Apparent calcium retention and digestibility coefficients of limestone with different particle sizes in laying hens

Apparent calcium (Ca) retention and digestibility coefficients are affected by limestone particle size in the diet of laying hens. This study aimed to determine the apparent retention and digestibility coefficients of Ca in limestone of different particle sizes in laying hens. The study comprised 288 Lohmann Brown laying hens (50 weeks of age; 1,964 ± 98 g) distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement [three Ca concentrations (10, 20, and 30 g kg-1) × two limestone particle sizes (480 and 1,978 µm)] with eight repetitions per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The experiment included five days for adaptation and five days for total excreta collection. All birds were slaughtered at the end of the ten days to collect the ileal contents. The total or ileal Ca content was plotted against the Ca of diets concentration using linear regression analysis. The regression line slope represented the apparent retention (CaR) and digestibility coefficients of Ca (CaD) in limestone. There was interaction between Ca concentration in the diet and limestone granulometry on CaD (p = 0.001) and CaR (p < 0.001). The CaD and CaR of fine- and coarse-grained limestone increased linearly with increasing Ca concentrations in the diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients estimated for laying hens fed with fine-grained and coarse-grained limestone were 0.72 and 0.35, respectively. The apparent retention coefficients estimated for laying hens fed fine-grained and coarse-grained limestone were 0.96 and 0.47, respectively.

Energy values and metabolizability of lipid sources of plant and animal origin in the diet of Japanese quail

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values and metabolizability of different lipid sources in the diet of Japanese quail at the laying phase. The quail were distributed in a completely randomized design with ten replications of seven poultry per treatment, totaling six treatments: basal feed (control) and basal feed containing 10% soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, and poultry fat. The values of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficient (MC%) were evaluated. No significant difference was found between the different lipid sources for AMEn (kcal/kg) and MC (%). The value of metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen for soybean oil was 8,790 kcal/kg; 8,773 kcal/kg for corn oil; 8,784 kcal/kg for canola oil; 8,788 kcal/kg for sunflower oil; and 8,681 kcal/kg for poultry fat in laying Japanese quail. The digestibility coefficients were 93.88% for soybean oil, 93.53% for corn oil, 93.32% for canola oil, 93.74% for sunflower oil, and 93.06% for poultry fat.

Vegetable lipid sources in the diet of japanese quails in the rearing phase and effects on the initial phase of production / Fontes lipídicas vegetais na alimentação de codornas japonesas em fase de recria e sua repercussão na fase inicial de produção

This study aims to evaluate the residual effect of different lipid sources in the diet of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) in the rearing phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying. In the first stage, 400 Japanese quails aged 21 days were used, being distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments and ten replicates of eight birds/replicate Treatments consisted of basal ration (BR) with 2.5% soybean oil; BR with 2.5% corn oil; BR with 2.5% cottonseed oil; BR with 2.5% sunflower oil; and BR with 2.5% canola oil.At 42 days, maintaining the initial design, all quails received a basal ration with soybean oil, in order to evaluate the residual effect of the previous phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying (43 - 84 days). The different lipid sources did not affect the performance of quails in the initial phase of production. For egg quality, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, gravity, and Haugh unit (HU) showed better results in the treatment using sunflower oil. There was a residual effect of the use of lipid sources of vegetable origin in the rearing phase diet of Japanese quails on egg quality traits. Lipid sources from soybean, corn, cottonseed, canola, and sunflower seeds can be used as energy sources in the rearing diet of egg-laying quails for not being harmful to their initial performance. The longevity in egg production of quails fed with different lipid sources in the rearing phase was similar.

A pesquisa foi conduzida com objetivo de avaliar o efeito residual de diferentes fontes lipídicas na dieta de codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica) na fase de recria sob o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos na fase inicial de postura. Na primeira etapa foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com idade de 21 dias, as aves foram distribuídas em tratamentos seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições, de oito aves, em cinco tratamentos: ração basal (RB) com 2,5% de óleo de soja, RB com 2,5 % de óleo de milho, RB com 2,5% de óleo algodão, RB com 2,5% de óleo de girassol e RB com 2,5% de óleo de canola. Aos 42 dias mantendo o delineamento inicial, todas aves receberam ração basal com óleo de soja, para que fosse avaliado o efeito residual da fase anterior sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos na fase inicial de postura (43 - 84 dias). As diferentes fontes lipídicas não afetaram o desempenho das aves na fase inicial de produção. Para a qualidade dos ovos, os parâmetros de altura, diâmetro e índice de gema, gravidade e UH foram melhores no tratamento com utilização de óleo de girassol. Houve efeito residual da utilização de fontes lipídicas de origem vegetal na dieta em fase de recria de codornas japonesas sobre as características da qualidade dos ovos. As fontes lipídicas oriundas das sementes de soja, milho, algodão, canola e girassol podem ser utilizadas como ingredientes energéticos na dieta de recria de codornas poedeiras por não serem prejudiciais ao desempenho inicial das aves. A longevidade na produção dos ovos das aves alimentadas com diferentes fontes lipídicas na fase de recria foi semelhante.

Purified lignin supplementation on the performance and antioxidant status of broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of purified lignin on the performance, relative organ weights, serum metabolites, and gene expression profiles of broiler chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress (HS). At 22 days old, 280 broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, ten repetitions, and seven birds per experimental unit. The birds were subjected to daily cyclic HS. A high temperature of 32±1 °C was maintained for 10 h/day (08:00­18:00 h), while a temperature of 22±1 °C was maintained for the remaining time. Treatments were a basal diet or basal diet with the addition of 5, 10, or 15 g of purified lignin/kg of diet. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey's test at 0.05 significance. There was no effect of lignin supplementation on performance, carcass yield, relative weights of the bursa, spleen, and liver, or serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, malondialdehyde, triiodothyronine, or tetraiodothyronine. The abundance of mRNA of heat shock protein 70, nuclear factor-κB, glutathione peroxidase, and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in the liver was similarly unaffected by treatments. Purified lignin supplementation does not improve performance or the antioxidant response of broiler chickens subjected to HS.(AU)

Effect of phytase and protease combination on performance, metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility of broilers fed nutrient-restricted diets

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary combination of different enzymes (phytase + protease) on performance, metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets with nutritional reduction. A total of 1,400, 336, and 384 male chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design, in the experiments of performance, metabolism, and digestibility, respectively. Treatments were divided as follows: positive control (PC), negative control - NC1 (PC minus 0.16% Ca, 0.15% available P (aP), and 0.5% crude protein (CP)), NC2 (PC minus 0.16% Ca, 0.15% aP, and 1% CP), NC1 added with phytase deriving from citrobacter and protease deriving from Bacillus licheniformis (CBE), NC1 added with phytase deriving from E. coli and protease deriving from microbial fermentation (SE), NC2 added with CBE, and NC2 added with SE. A protein-free diet was included in the digestibility experiment. The nutritional restriction did not affect feed intake of birds in the first experiment; however, the restriction inhibited body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in all phases. In experiment 2, the nutritional restriction decreased AME and AMEn values, although the addition of phytase and protease in diets improved both parameters, mainly in NC2. Treatment NC2 impaired the standardized digestibility of total essential amino acids of animals subjected to experiment 3, although the addition of enzymes helped to recover the digestibility to levels similar to PC. Supplementation of phytase in association with protease is effective to improve performance, energy metabolism, and standardized amino acid digestibility of broilers fed diets with nutrient restriction.(AU)

Capsaicinoids affect intestinal mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress in broilers

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with capsaicinoids on the performance and gene expression of broilers. At 18 days of age, 120 male broilers chickens (Cobb 500) were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments, eight replicates, and five birds per experimental unit. The treatments were a basal diet or basal diet with the addition of 1 or 2 mg of capsaicinoids/kg of diet. The birds had free access to water and feed throughout the experimental period (18 to 26 days of age). Broiler performance was evaluated at 26 days of age, and one bird per experimental unit was selected to collect serum and jejunum samples. Jejunum samples were used to analyze the mRNA content. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the means were compared with Tukey's test at a significance of 0.05. There was no effect of capsaicinoid supplementation on performance, serum metabolites, or the expression of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in the jejunum of broilers. However, broilers supplemented with capsaicinoids showed a higher mRNA expression of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and a reduced mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB in the jejunum. Supplementation with 1 and 2 mg/kg capsaicinoids did not improve the performance of broilers from 18 to 26 days of age but increased the mRNA expression of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and reduced the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB in the jejunum of broilers.(AU)

Broiler feed formulated with phosphorus, calcium, and energy deficiencies supplemented with exogenous enzymes / Rações para frangos formuladas com deficiências de fósforo, cálcio e energia suplementada com enzimas exógenas

Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-¹ ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-¹ of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standar dizeddigestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito da enzima fitase, sozinha ou associada a um complexo enzimático, em dietas de milho-farelo de soja deficientes em fósforo disponível (Pd), cálcio (Ca) e energia metabolizável (EM) no desempenho de frangos de corte, valores de EM e digestibilidade de aminoácidos da dieta. Para ambos os experimentos, 1.538 frangos Cobb 500 machos foram alocados em 5 tratamentos: controle positivo (CP, ração basal), controle negativo 1 (CN1, CP menos 0,15% de Pd,0,16% Ca e 68 kcal kg-¹ EM), negativo controle 2 (CN2, CP menos 0,15% de Pd, 0,16% de Ca e 101 kcal kg-¹ de ME em relação à dieta CP), CN1 mais fitase (CN1 + F) e CN2 mais fitase mais complexo multi enzimático(CN2 + F + E). O ganho de peso corporal e o consumo de ração foram medidos de 1 a 21 dias e de 1 a 42 dias, e a taxa de conversão alimentar (CA) corrigida para mortalidade foi calculada. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, foram analisados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade estandardizada de aminoácidos, respectivamente, em adição à fitase e ao complexo enzimático. No primeiro experimento, a suplementação enzimática aumentou (P 0,05) os valores de EMAn. No terceiro experimento, ambos os tratamentos enzimáticos melhoraram (P < 0,05) a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos nas dietas experimentais, em comparação com as dietas deficientes. A suplementação de fitase e carboidrases preserva o desempenho de frangos alimentados com dietas deficientes em Pd, Ca e EM e melhora a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos.

Broiler feed formulated with phosphorus, calcium, and energy deficiencies supplemented with exogenous enzymes / Rações para frangos formuladas com deficiências de fósforo, cálcio e energia suplementada com enzimas exógenas

Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-¹ ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-¹ of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standar dizeddigestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p < 0.05) WG at 21 days and 42 days relative to the negative controls. Phytase inclusion improved (p < 0.05) FCR at the initial phase compared to the NC1 diet. In the second experiment, enzyme supplementation did not affect(p > 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.(AU)

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito da enzima fitase, sozinha ou associada a um complexo enzimático, em dietas de milho-farelo de soja deficientes em fósforo disponível (Pd), cálcio (Ca) e energia metabolizável (EM) no desempenho de frangos de corte, valores de EM e digestibilidade de aminoácidos da dieta. Para ambos os experimentos, 1.538 frangos Cobb 500 machos foram alocados em 5 tratamentos: controle positivo (CP, ração basal), controle negativo 1 (CN1, CP menos 0,15% de Pd,0,16% Ca e 68 kcal kg-¹ EM), negativo controle 2 (CN2, CP menos 0,15% de Pd, 0,16% de Ca e 101 kcal kg-¹ de ME em relação à dieta CP), CN1 mais fitase (CN1 + F) e CN2 mais fitase mais complexo multi enzimático(CN2 + F + E). O ganho de peso corporal e o consumo de ração foram medidos de 1 a 21 dias e de 1 a 42 dias, e a taxa de conversão alimentar (CA) corrigida para mortalidade foi calculada. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, foram analisados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade estandardizada de aminoácidos, respectivamente, em adição à fitase e ao complexo enzimático. No primeiro experimento, a suplementação enzimática aumentou (P <0,05) o ganho de peso (GP) aos 21 dias e 42 dias em relação aos controles negativos. A inclusão de fitase melhorou (P < 0,05) a taxa de conversão alimentar na fase inicial, em comparação com a dieta CN1. No segundo experimento, a suplementação enzimática não afetou (P > 0,05) os valores de EMAn. No terceiro experimento, ambos os tratamentos enzimáticos melhoraram (P < 0,05) a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos nas dietas experimentais, em comparação com as dietas deficientes. A suplementação de fitase e carboidrases preserva o desempenho de frangos alimentados com dietas deficientes em Pd, Ca e EM e melhora a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos.(AU)

Performance and meat quality of broilers fed different levels of alpha-tocopherol / Desempenho e qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de alfa-tocoferol

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and meat quality of broilers fed different levels of alpha tocopherol. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500® male broiler chicks were reared until day 7 of life, as recommended by the commercial line, and were fed at only 50% of the alpha-tocopherol requirement. At day 8, the chicks were weighed, homogenized, and allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (50, 100, 150, and 200% alpha-tocopherol requirement) and six replicates of ten chickens per experimental unit. Several variables were evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield and prime cuts (drumstick, thigh, and breast), edible viscera (heart, liver, gizzard), immune organs (cloacal bursa and spleen), intestine weight and length, abdominal fat, breast meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat. Dietary alpha-tocopherol levels did not influence broiler performance, carcass yield, and prime cuts at 42 days of age. The edible viscera, immune organs, the length of the small intestine, and the abdominal fat, as well as the meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat, were not influenced. However, the small intestine yield increased linearly with increasing levels of alpha-tocopherol. The dietary levels of alpha tocopherol did not influence the performance and meat quality of broilers from 8 to 42 days of age.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de alfa-tocoferol. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb 500®, de um dia de idade, criadas até o sétimo dia de vida, de acordo com a recomendação da linhagem e recebendo ração com apenas 50% da exigência de alfa-tocoferol. Aos oito dias, as aves foram pesadas, homogeneizadas e os tratamentos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (50, 100, 150 e 200% das exigências de alfa-tocoferol) e seis repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), as vísceras comestíveis (coração, fígado, moela), os órgãos imunes (Bolsa cloacal e Baço), peso e comprimento do intestino delgado, a gordura abdominal, a coloração (luminosidade, vermelho e amarelo), o pH, a perda de peso por cocção e a força de cisalhamento do músculo do peito. Observou-se que os níveis de alfa-tocoferol, não influenciaram as variáveis de desempenho das aves aos 42 dias de idade. Da mesma forma, não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres. As vísceras comestíveis, os órgãos imunes, o comprimento do intestino delgado e a gordura abdominal, também não foram influenciadas, assim como, a coloração (luminosidade, vermelho e amarelo), o pH, a perda de peso por cocção e a força de cisalhamento do músculo do peito. Porém, houve efeito linear crescente para o rendimento do intestino delgado. Os níveis de alfa-tocoferol nas dietas, não influenciaram o desempenho e a qualidade de carne de frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.

Performance and meat quality of broilers fed different levels of alpha-tocopherol / Desempenho e qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de alfa-tocoferol

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and meat quality of broilers fed different levels of alpha tocopherol. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500® male broiler chicks were reared until day 7 of life, as recommended by the commercial line, and were fed at only 50% of the alpha-tocopherol requirement. At day 8, the chicks were weighed, homogenized, and allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (50, 100, 150, and 200% alpha-tocopherol requirement) and six replicates of ten chickens per experimental unit. Several variables were evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield and prime cuts (drumstick, thigh, and breast), edible viscera (heart, liver, gizzard), immune organs (cloacal bursa and spleen), intestine weight and length, abdominal fat, breast meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat. Dietary alpha-tocopherol levels did not influence broiler performance, carcass yield, and prime cuts at 42 days of age. The edible viscera, immune organs, the length of the small intestine, and the abdominal fat, as well as the meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat, were not influenced. However, the small intestine yield increased linearly with increasing levels of alpha-tocopherol. The dietary levels of alpha tocopherol did not influence the performance and meat quality of broilers from 8 to 42 days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de alfa-tocoferol. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb 500®, de um dia de idade, criadas até o sétimo dia de vida, de acordo com a recomendação da linhagem e recebendo ração com apenas 50% da exigência de alfa-tocoferol. Aos oito dias, as aves foram pesadas, homogeneizadas e os tratamentos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (50, 100, 150 e 200% das exigências de alfa-tocoferol) e seis repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), as vísceras comestíveis (coração, fígado, moela), os órgãos imunes (Bolsa cloacal e Baço), peso e comprimento do intestino delgado, a gordura abdominal, a coloração (luminosidade, vermelho e amarelo), o pH, a perda de peso por cocção e a força de cisalhamento do músculo do peito. Observou-se que os níveis de alfa-tocoferol, não influenciaram as variáveis de desempenho das aves aos 42 dias de idade. Da mesma forma, não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres. As vísceras comestíveis, os órgãos imunes, o comprimento do intestino delgado e a gordura abdominal, também não foram influenciadas, assim como, a coloração (luminosidade, vermelho e amarelo), o pH, a perda de peso por cocção e a força de cisalhamento do músculo do peito. Porém, houve efeito linear crescente para o rendimento do intestino delgado. Os níveis de alfa-tocoferol nas dietas, não influenciaram o desempenho e a qualidade de carne de frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p < 0.05) for the parameters of performance, liver Cu concentration, breast Se and Cu concentrations and litter Se, Mn and Zn concentrations. No interactions were observed (p > 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.(AU)

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p < 0.05). However, the birds that consumed the NC2 diet with Blend B exhibited a similar WG to those in PC group (p > 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p < 0,05), porém as aves que consumiram a dieta CN2 com o Blend B, que apresentaram GP semelhante ao CP (p > 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].(AU)

Effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance and physiology of broiler chickens under pre- and post-inflammatory challenge

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and uric acid levels, immune-related organs, and intestinal morphometric parameters of broiler chickens under pre- and post-inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ninety-six seven-day-old male broiler chicks were randomized in a 2×2 factorial design composed of two dietary types (supplemented with 0 and 0.3 g of purified nucleotides/kg of feed) and two inflammatory conditions (with and without LPS administration) with eight replicates per treatment and three birds per cage. The experimental period was divided into two phases: 7-20 days of age (pre-LPS challenge) and 21-35 days of age (post-LPS challenge). Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA for the pre- and post-challenge phases, respectively. During the pre-challenge phase, dietary nucleotide supplementation improved body weight (982 vs. 1009 g/bird), daily weight gain (58.1 vs. 60.1 g/bird), feed conversion rate (1.28 vs. 1.25 g/g), and serum concentration of IgG (1.17 vs. 1.76 mg/mL) of broilers. During the post-challenge phase, nucleotide supplementation increased serum IgG of broilers at 28 days of age (3.01 vs. 4.34 mg/mL). For the intestinal morphometric parameters, nucleotide supplementation increased villus height (299.3 vs. 315.6 µm). Dietary nucleotide supplementation improves the performance of broilers from seven to 20 days of age (pre-LPS challenge). However, from 21 to 35 days of age, supplementation of 0.3 g of purified nucleotides/kg of feed, independent of inflammatory challenge, does not contribute to improve performance of broilers. Additionally, nucleotide supplementation increases IgG production and villus height in the jejunum of broilers.(AU)

Energy values and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in some feedstuffs for broilers / Valores energéticos e digestibilidade ileal estandardizada de aminoácidos de alguns alimentos para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values, standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of parboiled brown rice bran (PBRB), protein sorghum meal (PSM) and bread waste meal (BWM) in broiler diets. In the first trial, 144 broiler chicks at 14 days of age were evaluated in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a control diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. The total excreta collection method was adopted to determine the energy values of the feedstuffs. In the second trial, 144 broilers at 24 days of age were used in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a protein-free diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Ileal digesta was harvested to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of the feedstuffs. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 2638, 2799 and 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectively. The metabolizability coefficients of AMEn (CAMEn) of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 54.13, 57.35 and 86.66%, respectively. Bread waste meal had the highest CAMEn (p < 0.05) and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (p < 0.01), followed by PBRB and PSM. The main limiting digestible amino acids in PBRB, PSM and BWM were found at the following respective levels: methionine - 0.19, 0.33 and 0.24%; lysine - 0.40, 0.46 and 0.40%; threonine - 0.25, 0.50 and 0.45%; and valine - 0.44, 0.73 and 0.48%.

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos, os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e os teores de aminoácidos digestíveis do farelo de arroz integral parboilizado (FAIP), do farelo proteico de sorgo (FPS) e do farelo de resíduo de pão (FRP) em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 144 pintos de corte com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta referência, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas para determinar os valores energéticos dos alimentos. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 144 frangos de corte com 24 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta isenta de proteína, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. A coleta da digesta ileal foi utilizada para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e o teor de aminoácidos digestíveis dos alimentos. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 2638, 2799 e 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EMAn (CEMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 54,13, 57,35 e 86,66 %, respectivamente. Os CEMAn (p<0,05) e da digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (p<0,01) do FRP foram maiores, seguido pelo FAIP e FPS. Os valores dos principais aminoácidos limitantes digestíveis do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 0,19, 0,33 e 0,24 para a metionina; 0,40, 0,46 e 0,40 para lisina; 0,25, 0,50 e 0,45 para treonina; e 0,44, 0,73 e 0,48 para valina, respectivamente.

Energy values and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in some feedstuffs for broilers / Valores energéticos e digestibilidade ileal estandardizada de aminoácidos de alguns alimentos para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values, standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of parboiled brown rice bran (PBRB), protein sorghum meal (PSM) and bread waste meal (BWM) in broiler diets. In the first trial, 144 broiler chicks at 14 days of age were evaluated in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a control diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. The total excreta collection method was adopted to determine the energy values of the feedstuffs. In the second trial, 144 broilers at 24 days of age were used in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a protein-free diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Ileal digesta was harvested to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of the feedstuffs. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 2638, 2799 and 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectively. The metabolizability coefficients of AMEn (CAMEn) of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 54.13, 57.35 and 86.66%, respectively. Bread waste meal had the highest CAMEn (p < 0.05) and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (p < 0.01), followed by PBRB and PSM. The main limiting digestible amino acids in PBRB, PSM and BWM were found at the following respective levels: methionine - 0.19, 0.33 and 0.24%; lysine - 0.40, 0.46 and 0.40%; threonine - 0.25, 0.50 and 0.45%; and valine - 0.44, 0.73 and 0.48%.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos, os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e os teores de aminoácidos digestíveis do farelo de arroz integral parboilizado (FAIP), do farelo proteico de sorgo (FPS) e do farelo de resíduo de pão (FRP) em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 144 pintos de corte com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta referência, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas para determinar os valores energéticos dos alimentos. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 144 frangos de corte com 24 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta isenta de proteína, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. A coleta da digesta ileal foi utilizada para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e o teor de aminoácidos digestíveis dos alimentos. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 2638, 2799 e 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EMAn (CEMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 54,13, 57,35 e 86,66 %, respectivamente. Os CEMAn (p<0,05) e da digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (p<0,01) do FRP foram maiores, seguido pelo FAIP e FPS. Os valores dos principais aminoácidos limitantes digestíveis do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 0,19, 0,33 e 0,24 para a metionina; 0,40, 0,46 e 0,40 para lisina; 0,25, 0,50 e 0,45 para treonina; e 0,44, 0,73 e 0,48 para valina, respectivamente.(AU)

Effect of roof painting of aviaries on thermal comfort, productive performance and physiological variables of broilers chickens / Efeito da pintura de telhado de aviários no conforto térmico, desempenho produtivo e variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte

The objective this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort, performance and the physiological variables of 21-42 day of age broiler chickens housed in aviaries with painted and not painted fiber cement roof. A completely randomized design was used in a split-plot design where the plots were composed of the sheds (painted and not painted roof) and the subplots were the evaluation hours (6h00, 9h00, 12h00, 15h00 and 18h00) for a 22-day data collection, considered as the replicates. It was observed that the external painting in white of the roof provided improvements inside the shed for airtemperature (Ta), roof temperature (Tr) and the thermal load of radiation (TLR). The relative humidity (RH) and the Globe-Temperature-Humidity-Index (GTHI) varied only according to the collection times. The exterior painting of the roof had no effect on the physiological variables of the broilers. Productivity performance indexes and financial compensation per lot were better for the roof painted shed. As a result, fiber cement roof painted in white is recommended in aviaries located in hot climates, such as the region in this study.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o conforto térmico, o desempenho e as variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte alojados em aviários com e sem pintura de telhados de fibrocimento, no período de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo com parcela subdividida, onde as parcelas foram compostas pelos galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e as subparcelas os horários de avaliação (6, 9, 12, 15 e 18h) ao longo de 22 dias de coleta de dados, considerados como repetição. Observou-se que a pintura externa do telhado na cor branca, proporcionou melhorias no interior do galpão para a temperatura ambiente (Ta), temperatura de telhado (Tt) e na carga térmica de radiação (CTR). A umidade relativa (UR) e o índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) variaram apenas em função dos horários de coleta. Não houve efeito da pintura externa do telhado nas variáveis fisiológicas das aves. Os índices de desempenho produtivo e a remuneração financeira por lote foram melhores para o galpão com pintura de telhado. Assim, recomenda-se a pintura externa em telhados de fibrocimento, na cor branca, em aviários localizados em ambientes de clima quente, como a região em estudo.(AU)

Effect of roof painting of aviaries on thermal comfort, productive performance and physiological variables of broilers chickens / Efeito da pintura de telhado de aviários no conforto térmico, desempenho produtivo e variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte

The objective this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort, performance and the physiological variables of 21-42 day of age broiler chickens housed in aviaries with painted and not painted fiber cement roof. A completely randomized design was used in a split-plot design where the plots were composed of the sheds (painted and not painted roof) and the subplots were the evaluation hours (6h00, 9h00, 12h00, 15h00 and 18h00) for a 22-day data collection, considered as the replicates. It was observed that the external painting in white of the roof provided improvements inside the shed for airtemperature (Ta), roof temperature (Tr) and the thermal load of radiation (TLR). The relative humidity (RH) and the Globe-Temperature-Humidity-Index (GTHI) varied only according to the collection times. The exterior painting of the roof had no effect on the physiological variables of the broilers. Productivity performance indexes and financial compensation per lot were better for the roof painted shed. As a result, fiber cement roof painted in white is recommended in aviaries located in hot climates, such as the region in this study.

Objetivou-se avaliar o conforto térmico, o desempenho e as variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte alojados em aviários com e sem pintura de telhados de fibrocimento, no período de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo com parcela subdividida, onde as parcelas foram compostas pelos galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e as subparcelas os horários de avaliação (6, 9, 12, 15 e 18h) ao longo de 22 dias de coleta de dados, considerados como repetição. Observou-se que a pintura externa do telhado na cor branca, proporcionou melhorias no interior do galpão para a temperatura ambiente (Ta), temperatura de telhado (Tt) e na carga térmica de radiação (CTR). A umidade relativa (UR) e o índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) variaram apenas em função dos horários de coleta. Não houve efeito da pintura externa do telhado nas variáveis fisiológicas das aves. Os índices de desempenho produtivo e a remuneração financeira por lote foram melhores para o galpão com pintura de telhado. Assim, recomenda-se a pintura externa em telhados de fibrocimento, na cor branca, em aviários localizados em ambientes de clima quente, como a região em estudo.

Cassava bagasse and annatto colorific (Bixa orellana L. ) in diets for slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days of age / Bagaço de mandioca e colorífico de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) em dietas para frangos de crescimento lento de 30 a 90 dias de idade

The performance and breast skin color of slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days old fed diets with different inclusions of cassava bagasse and annatto colorific were evaluated. 308 slow-growing broilers were used in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial scheme with an additional treatment 3 X 2 + 1, with three levels of annatto colorific as a pigmentant agent (1%, 2% and 3%), two levels of cassava bagasse (10% and 20%) and an additional treatment (control diet), totaling seven treatments, four replicates and 11 broilers per experimental unit. Feed intake and feed conversion were affected by treatments, with interaction. The weight gain and final weight were influenced by the treatments and the best results were found for the inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 2% annatto colorific. There was no effect of treatment and no interaction on carcass yield. The color parameters L*, a* and b* were not influenced by treatments. The inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 1% annatto colorific for slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days of age is recommended. However, the use of these ingredients proved to be economically unfeasible.(AU)

Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor da pele de frangos de corte de crescimento lento no período de 30 a 90 dias, alimentados com dietas com diferentes inclusões de bagaço de mandioca e colorífico de urucum. 308 frangos de corte de crescimento lento foram utilizados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional 3 X 2 + 1, sendo três níveis de colorífico de urucum como agente pigmentante (1%, 2% e 3%), dois níveis de bagaço de mandioca (10% e 20%) e um tratamento adicional (dieta de controle), totalizando sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e 11 frangos de corte por unidade experimental. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, com interação. O ganho de peso e o peso final foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (p<0,001) e os melhores resultados foram encontrados para a inclusão de 10% de bagaço de mandioca e 2% de colorífico de urucum. Não houve efeito dos tratamento e nenhuma interação sobre o rendimento da carcaça. Os parâmetros de cor L *, a * e b * não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. É recomendável a inclusão de bagaço de mandioca a 10% e 1% de colorífico de urucum para frangos de crescimento lento de 30 a 90 dias de idade. No entanto, o uso desses ingredientes provou ser economicamente inviável.(AU)