference (p > 0.05) in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin levels among the sugarcane varieties under analysis and for the sugarcanes, hydrolyzed or not. The use of sugarcane hydrolysis with 1% quicklime improves the in vitro digestibility of NDF and ADF, regardless of the variety studied. Hydrolysis with 1% quicklime did not alter the sugarcane chemical composition.

Avaliação da cal hidratada como agente hidrolisante de cana-de-açúcar

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o pH, a temperatura, a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido (DIVFDA) da cana-de-açúcar variedade IAC 862480, submetida à hidrólise, durante três, seis e nove horas, com zero; 0,5 e 0,6% de cal hidratada. Não houve influência dos níveis da cal nos teores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose (P>0,05) da cana-de-açúcar. Porém, o teor matéria mineral aumentou (P0,05). Recomenda-se a realização de novos estudos com níveis maiores da cal hidratada a fim de obter alterações na fração fibrosa da cana-de-açúcar.

Effect of combinations of entomopathogenic fungi species and incubation temperatures on the mortality of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / Efeito da combinação de espécies de fungos entomopatogênicos e de temperatura de incubação na mortalidade de Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae under laboratory conditions, either individually or mixed at different concentrations, and at two incubation temperatures, against larvae and adults of the lesser mealworm (A. diaperinus). The insects were immersed in conidial suspensions at different rates of both fungi (respectively to B. bassiana and M. anisopliae 100 : 0; 25 : 75 ; 50 : 50; 75 : 25; control), containing a maximum of 1 × 108conidia/mL, for 10 seconds under agitation. They were then incubated at 26 or 32C, and a 14-hour photophase. Four replicates of 15 insects were prepared for each treatment, containing either larvae or adults, respectively. Mortality was evaluated daily. Dead insects were disinfected in 70% alcohol and maintained in a humid chamber under the same conditions described above, to confirm death by the fungi. It was verified that confirmed mortality in the mixture was caused only by B. bassiana. When mixed, the action of the fungus at 26C did not increase significatively against larvae, and decreased against adults. At 32ºC, the mixture increased the action of B. bassiana against larvae in two of the combinations (50% of each fungus and 75% B. bassiana + 25% M. anisopliae), but decreased in all combinations against adults. There was also a negative effect of temper

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de laboratório, o efeito dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae isoladamente e em mistura com diferentes concentrações, e em duas temperaturas de incubação, contra larvas e adultos do cascudinho dos aviários (A. diaperinus). Os insetos foram imersos por 10 segundos sob agitação, em suspensões de conídios de ambos os fungos, em diferentes percentuais de B. bassiana e M. anisopliae nas seguintes combinações 100 : 0; 25 : 75 ; 50 : 50; 75 : 25; testemunha, contendo no máximo 1 × 108conídios/mL. Em seguida, foram incubados a 26 e 32C e fotofase de 14 horas, sendo preparadas quatro repetições de 15 insetos para cada tratamento, tanto para larvas como para adultos, respectivamente. A mortalidade foi avaliada diariamente, sendo os insetos mortos desinfectados em álcool 70% e mantidos em câmara úmida nas mesmas condições descritas, para confirmação da morte pelos fungos. Na temperatura de 26C, verificou-se que na mistura de fungos somente houve mortalidade confirmada por B. bassiana e não houve diferença na mortalidade larval causada por este fungo, em mistura ou isoladamente. Em relação aos adultos, no tratamento de mistura de fungos houve redução na mortalidade em relação ao fungo isoladamente. Na temperatura de 32C a mistura elevou a ação de B. bassiana contra larvas em duas combinações (50% de

Bromatological characteristics and in vitro digestibility of four sugarcane varieties subjected or not to the application of quicklime - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.13775

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the bromatological characteristics and the in vitro digestibility of four sugarcane varieties, subjected or not to hydrolysis, with quicklime. A completely randomized design was employed with three replications arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with four sugarcane varieties (SP 52454, RB 867515, RB 855536 and IAC 862480), hydrolyzed or not. There was significant effect on brix (p 0.05) and industrial fiber (p 0.05), and IAC 862480 variety had the lowest levels of industrial fiber. There were no significant difference (p > 0.05) in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin levels among the sugarcane varieties under analysis and for the sugarcanes, hydrolyzed or not. The use of sugarcane hydrolysis with 1% quicklime improves the in vitro digestibility of NDF and ADF, regardless of the variety studied. Hydrolysis with 1% quicklime did not alter the sugarcane chemical composition.

AVALIAÇÃO DA CAL HIDRATADA COMO AGENTE HIDROLISANTE DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o pH, a temperatura, a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido (DIVFDA) da cana-de-açúcar variedade IAC 862480, submetida à hidrólise, durante três, seis e nove horas, com zero; 0,5 e 0,6% de cal hidratada. Não houve influência dos níveis da cal nos teores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose (P>0,05) da cana-de-açúcar. Porém, o teor matéria mineral aumentou (P0,05). Recomenda-se a realização de novos estudos com níveis maiores da cal hidratada a fim de obter alterações na fração fibrosa da cana-de-açúcar.

Nutritional evaluation of millet at different seeding rates and cutting heights / Avaliação nutricional do milheto submetido à diferentes taxas de semeadura e alturas de corte

This study evaluated the effect of different seeding rates and cutting heights on production and composition of millet. Two randomized block design experiments were performed. In the first trial, 32 parcels (1.2 × 1.2 m) were used for evaluation of seeding rate of 24, 35, 50 and 60 kg/ha. Three cuts were carried out to evaluate plant height, fresh and dry mass yield, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentration and in situ DM and NDF digestibility. In the second trial, 20 parcels (1.2 × 3.0 m) were used to evaluate 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm of cutting heights for two growing cycles, performing the evaluations previously listed. Seeding rate linearly increased plant height, fresh and dry mass production, and tended to linearly decrease dry matter in situ digestibility, without effects on forage composition. Cutting height had no effect on crude protein (CP) concentration, but linearly increased plant height, dry mass production, DM content and tended to decrease NDF in situ digestibility and ADL content. Thus, the use of the highest evaluated seeding rates (60 kg/ha) and cutting height (50 cm) increased forage production; however, the use of the lowest residual height increased forage quality.

Os efeitos de diferentes taxas de semeadura e altura de corte na produção e composição bromatológica do milheto foram avaliados em dois experimentos executados em delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas 32 parcelas (1,2 x 1,2 m) e avaliadas as taxas de semeadura de 24, 35, 50 e 60 kg/ha. Três cortes foram realizados para avaliar a altura das plantas, a produção de massa fresca e seca, os teores de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB) e lignina, assim como a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e FDN. No segundo experimento, 20 parcelas (1,2 x 3,0 m) foram usadas para avaliar o efeito das alturas de corte de 20, 30, 40 e 50 cm, sobre as variáveis previamente citadas. De acordo com o aumento da taxa de semeadura, houve aumento linear da altura das plantas e da produção de massa seca e fresca e tendência de redução linear da digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca, sem afetar a composição da forragem. A altura de corte não afetou a concentração de proteína bruta, mas aumentou linearmente a altura das plantas, a produção de massa seca e o teor de matéria seca e tendeu a reduzir a digestibilidade in situ da FDN e a concentração de lignina. Assim, o emprego de maiores taxas de semeadura (60 kg/ha) e de altura de corte (50 cm) aumentam a produção de forragem, enquanto que menores alturas de corte aumentam a