What is an atypical BSE?

The number of cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe has decreased during the last years. The disease is designated as Classical BSE (C-BSE) once the prion protein involved is very constant and has genetic identity. On the other hand, atypical cases have occurred in several countries, apparently without any relationship with contaminated feeding. Atypical cases, H or L-BSE can have involvement with the etiology of the known C-BSE, first diagnosed in the UK. With the control of C-BSE based on rigid control of feeding, the occurrence of atypical BSE may predominate in the future. In this hypothesis atypical BSE, probably a spontaneous encephalopathy of cattle, will be considered as Sporadic BSE in contrast with the C-BSE that could be nominated UK-BSE.

What is an atypical BSE?

The number of cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe has decreased during the last years. The disease is designated as Classical BSE (C-BSE) once the prion protein involved is very constant and has genetic identity. On the other hand, atypical cases have occurred in several countries, apparently without any relationship with contaminated feeding. Atypical cases, H or L-BSE can have involvement with the etiology of the known C-BSE, first diagnosed in the UK. With the control of C-BSE based on rigid control of feeding, the occurrence of atypical BSE may predominate in the future. In this hypothesis atypical BSE, probably a spontaneous encephalopathy of cattle, will be considered as Sporadic BSE in contrast with the C-BSE that could be nominated UK-BSE.(AU)

Relação da expressão de fatores de crescimento celular (IGF-1) e (SCF) com fatores prognósticos e o alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (m-TOR) em mastocitomas cutâneos caninos / IGF-1 and SCF protein expression in cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs and relation to prognostic factors and mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR)

O mastocitoma cutâneo (MTC) é a neoplasia maligna mais comum na pele dos cães e seu comportamento biológico é muito variável. Dentre os fatores prognósticos estudados nos MTCs, a classificação histopatológica, o índice proliferativo e o padrão de expressão doc-KIT são os que apresentam uma associação mais relevante com o provável prognóstico deste tumor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão proteica de fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1), fator de célula tronco (SCF) e sua relação com o receptor tirosina quinase (c-KIT), alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (m-TOR), grau histológico, índice proliferativo pelo KI-67e o número de figuras de mitose (IM) com dados clínicos de cães com MTCs . Foram utilizadas 133 amostras de MTCs, provenientes de 133 cães, dispostas em lâminas de microarranjo de tecidos (TMA). A técnica de imuno-histoquímica foi utilizada para a avaliação destas proteínas. Observou-se associação entre SCF e, a graduação histopatológica proposta em 2011, índice mitótico, proliferação celular (KI-67), escore de IGF-1, local da lesão, idade dos animais e padrão imuno-histoquímico do receptor c-KIT. A relação de dependência também foi observada entre IGF-1 e o porte dos animais, IM, m-TOR e c-KIT. A expressão de SCF teve relacção com a agressividade dos MTCs caninos, uma vez que foi mais freqüente em MTCs com c-KIT citoplasmático. A relação entre a expressão de IGF-1, SCF, c-KIT e m-TOR pode estar associada à integralização de suas vias de ação. A expressão de IGF-1 está associada à MTCs em cães de porte grande.(AU)

Cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most common neoplasms in the skin of dogs and express variable biological behavior. Among the MTC aspects studied, histological classification, proliferative index and protein expression of c-KIT show the most defined connection with the tumor prognostic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein expression of insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), steam cell factor (SCF) and theit relationship with tyrosine kinase receptor (c-KIT), mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR), histological classification (KI-67), proliferative and mitotic index and epidemiological data in MTCs. In this study 133 MTC samples from 133 animals were used, arranged in tissue microarray (TMA) slides. The TMA was used for evaluation the proteins. An association was observed between SCF and histological grade proposed in 2011, mitotic index, cell proliferation, IGF-1, lesion site, age of the animals, and immunohistochemical pattern c-KIT receptor. The dependence relationship was also observed between IGF-1 and animal size, mitotic index, m-TOR and c-KIT. The SCF protein expression was related to canine MTCs aggressiveness, since it is more frequent in MCTs with c-KIT cytoplasmic. The relationship between the expression of IGF-1, SCF, c-KIT e m-TOR can be associated with the integration of its actions ways. The IGF-1 expression is associated with large dog breeds MTCs.(AU)

Immunophenotyping of Thymic Lymphoma in a Nelore Cow

Thymic lymphoma is a malignant lymphoid neoplasm that affects several species, including cattle. This type of neoplasia can lead to death due to malignant cell infiltration in different organs. The classification of this neoplasm may predict prognosis and response to treatment. Immunophenotyping is one of the ways to perform this classification. There are reports about the performance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to classify thymic lymphoma only in taurine cattle, therefore the aim of this report is to describe the immunophenotype of a thymic lymphoma in a Nelore cow. Immunostaining was performed with monoclonal antibodies (CD79, CD4 and CD8). The tumor cells showed positive staining only for CD8 T lymphocytes, coinciding with the disease progression, since the T lymphoma type is more aggressive.(AU)

Use of Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Latex Biomembrane in Diaphragmatic Injuries in Rabbits ­ an Experimental Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical use of the natural latex biomembrane in diaphragmatic injuries produced experimentally in rabbits. Fifteen healthy adult male and female New Zealand rabbits were employed. The rabbits were assigned to the experimental groups I, II, III, IV and V and analyzed on the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 90th days post surgery, respectively. The surgical procedure consisted in the access to the diaphragm at the eighth right intercostal space, removal of a circle portion of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter following surgical repair with a latex membrane. Macroscopically, it was observed an excellent healing process during the experimental period. The clinical observations, complemented by the histological analysis, indicate that the latex membrane is useful for repair of traumatic inuries of the diaphragm of rabbits.(AU)

Intravascular Lymphomatosis in the Central Nervous System of Dogs: Immunohistochemical Investigation in Two Cases

We report here two postmortem cases of dogs with intravascular lymphomatosis affecting the central nervous system. Intravascular lymphomatosis is represented by an exclusively intravascular proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. To characterize the origin of the neoplastic cells, we have proceeded with immunohistochemical analysis to identify B and T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. The results showed predominance of cells from the T cell lineage, and no evidence of B cell origin was found. Few cells from one dog also exhibited cytoplasmatic staining for vimentin and Von Willebrand factor. Although in one case some immunophenotype diversity was observed, the massive presence of CD3 positive cells confirmed these neoplasms as intravascular lymphomatosis of T cell origin.(AU)

Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Mammary Tumors

The purpose of this paper is to establish criteria that could guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine mammary neoplasias. It was elaborated during the Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine Mammary Neoplasm, held on November 6th and 7th, 2010 in Belo Horizonte ­ MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology ­ UFMG, with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.(AU)

Experimental infection of commercial layers using a Salmonella enterica sorovar Gallinarum strain: blood serum components and histopathological changes

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the blood serum components and histopathological findings of commercial layers experimentally infected with Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), the microorganism responsible for the fowl typhoid. 180 commercial layers were distributed into three groups (G): G1 and G2 received 0.2mL of inoculum containing 3.3x108 and 3.3x105 CFU of resistant SG to the nalidix acid (Nalr)/mL, respectively, directly into their crops; G3 did not receive the inoculum (control group). The birds were inoculated when they were 5 days old and the euthanasia was performed 24 hours before and after infection and 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after the administration of the inoculum. In each day of collection, blood samples were obtained for biochemical tests of the blood serum besides macroscopic and histopathological examination of the birds. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by the SAS statistical program and the means were compared by Tukey´s test (P<0,05). In the serum biochemical profile it was observed that the infection interfered in the values of total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglycerides, GGT and ALT in the infected groups. The macroscopic examination showed hepatomegaly, alteration of the hepatic color and hemorrhagic spots in the kidneys of animals from G1. The histopathology showed degeneration of hepatocytes in G1 and G2 although other lesions like multifocal hepatic necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate on the liver and kidneys were restricted to G1. The alterations were more evident on G1 which received a higher concentration of bacteria/mL when compared to G2. The results showed that the correlation between biochemical alterations and macroscopic and histopathological lesions can assist the comprehension of the pathophysiology of fowl typhoid, supplying important information for the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.

Experimental infection of commercial layers using a Salmonella enterica sorovar Gallinarum strain: blood serum components and histopathological changes

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the blood serum components and histopathological findings of commercial layers experimentally infected with Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), the microorganism responsible for the fowl typhoid. 180 commercial layers were distributed into three groups (G): G1 and G2 received 0.2mL of inoculum containing 3.3x108 and 3.3x105 CFU of resistant SG to the nalidix acid (Nalr)/mL, respectively, directly into their crops; G3 did not receive the inoculum (control group). The birds were inoculated when they were 5 days old and the euthanasia was performed 24 hours before and after infection and 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after the administration of the inoculum. In each day of collection, blood samples were obtained for biochemical tests of the blood serum besides macroscopic and histopathological examination of the birds. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by the SAS statistical program and the means were compared by Tukey´s test (P<0,05). In the serum biochemical profile it was observed that the infection interfered in the values of total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglycerides, GGT and ALT in the infected groups. The macroscopic examination showed hepatomegaly, alteration of the hepatic color and hemorrhagic spots in the kidneys of animals from G1. The histopathology showed degeneration of hepatocytes in G1 and G2 although other lesions like multifocal hepatic necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate on the liver and kidneys were restricted to G1. The alterations were more evident on G1 which received a higher concentration of bacteria/mL when compared to G2. The results showed that the correlation between biochemical alterations and macroscopic and histopathological lesions can assist the comprehension of the pathophysiology of fowl typhoid, supplying important information for the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.(AU)

Statistical evaluation of the Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology - The first two years

The Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (BJVP) is the official electronic periodical of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology. The purpose of the BJVP is to publish original full papers, short communications, case reports, letters, reviews (by invited experts) and abstracts of scientific meetings in the fields of natural and experimental pathology, directed to the national and international scientific community The present communication provides information regarding some of the BJVP numeric details, its target audience and statistical data of worldwide reader's access in these first two years of publication, in order to better inform interested authors and readers regarding the Journal's scope and range.

Alterações morfológicas de tecido laminar do casco e parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de equinos com síndrome cólica letal / Morphologic alterations of the hoof lamellar tissue, and clinic and laboratorial analyses of horses with lethal colic syndrome

As afecções gastrintestinais dos cavalos são agravadas por complicações como a laminite, cuja etiopatogenia está relacionada à degradação da membrana basal do tecido laminar por metaloproteinases (MMPs). A ativação das MMPs pode ocorrer devido à liberação local de citocinas inflamatórias ou enzimas provenientes de leucócitos infiltrados no tecido laminar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas do tecido laminar de equinos com síndrome cólica letal e sua provável associação com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Observou-se intensa destruição da arquitetura laminar, principalmente nos animais com alterações físicas e laboratoriais mais acentuadas, como tempo de preenchimento capilar prolongado (TPC), membranas mucosas congestas, taquicardia, hemoconcentração e redução nas contagens de plaquetas e leucócitos. Os resultados sinalizam o provável momento do desenvolvimento de lesões do tecido laminar em equinos com síndrome cólica, no qual é possível adotar medidas preventivas contra a laminite.(AU)

The gastrointestinal diseases of horses are aggravated by complications such as laminitis. The laminitis etiopathogeny are connected with lamellar basement membrane degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes enzymes can active MMPs. The object of this study was to evaluate morphological changes on lamellar tissue of horses with colic syndrome and its association with clinical and laboratorial parameters. It was observed intensive destruction of lamellar architecture, mainly on animals with severe physical and laboratorial alterations, such as delayed capillary refill time, congested mucous membrane, tachycardia, hemoconcentration and low count of platelet and leukocytes. The results sign to the most likely moment of development of lamellar tissue injuries in horses with colic syndrome, which can be adopted preventive measures against laminitis.(AU)