Effects of a-MEM and TCM-199 culture media and epidermal growth factor on survival and growth of goat and sheep preantral follicles cultured in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture media (Alpha Minimum Essential Medium, α-MEM; and Tissue Culture Medium-199, TCM-199) in the absence or presence of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) on an in vitro culture of goat and sheep preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue. The fragments of ovarian cortex from both species were immediately analyzed after collection (non-cultured control group) or cultured for 1 or 7 days in α-MEM+ or TCM-199+in the absence or presence of EGF (10 ng/ml). Before and after the culture, the fragments of ovarian cortex were analyzed by classical histology and fluorescence microscopy. After 1 day of culture, all treatments decreased the percentage of morphologically normal follicles when compared to non-cultured control in both species (P 0.05). Regarding follicle activation, an increase in the percentage of growing follicles was observed in all treatments after 7 days of culture when compared to the control group in both species. However, in sheep, after 7 days, only the treatments α-MEM+/EGF and TCM-199+showed larger(P < 0.05) oocytes than the control group. In conclusion, the TCM-199+ Preserved goat preantral follicle viability after in vitro culture. Furthermore, the media α-MEM+/EGF and TCM-199+ increased the oocyte diameter after 7 days of culture in sheep. Therefore, it isrecommended to use TCM-199+ In the culture of preantral follicles in both species.

Effects of a-MEM and TCM-199 culture media and epidermal growth factor on survival and growth of goat and sheep preantral follicles cultured in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture media (Alpha Minimum Essential Medium, α-MEM; and Tissue Culture Medium-199, TCM-199) in the absence or presence of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) on an in vitro culture of goat and sheep preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue. The fragments of ovarian cortex from both species were immediately analyzed after collection (non-cultured control group) or cultured for 1 or 7 days in α-MEM+ or TCM-199+in the absence or presence of EGF (10 ng/ml). Before and after the culture, the fragments of ovarian cortex were analyzed by classical histology and fluorescence microscopy. After 1 day of culture, all treatments decreased the percentage of morphologically normal follicles when compared to non-cultured control in both species (P < 0.05). In fluorescence microscopy, viable sheep follicles were observed to decrease in all treatments after 7 days of culture when compared to non-cultured controls. However, in goats, the culture with TCM-199+maintained follicle viability after 7 days of culture, similar to fresh tissue (P > 0.05). Regarding follicle activation, an increase in the percentage of growing follicles was observed in all treatments after 7 days of culture when compared to the control group in both species. However, in sheep, after 7 days, only the treatments α-MEM+/EGF and TCM-199+showed larger(P < 0.05) oocytes than the control group. In conclusion, the TCM-199+ Preserved goat preantral follicle viability after in vitro culture. Furthermore, the media α-MEM+/EGF and TCM-199+ increased the oocyte diameter after 7 days of culture in sheep. Therefore, it isrecommended to use TCM-199+ In the culture of preantral follicles in both species.(AU)

Dietary fiber inclusion as an alternative to Feed Fasting to induce molting in Commercial Layers

The objective of the present experiment was to compare the performance, egg quality and organ morphometrics of commercial layers submitted to alternative forced molting methods using dietary fibers. The experimental period included the phases of molting, rest, and second laying cycle (six periods of 28 days each). In the trial, 320 commercial Isa Brown layers with 72 weeks of age were distributed, according to a completely randomized experimental design into five treatments with eight replicates of eight birds each, totaling 40 experimental units. Molting was induced by feeding diets with the inclusion of alfalfa or soybean husks at 80% and 60% or feed fasting. Treatments were applied for 14 days. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated for the second laying cycle and organ morphometrics (liver, gizzard, proventriculus, reproductive apparatus) in two different slaughter dates. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 2002). Alternative molting methods promoted similar performance and egg quality results after molting were similar to those obtained by the conventional fasting method. Feeding fiber produced the expected effects in terms of organ weight regression and recovery and may be used to induce molting in commercial layers.(AU)

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.

Dietary fiber inclusion as an alternative to Feed Fasting to induce molting in Commercial Layers

The objective of the present experiment was to compare the performance, egg quality and organ morphometrics of commercial layers submitted to alternative forced molting methods using dietary fibers. The experimental period included the phases of molting, rest, and second laying cycle (six periods of 28 days each). In the trial, 320 commercial Isa Brown layers with 72 weeks of age were distributed, according to a completely randomized experimental design into five treatments with eight replicates of eight birds each, totaling 40 experimental units. Molting was induced by feeding diets with the inclusion of alfalfa or soybean husks at 80% and 60% or feed fasting. Treatments were applied for 14 days. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated for the second laying cycle and organ morphometrics (liver, gizzard, proventriculus, reproductive apparatus) in two different slaughter dates. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 2002). Alternative molting methods promoted similar performance and egg quality results after molting were similar to those obtained by the conventional fasting method. Feeding fiber produced the expected effects in terms of organ weight regression and recovery and may be used to induce molting in commercial layers.

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.(AU)

Dietary fiber inclusion as an alternative to Feed Fasting to induce molting in Commercial Layers

The objective of the present experiment was to compare the performance, egg quality and organ morphometrics of commercial layers submitted to alternative forced molting methods using dietary fibers. The experimental period included the phases of molting, rest, and second laying cycle (six periods of 28 days each). In the trial, 320 commercial Isa Brown layers with 72 weeks of age were distributed, according to a completely randomized experimental design into five treatments with eight replicates of eight birds each, totaling 40 experimental units. Molting was induced by feeding diets with the inclusion of alfalfa or soybean husks at 80% and 60% or feed fasting. Treatments were applied for 14 days. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated for the second laying cycle and organ morphometrics (liver, gizzard, proventriculus, reproductive apparatus) in two different slaughter dates. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 2002). Alternative molting methods promoted similar performance and egg quality results after molting were similar to those obtained by the conventional fasting method. Feeding fiber produced the expected effects in terms of organ weight regression and recovery and may be used to induce molting in commercial layers.

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.

Milk composition during duodenal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy goats fed diets with different C18:2/C18:1 ratios / Composição do leite durante a infusão duodenal de ácido linoléico conjugado em cabras leiteiras alimentadas com rações com diferentes proporções de C18:2/C18: 1

O efeito do t10,c12-C18:2 na produção de leite e no perfil em ácidos graxos (AG) da gordura do leite foi estudado em oito cabras que receberam t10,c12-C18:2 por infusão duodenal (ácido linoléico conjugado -CLA, 2g/10 h) durante três dias, seguido por dois dias de infusão de leite desnatado (SM). As cabras foram distribuídas em quatro grupos em um delineamento fatorial 2x2: duas porcentagens de concentrado da dieta - L, baixa 45 por cento ou H, alta 65 por cento - e dois tipos de gordura adicionada para modificar a relação c9,c12-C18:2/c9-C18:1 da dieta - grãos de soja ou de canola. Amostras de leite foram coletadas antes (basal) e durante a infusão de CLA e de leite desnatado. Ingestão de matéria seca, teor e produção de gordura, de proteína e de lactose foram semelhantes antes do início e durante a infusão de CLA. A proporção de AG saturados com 4 a 8C ou 10 a 15C não foi alterada durante a infusão de CLA. Independentemente da alimentação das cabras, a infusão de CLA aumentou as proporções de C18:0, t10- e t11-C18:1 e diminuiu as de c9-C18:1 e c9,t11-C18:2 na gordura do leite. O CLA diminuiu as relações c9-C18:1/C18:0 e c9,t11-C18:2/t11-C18:1 no leite dos quatro grupos experimentais. Os resultados mostraram que a lipogênese mamária em cabras leiteiras não foi alterada por 2g/d de t10,c12-C18:2, contudo, a desaturação de AG de cadeia longa parece ser diminuída da mesma maneira que em vacas. Produção de leite e perfil dos AG do leite não foram influenciados pela relação c9,c12-C18:2/c9-C18:1 da fração lipídica da dieta das cabras.(AU)

Performance of layers submitted to different forced-molting methods and different temperatures

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and egg quality of laying hens, in their second laying cycle submitted to different forced-molting methods and three environmental temperatures. Six hundred layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 15 treatments with five replicates of eight birds each, according to 5x3 factorial arrangement (molting methods vs. temperatures). The following forced-molting methods were applied: 90%, 70%, 50% dietary alfalfa inclusion, addition of 2,800 ppm zinc, and feed fasting. Temperatures were: 20 ºC, 27 ºC and 35 ºC. At the end of each period of the second laying cycle, bird performance and egg quality were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The highest alfalfa inclusion level (90% alfalfa and 10% basal diet) proved to be efficient as compared to the other methods, independently of temperature.

Performance of layers submitted to different forced-molting methods and different temperatures

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and egg quality of laying hens, in their second laying cycle submitted to different forced-molting methods and three environmental temperatures. Six hundred layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 15 treatments with five replicates of eight birds each, according to 5x3 factorial arrangement (molting methods vs. temperatures). The following forced-molting methods were applied: 90%, 70%, 50% dietary alfalfa inclusion, addition of 2,800 ppm zinc, and feed fasting. Temperatures were: 20 ºC, 27 ºC and 35 ºC. At the end of each period of the second laying cycle, bird performance and egg quality were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The highest alfalfa inclusion level (90% alfalfa and 10% basal diet) proved to be efficient as compared to the other methods, independently of temperature.

Performance of layers submitted to different forced-molting methods and different temperatures

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and egg quality of laying hens, in their second laying cycle submitted to different forced-molting methods and three environmental temperatures. Six hundred layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 15 treatments with five replicates of eight birds each, according to 5x3 factorial arrangement (molting methods vs. temperatures). The following forced-molting methods were applied: 90%, 70%, 50% dietary alfalfa inclusion, addition of 2,800 ppm zinc, and feed fasting. Temperatures were: 20 ºC, 27 ºC and 35 ºC. At the end of each period of the second laying cycle, bird performance and egg quality were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The highest alfalfa inclusion level (90% alfalfa and 10% basal diet) proved to be efficient as compared to the other methods, independently of temperature.(AU)

Ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em pescado no nordeste, Brasil / Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and coagulse positive Staphylococcus in fish and crustaceans in the northeast of Brazil

O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em pescados e crustáceos provenientes da região nordeste no período de fevereiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2005. Das 143 amostras de peixes e crustáceos (camarão congelado e cauda de lagosta), 5 (3,5%) apresentaram-se positivas para Salmonella spp. Enquanto nas amostras de peixe e cauda de lagosta a contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi < 1,0 x 102UFC/g estimado, nas amostras de camarão congelado, em duas a contagem foi 1,0 x 101UFC/g estimado e em uma 2,6 x 101UFC/g estimado, as demais <1,0 x 101UFC/g estimado. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que as amostras analisadas apresentaram baixos níveis de ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e que, mesmo com estes baixos índices, constantemente deve-se buscar uma melhora na qualidade dos produtos da pesca, melhora esta que passa pelo treinamento constante em boas práticas de fabricação, procedimentos padrões de higienização e análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle do pessoal que trabalha na pesca ou em fazendas de criação de camarão, bem como dos funcionários das indústrias.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in fish and crustaceans from the Brazilian Northeast. Five out of the 143 samples (3.5%) were positive for Salmonella spp. While none of the fish and lobster tail samples were positive for coagulase positive Staphylococcus, two shrimp samples presented an estimated count of 1.0 x 101colony forming units per gram (cfu/g), and one presented 2.6 x 101 cfu/g. The results showed a low level of Salmonella and coagulase positive Staphylococcus occurrence. However, even with these low levels of bacterial numbers in fish and crustaceans we should search look for an improvement in their quality. This improvement should be associated to constant training for good manufacturing practice, a standard procedure of hygiene and analysis of hazards and critical control points related to employees that work as fishers or on shrimp farms, as well as those working in the industry as a whole.

OCORRÊNCIA DE SALMONELLA SPP. E STAPHYLOCOCCUS COAGULASE POSITIVA EM PESCADO NO NORDESTE, BRASIL

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in fish and crustaceans from the Brazilian Northeast. Five out of the 143 samples (3.5%) were positive for Salmonella spp. While none of the fish and lobster tail samples were positive for coagulase positive Staphylococcus, two shrimp samples presented an estimated count of 1.0 x 101colony forming units per gram (cfu/g), and one presented 2.6 x 101 cfu/g. The results showed a low level of Salmonella and coagulase positive Staphylococcus occurrence. However, even with these low levels of bacterial numbers in fish and crustaceans we should search look for an improvement in their quality. This improvement should be associated to constant training for good manufacturing practice, a standard procedure of hygiene and analysis of hazards and critical control points related to employees that work as fishers or on shrimp farms, as well as those working in the industry as a whole.

RESUMO O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em pescados e crustáceos provenientes da região nordeste no período de fevereiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2005. Das 143 amostras de peixes e crustáceos (camarão congelado e cauda de lagosta), 5 (3,5%) apresentaram-se positivas para Salmonella spp. Enquanto nas amostras de peixe e cauda de lagosta a contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi 1,0 x 102UFC/g estimado, nas amostras de camarão congelado, em duas a contagem foi 1,0 x 101UFC/g estimado e em uma 2,6 x 101UFC/g estimado, as demais 1,0 x 101UFC/g estimado. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que as amostras analisadas apresentaram baixos níveis de ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e que, mesmo com estes baixos índices, constantemente deve-se buscar uma melhora na qualidade dos produtos da pesca, melhora esta que passa pelo treinamento constante em boas práticas de fabricação, procedimentos padrões de higienização e análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle do pessoal que trabalha na pesca ou em fazendas de criação de camarão, bem como dos funcionários das indústrias.

Western blot para o diagnóstico das infecções pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes em caprinos: um método simples para a produção de antígeno

ABSTRACT The serodiagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections in goats and sheep is usually performed by the agar-gel immunodiffusion technique (AGID) and by ELISA. Therefore, the western blot (WB) is the choice for the definition of antigen recognition patterns during the disease progression, being potentially useful for the diagnosis itself. In the present study, the antigen used for WB was obtained by a novel simple purification procedure: the dialysis of the supernatant of infected cultured cells, followed by centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Proteins in the pellet were separated by SDS-PAGE at 10% density and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes in a semi-dry blotting device. After development, five viral proteins were recognized by the standard positive serum sample, with molecular weights of 14-16, 25, 40, 50 and 70 kDa respectively. All 8 AGID positive goat serum samples recognized at least one band in the immunoblot, with different intensities. The total number of bands recognized by each serum sample varied considerably. A positive reaction to gp40 was observed with 4 sera, although rather weak in 3 cases. Two samples were reactive to p16 and two others to gp50, although weakly. Curiously, no serum was reactive to the 70 kDa antigen, recognized by the standard positive serum sample. These results suggest that the WB can be effectively used for the routine serodiagnosis of viral caprine arthritis encephalitis infection (CAEV). It can also support further studies on antigen recognition patterns with the new antigen provided by the novel simplified purification system of viral components described here.

RESUMO O sorodiagnóstico das lentiviroses de caprinos e ovinos é realizado principalmente pela imunodifusão em gel de agar (AGID) e/ou ELISA. Embora relativamente simples, esses métodos não identificam os antígenos virais reconhecidos na resposta imune do animal examinado, por isso o western blot (WB) vem ganhando maior relevância como ferramenta de diagnóstico dessas enfermidades. Neste trabalho, o antígeno utilizado no WB foi obtido através de um sistema simplificado de purificação: concentração por diálise do sobrenadante de culturas celulares infectadas, seguido de centrifugação em gradiente contínuo de sacarose. A separação das proteínas virais foi obtida por SDS-PAGE a 10% e a transferência para membranas de nitrocelulose realizada pelo sistema semi-úmido. A revelação das membranas mostrou reconhecimento pelo soro padrão positivo de cinco proteínas, com pesos moleculares de 14-16, 25, 40, 50 e 70 kDa. Todas as 8 amostras de soro caprino, positivas na ADIG, reconheceram pelo menos uma banda proteíca no immunoblot, variando contudo o número de bandas reconhecidas. Reação positiva à glícoproteína 40 (gp 40) foi observada em quatro animais, com intensidade de reação discreta em três deles. Dois animais apresentaram reação positiva à proteína 16 (p16), e dois à gp 50, de pouca intensidade. Quanto à gp 70, proteína que, embora reagisse com o soro padrão positivo, não foi reconhecida por nenhum dos soros testados. Estes resultados sugerem que o WB pode ser empregado para o sorodiagnóstico rotineiro das lentiviroses, ensejando estudos mais amplos do padrão de reconhecimento dos antígenos apresentados por este novo sistema de purificação parcial de componentes virais.

Digestibility of cottonseed processing residue in beef cattle / Digestibilidade do resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão em bovinos de corte

The study was aimed at evaluating the influence of the replacement of sugarcane by the residue of the cottonseed processing (cottonseed residue), on the digestibility of the diet in bovines. Eight crossbred steers with approximately 30 months of age and average weight of 285 kg were used. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 duplicate latin square. The treatments consisted of: 0% cottonseed residue and 100% sugarcane (R0C100); 25% cottonseed residue and 75% sugarcane (R25C75); 50% cottonseed residue and 50% sugarcane (R50C50); 75% cottonseed residue and 25% sugarcane (R75C25). Dry matter intake ranged from 6.47 to 6.84 kg/d, not demonstrating significant effect of the treatments. The dry matter coefficient of digestibility was reduced from the inclusion of 50% of cottonseed residue, while the digestibility of crude protein and crude energy dropped only when 75% cottonseed residue was added to the diet. In relation to the digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, significant differences among the treatments were not observed. The use of the cottonseed-processing residue in high levels (75%dry matter diet) compromised the digestibility. Therefore, in the evaluated conditions, it may be recommended up to the level of 50%. KEY-WORDS: Alternative feed. Cottonseed residue. Digestibility. Ruminant nutrition. Sugarcane.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da substituição da cana-de-açúcar pelo resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão sobre a digestibilidade da dieta em bovinos. Foram utilizados oito novilhos mestiços, castrados, com aproximadamente 30 meses de idade e 285 kg de peso médio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4 duplicado. Os tratamentos consistiram em: 0% resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão e 100% cana-deaçúcar (R0C100); 25% resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão e 75% cana-de-açúcar (R25C75); 50% resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão e 50% cana-de-açúcar (R50C50); 75% resíduo do processamento do caroço de algodão e 25% cana-de-açúcar(R75C25). A ingestão de matéria seca variou de 6,47 a 6,84 kg/d, não demonstrando efeito significativo dos tratamentos. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca foi reduzido a partir da inclusão de 50 % do resíduo, enquanto a digestibilidade da proteína bruta e energia bruta sofreram queda apenas quando se adicionou à dieta 75% do resíduo. Em relação à digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Observa-se que inclusão do resíduo na proporção em maiores níveis (75% da matéria seca da dieta) causou comprometimento da digestibilidade, recomendando o

Reproductive seasonality of fishes from a lotic stretch of the Grande River, high Paraná river basin, Brazil

We searched for correlations between water level, rainfall, temperature, and reproductive activity of fishes in a lotic stretch of the Grande River below the Volta Grande Dam. Gillnets were used to catch the fish on six field journeys made bimonthly between April 1998 and February 1999. Fish gonads were classified according to maturation grade and the amount of mature or spent gonads was correlated with rainfall and air temperature. Most fish species showed seasonal reproduction (between October and February). The relative frequency of fully mature and spent gonads significantly correlated with rainfall (Spearman r = 0.94, p = 0.005) and air temperature (r = 0.84, p = 0.036), showing the importance of these factors in regulating the reproductive cycle of fishes in this location. Nevertheless, dam operation resulted in minimal water level variation that did not significantly correlate with reproductive activity (r = -0.43, p = 0.396).

Foi investigada a correlação entre nível hidrológico, pluviosidade e temperatura e reprodução de peixes num trecho lótico do rio Grande, abaixo da barragem de Volta Grande. Para a captura, realizada com redes de espera, foram feitas seis amostragens bimestrais de abril de 1998 a fevereiro de 1999. As gônadas foram classificadas de acordo com o estádio de maturação e aquelas maduras ou esgotadas foram correlacionadas com as variáveis ambientais. A maioria das espécies apresentou reprodução sazonal, entre outubro e fevereiro. A freqüência relativa bimestral de gônadas maduras ou esgotadas de todos os exemplares agrupados foi correlacionada significativamente com pluviosidade (Spearman r = 0,94, p = 0,005) e temperatura do ar (r = 0,84, p = 0,036), mostrando a importância destes fatores no controle do ciclo reprodutivo dos peixes. Devido à barragem, o nível hidrológico pouco variou e não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre reprodução e nível hidrológico (r = -0,43, p = 0,396).

Diet and feeding of fish from Grande River, located below the Volta Grande Reservoir, MG-SP

We compare the classic model of feeding of tropical fish by means of six bimonthly samplings using gillnets of varying mesh sizes that were inspected every twelve hours throughout a forty-eight hour period. The stomachs of the fish caught were classified in three categories according to quantity of food found. The amount of fat in the visceral cavity with respect to the energetic reserve deposition was also studied. The relative frequencies of the different categories of stomach repletion and fat deposition were examined for patterns of feeding seasonality. The stomachs considered full were examined to record diet composition. To assess the relative importance of the different food resources, we applied Feeding Importance Degree (FID), which is a useful index when difficulties exist in determining a common basis for volume, number, or weight of a given food item in different species, a common problem when dealing with fish species having different feeding habits. The fish species whose stomach contents were analyzed using the FID index were Serrasalmus spilopleura (Characidae), L. prolixa (Loricaridae), Schizodon nasutus (Anostomidae), and Pimelodus maculatus (Pimelodidae). Our findings indicate some contrasting elements , in dietary composition in relation to the classic model for tropical rivers. These factors include the importance of aquatic macrophytes, the lack of piscivorous species, and a lesser presence of allochthonous vegetation in the diet of the species studied.

Comparamos um modelo clássico de alimentação de peixes tropicais com os resultados de amostragens bimestrais com redes de espera de diversas malhas, vistoriadas a cada doze horas durante quarenta e oito horas. Os estômagos dos peixes coletados foram classificados em três categorias, de acordo com a quantidade de alimento. A quantidade de gordura depositada na cavidade abdominal, relacionada ao acúmulo de reservas energéticas, também foi estudada. Foram determinadas as freqüências relativas bimestrais dos diferentes graus de repleção estomacal e de gordura visceral acumulada para avaliar a dinâmica da atividade alimentar das espécies. Os estômagos considerados repletos foram examinados para registrar a composição da dieta. Para determinar a importância relativa dos diferentes itens alimentares foi empregado o índice Grau de Preferência Alimentar, um método útil em casos em que existam dificuldades de determinar para várias espécies, numa base comum, o número, peso ou volume dos itens alimentares, situação comum quando se trata de comparar a dieta de espécies com hábitos alimentares distintos. As espécies de peixes das quais foi amostrada a maioria dos estômagos foram Serrasalmus spilopleura (Characidae), Loricaria prolixa (Loricaridae), Schizodon nasutus (Anostomidae) e Pimelodus maculatus (Pimelodidae). Nosso estudo mostrou algumas diferenças quanto à composição da dieta em relação a um modelo clássico para ambientes tropicais, como a importância de macrófitas aquáticas, a escassez de espécies piscívoras e a pequena participação de vegetação alóctone na dieta das espécies estudadas.

Report on the occurrence of Haplometroides buccicola (Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiidae) infecting Phalotris lativittatus (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazil

Haplometroides buccicola (Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiidae) was reported in the mouth and oesophagus of Phalotris lativittatus (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. This is the first report on the occurrence of H. buccicola parasitizing P. lativittatus. The Haplometroides genus was also discussed and the most important morphological characters for the identification of the species H. buccicola and H. odhneri are presented.

Degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro em silagens de híbridos de sorgo colhidos em diferentes épocas / Ruminal in situ degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. ) silages with different harversting times

0 objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito das silagens de três híbridos de sorgo: granífero (Conti-Silo, de porte baixo), duplo propósito (Conti-Silo-03, de porte médio) e forrageiro (547-F, de porte alto) e de três épocas distintas (aos 105, 112 e 119 dias após a semeadura),sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Foram utilizados três bovinos adultos mestiços fistulados no rúmem, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas, com três tempos de incubação (6, 24, 96 horas). Houve diferença (P<0,05) nas frações de desaparecimento da MS e de FDN após 6, 24 e 96 horas de incubação ruminal entre as diferentes silagens. Quanto à época de colheita, a diferença na degradação de MS foi observada após 96 horas de incubação, destacando-se a variedade de duplo propósito, superior nos três diferentes cortes. Com a maturação, observou-se tendência de aumento na fração degradável da MS, porém esse efeito foi menos evidente nas silagens de sorgo forrageiro. Para a FDN não houve diferença (P<0,05) entre silagens em nenhum dos tempos de incubação (AU)

A three point (6, 24 and 96 hours of incubation) split-plot design was carried out with three rumen-fistulated steers to evaluate the effect of three sorghum silages (C-silo, C-silo-03 and 547-F) and three harversting times (105, 112 and 119 days of age) on "in situ" degradability of dry matter (DM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Fractions of DM and of NDF were different (P<0.05) at 6, 24 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation among all silages. DM degradability time was different at 96 hours of incubation, the double purpose variety showing higher degradability at late harvesting time. The maturation increased degradable fraction, however, it was less evident for forage sorghum. The NDF was not different (P>0,05) among silages and incubation times. (AU)