Femoral orthopedic implants in dogs with titanium - mechanical evaluation

Background: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal functionand to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, whenmolding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanentin the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types aremost common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening.Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description ofimplant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonlytensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristicsof titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness andresistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone.Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0- and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10,15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the...

Femoral orthopedic implants in dogs with titanium - mechanical evaluation

Background: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal functionand to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, whenmolding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanentin the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types aremost common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening.Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description ofimplant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonlytensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristicsof titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness andresistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone.Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0- and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10,15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the...(AU)

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...(AU)

Videothermometry to evaluate metabolic activity in real time during pneumectomy in rats

Purpose:To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes.Methods:Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals.Results:Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP.Conclusions:Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.(AU)

Infrared video thermometry guidance for surgical correction of chylothorax in dogs

Background: Macroscopic identification of the extravasation site of chyle in patients with chylothorax is a major challenge. Current forms of identification are invasive and/or expose patients to radiation, as in computerized tomography and radiography. A prototype device that uses infrared video thermometry images to detect temperature increments of 0.1ºC has been developed. This device can process and show real-time images or video on a monitor during surgeries. Therefore, the aim of this work was to report the first successful case in which this innovative device was tested in the transoperative period to identify the thoracic duct and its tributaries in a chylothorax surgery performed in a dog.Case: A 2-year-old male dog of the Shiba Inu breed was presented to the veterinary hospital with exercise intolerance, cough, emaciation, and no history of trauma. Clinical examination was performed along with complete blood count, biochemical analysis, and thoracic radiography. The patient exhibited dyspnea and had diminished breath sounds on chest auscultation. Radiographic images revealed moderate pleural effusion. The dog was anesthetized and submitted to thoracotomy, which enabled visualization of a chylous effusion. A sample of the effusion was collected for cytological and biochemical analyses. Subsequently, pericardiectomy was carried out, and identification of the thoracic duct and its tributaries was guided by an innovative device that generates infrared video thermometry images in real time. The extravasation site of the chyle was visualized on the images shown on a monitor. Consequently, after ligation of the tributary vessel, interruption of chyle overflow could be noticed on the monitor. Thoracotomy was routinely closed, and a drain was placed through an intercostal space after incision. Thirty days after the surgery, the dog exhibited no signs of recurrence.[...]

Technical innovation: Intragastric Single Port Sleeve Gastrectomy (IGSG). A feasibility survival study on porcine model

Purpose: To perform technically the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) using a unique Intragastric Single Port (IGSG) in animal swine model, evidencing an effective and safe procedure, optimizing the conventional technique.Methods: IGSG was performed in 4 minipigs, using a percutaneous intragastric single port located in the pre-pyloric region. The gastric stapling of the greater curvature started from the pre-pyloric region towards the angle of His by Endo GIA system and the specimen was removed through the single port. In the postoperative day 30, the animals were sacrificed and submitted to autopsy.Results: All procedures were performed without conversion, and all survived 30 days. The mean operative time was 42 min. During the perioperative period no complications were observed during invagination and stapling. No postoperative complications occurred. Post-mortem examination showed no leaks or infectious complications.Conclusion: Intragastric Single Port is a feasible procedure that may be a suitable alternative technique of sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of morbid obesity.(AU)

Infrared video thermometry guidance for surgical correction of chylothorax in dogs

Background: Macroscopic identification of the extravasation site of chyle in patients with chylothorax is a major challenge. Current forms of identification are invasive and/or expose patients to radiation, as in computerized tomography and radiography. A prototype device that uses infrared video thermometry images to detect temperature increments of 0.1ºC has been developed. This device can process and show real-time images or video on a monitor during surgeries. Therefore, the aim of this work was to report the first successful case in which this innovative device was tested in the transoperative period to identify the thoracic duct and its tributaries in a chylothorax surgery performed in a dog.Case: A 2-year-old male dog of the Shiba Inu breed was presented to the veterinary hospital with exercise intolerance, cough, emaciation, and no history of trauma. Clinical examination was performed along with complete blood count, biochemical analysis, and thoracic radiography. The patient exhibited dyspnea and had diminished breath sounds on chest auscultation. Radiographic images revealed moderate pleural effusion. The dog was anesthetized and submitted to thoracotomy, which enabled visualization of a chylous effusion. A sample of the effusion was collected for cytological and biochemical analyses. Subsequently, pericardiectomy was carried out, and identification of the thoracic duct and its tributaries was guided by an innovative device that generates infrared video thermometry images in real time. The extravasation site of the chyle was visualized on the images shown on a monitor. Consequently, after ligation of the tributary vessel, interruption of chyle overflow could be noticed on the monitor. Thoracotomy was routinely closed, and a drain was placed through an intercostal space after incision. Thirty days after the surgery, the dog exhibited no signs of recurrence.[...](AU)

Vascular endothelial growth factor association with angiopoietin 1 promotes improvement in ventricular function after ischemic cardiomyopathy induced in mini pigs

Purpose: To investigate the safety and clinical, hemodynamic and tissue improvement ability in mini pigs undergoing cell and gene therapy for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Thirty-two mini pigs Br1 lineage, 12 months old, undergoing induction of acute myocardial infarction by occlusion of the diagonal branch of the paraconal coronary. They were divided into 4 groups: one control group and 3 treatment groups (cell therapy and gene cell therapy). Echocardiography reviews were performed on three occasions and histopathological analysis was performed after 4 weeks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey and Wilcoxon tests, were performed. Results: Association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with angiopoietin1 (Ang1) presented satisfactory results in the improvement of ventricular function following ischemic cardiomyopathy in mini pigs when compared to the results of the other treated groups. Conclusion: The therapy with VEGF and the combination of VEGF with Ang1, promoted recovered function of the myocardium, characterized by reduced akinetic area and induction of neovascularization.(AU)

Use of total venous inflow occlusion to enable correction of an atrial septal defect in a dog

Background: Atrial septal defects are generally classified into three types: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. Diagnose is normaly confirmed with Doppler echocardiography, which can identify and classify atrial septal defects types. This cardiac anomaly may be corrected by different surgical approaches, such as cardiopulmonary bypass or transvenous approaches. Therefore, we chose to close the atrial septal defect using a total venous inflow occlusion technique (TIVO), which has been successfully used in other procedures without major postoperative complications, and are notably cheaper and requires no specialized equipment, been able to be done in different places.Case: An American Pit Bull Terrier was referred to our surgical service for ostium secundum atrial septal defect correction, by the time of surgery the patient presented dyspneic; normal capillary refill time and rectal temperature; the owner mentioned the patient exhibited exercise intolerance and delayed development compared to other dogs of the same age or from the same litter. Cardiac auscultation revealed a systolic murmur at the left base, femoral pulse was normokinetic, and patient was emaciated and prostrated at the time of clinical evaluation. Atrial septal defect was suspected and then confirmed by Doppler echocardiography that revealed a discontinuous area in the interatrial septum, and by color doppler images an aliased signal, that extended through the interatrial septum and shunted from the left to the right atria, was visualized, confirming an ostium secundum atrial septal defect. After a right intercostal thoracotomy, a subphrenic pericardiectomy was performed to provide access to the heart. Cranial and caudal vena cava as well as the azygos vein, were dissected, which allowed placement of a Satinsky’s clamp to proceed with TIVO. Before TIVO initiation, a pursestring suture with 3-0 polypropylene was applied to the right atrium.[...]

Use of total venous inflow occlusion to enable correction of an atrial septal defect in a dog

Background: Atrial septal defects are generally classified into three types: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. Diagnose is normaly confirmed with Doppler echocardiography, which can identify and classify atrial septal defects types. This cardiac anomaly may be corrected by different surgical approaches, such as cardiopulmonary bypass or transvenous approaches. Therefore, we chose to close the atrial septal defect using a total venous inflow occlusion technique (TIVO), which has been successfully used in other procedures without major postoperative complications, and are notably cheaper and requires no specialized equipment, been able to be done in different places.Case: An American Pit Bull Terrier was referred to our surgical service for ostium secundum atrial septal defect correction, by the time of surgery the patient presented dyspneic; normal capillary refill time and rectal temperature; the owner mentioned the patient exhibited exercise intolerance and delayed development compared to other dogs of the same age or from the same litter. Cardiac auscultation revealed a systolic murmur at the left base, femoral pulse was normokinetic, and patient was emaciated and prostrated at the time of clinical evaluation. Atrial septal defect was suspected and then confirmed by Doppler echocardiography that revealed a discontinuous area in the interatrial septum, and by color doppler images an aliased signal, that extended through the interatrial septum and shunted from the left to the right atria, was visualized, confirming an ostium secundum atrial septal defect. After a right intercostal thoracotomy, a subphrenic pericardiectomy was performed to provide access to the heart. Cranial and caudal vena cava as well as the azygos vein, were dissected, which allowed placement of a Satinskys clamp to proceed with TIVO. Before TIVO initiation, a pursestring suture with 3-0 polypropylene was applied to the right atrium.[...](AU)

Oxigenação extracorpórea por membrana em cães sem auxílio circulatório / Pumpless extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in dogs

A oxigenação extracorpórea por membrana com desvio arterio-venoso (AV-ECMO), em seres humanos, é uma técnica de suporte à vida capaz de assumir em parte ou totalmente as funções dos pulmões, quando estes já não são capazes de promover uma adequada hematose. Para conhecer a viabilidade deste método em cães (Canis familiaris), o presente estudo aplicou a AV-ECMO em dez indivíduos adultos, sem raça definida, com uma expectativa de três horas de duração para cada experimento. No grupo 1 (n=4), ventilação mecânica e infusão contínua de dopamina foram associadas ao suporte extracorpóreo. No grupo 2 (n=6), nenhuma medida de terapia intensiva foi instituída concomitantemente à AV-ECMO. O comportamento dos parâmetros de gasometria e os níveis de lactato foram avaliados a cada 10 minutos e 1 hora, respectivamente, por meio de da avaliação de amostras sanguíneas arteriais. O suporte inotrópico foi capaz de promover uma melhor perfusão tecidual com sangue oxigenado, sugerida pelos níveis de lactato e pressão arterial média mensurados, assim como a hemogasometria revelou melhores resultados quando a ventilação mecânica foi utilizada simultaneamente à AV-ECMO. Portanto, aplicada conjuntamente com suporte da terapia intensiva, a AV-ECMO é uma técnica viável para o uso em cães com falência respiratória, refratária aos tratamentos convencionais.(AU)

In humans, arteriovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (AV-ECMO) is a life support technique capable to assume in part or totally lungs functions, when these are not able to promote appropriated hematosis. To know the viability of this method in dogs (Canis familiaris), the present study applied AV-ECMO in ten adult mixed-breed dogs, with expected three hours of duration to each experiment. In Group 1 (n=4), mechanical ventilation and dopamine continuous infusion were associated with the extracorporeal support. In Group 2 (n=6), any other measure of intensive care was used concomitantly AV-ECMO. Blood gas analysis and lactate levels were evaluated every 10 minutes and one hour, respectively, from arterial blood samples. Inotropic support improved the blood flow through the circuit promoting a better tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood, suggested by the lactate and mean arterial pressure levels measured. Mechanical ventilation used simultaneously with AV-ECMO was able to further improve levels of blood gases. Therefore, if applied along intensive care support, AV-ECMO is a viable technique for use in dogs with respiratory failure refractory to conventional treatments.(AU)

NOTES transvaginal em égua: estudo preliminar / Transvaginal NOTES in mares: preliminar study

A cirurgia endoscópica por orifícios naturais é um novo conceito de abordagem endoscópico-cirúrgica, que surge comoalternativa à cirurgia convencional, eliminando incisões abdominais e complicações relacionadas. Ela é realizada pororifícios como estômago, ânus e vagina. A proposta deste estudo foi descrever nova técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasivapara acesso à cavidade abdominal, por NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) transvaginal em éguas.Foi realizado o acesso através do fórnix vaginal para um inventário da cavidade abdominal em duas éguas. Para tal foirealizada uma sedação prévia com Detomidina intravenosa e lidocaína pela via epidural. O acesso foi feito com auxílio de umtrocater-cânula dorsolateral direita a cérvix; que em seguida foi substituído por um overtube e o endoscópio flexível foiinserido através deste. Foi realizada exploração seriada da cavidade abdominal. O acesso foi realizado facilmente semcomplicações de trans e pós-operatórios. Foi visualizado o antímero direito da cavidade abdominal e suas estruturasanatômicas. O método evidenciou eficiência e mínima invasibilidade para exploração de vísceras abdominais em fêmeasequinas, ficando clara sua grande relevância para diagnóstico de patologias abdominais como seu uso para realização debiópsias.(AU)

NOTES, an acronym for Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, is a new endoscopic surgery alternative approach which eliminates abdominal incisions and their related complications. NOTES techniques are usually performed through orifices like stomach, anus and vagina. This study aimed the description of a new minimally invasive technique for transvaginal access to abdominal cavity in fowls. Two fowls had its abdominal cavity accessed through their vaginal fórnix. The anesthesia was realized with E.V. Detomidine and lidocaine via epidural. The access was done by a canule-trocater inserted at the right dorso-lateral region of the cervix. The canule was replaced with the aid of an overtube, after what the endoscope was inserted through it. The abdominal cavity was fully inspected.(AU)

NOTES transvaginal em égua: estudo preliminar / Transvaginal NOTES in mares: preliminar study

A cirurgia endoscópica por orifícios naturais é um novo conceito de abordagem endoscópico-cirúrgica, que surge comoalternativa à cirurgia convencional, eliminando incisões abdominais e complicações relacionadas. Ela é realizada pororifícios como estômago, ânus e vagina. A proposta deste estudo foi descrever nova técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasivapara acesso à cavidade abdominal, por NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) transvaginal em éguas.Foi realizado o acesso através do fórnix vaginal para um inventário da cavidade abdominal em duas éguas. Para tal foirealizada uma sedação prévia com Detomidina intravenosa e lidocaína pela via epidural. O acesso foi feito com auxílio de umtrocater-cânula dorsolateral direita a cérvix; que em seguida foi substituído por um overtube e o endoscópio flexível foiinserido através deste. Foi realizada exploração seriada da cavidade abdominal. O acesso foi realizado facilmente semcomplicações de trans e pós-operatórios. Foi visualizado o antímero direito da cavidade abdominal e suas estruturasanatômicas. O método evidenciou eficiência e mínima invasibilidade para exploração de vísceras abdominais em fêmeasequinas, ficando clara sua grande relevância para diagnóstico de patologias abdominais como seu uso para realização debiópsias.

NOTES, an acronym for Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, is a new endoscopic surgery alternative approach which eliminates abdominal incisions and their related complications. NOTES techniques are usually performed through orifices like stomach, anus and vagina. This study aimed the description of a new minimally invasive technique for transvaginal access to abdominal cavity in fowls. Two fowls had its abdominal cavity accessed through their vaginal fórnix. The anesthesia was realized with E.V. Detomidine and lidocaine via epidural. The access was done by a canule-trocater inserted at the right dorso-lateral region of the cervix. The canule was replaced with the aid of an overtube, after what the endoscope was inserted through it. The abdominal cavity was fully inspected.

comportamento da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura corpórea em coelhos submetidos à parada circulatória cardíaca / Behavior of heart rate and temperature in rabbits submitted to circulatory arrest

A técnica da parada circulatória total (PTC) ou inflow occlusion consiste em impedir a entrada do sangue às câmaras cardíacas através do clampeamento das veias cavas caudal e cranial e veia ázigos. Contudo, alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos do paciente podem ser desencadeadas com a aplicação desta técnica. Em enfermidades cardíacas intracavitárias, cuja correção leva alguns minutos, como na estenose pulmonar ou na estenose subaórtica, esta técnica pode ser facilmente utilizada. Por ser de baixo custo e de simples aplicação, é passível de realização em clínicas particulares. Neste ensaio, avaliou-se o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura corpórea de coelhos submetido a dois períodos de cinco minutos de PCT, utilizando-se a técnica da inflow occlusion. Um período de recirculação sanguínea entre as oclusões foi realizado a fim de verificar os potenciais benefícios desta prática sobre o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e temperatura corpórea dos animais, parâmetros avaliados ao longo de todo o período transoperatório. Ocorreram dois óbitos, ambos no período de recirculação, dada a ocorrência de fibrilação ventricular. Todavia, com a aplicação do período de recirculação do sangue, foi possível constatar que esta técnica pode ser utilizada em cirurgias intracardíacas, com duração de até dez minutos.

The technique of total circulatory arrest (TCA), or inflow occlusion, consists in preventing the blood entry into the heart chambers by clamping the vena cava and the cranial and caudal vena azygos. However, changes in physiological parameters of the patient can be triggered with the application of this technique. This technique can be easily used in heart intra-cavity diseases, whose correction takes a few minutes, as in pulmonary stenosis or subaortic stenosis. Because low cost and simple implementation, it may be carried out in private clinics. In this trial, the behavior of heart rate and body temperature of rabbits submitted to two periods of five minutes of TCA, by the use of inflow occlusion technique, was evaluated. A period of blood recirculation between occlusions was performed to verify the potential benefits of this practice on the behavior of heart rate and body temperature of the animals. These parameters were assessed throughout the perioperative period. There were two deaths, both in the recirculation period due to the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. Nevertheless, with the implementation of the period of blood recirculation, we verified that this technique can be used in intra-cardiac surgery lasting up to 10 minutes.

comportamento da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura corpórea em coelhos submetidos à parada circulatória cardíaca / Behavior of heart rate and temperature in rabbits submitted to circulatory arrest

A técnica da parada circulatória total (PTC) ou inflow occlusion consiste em impedir a entrada do sangue às câmaras cardíacas através do clampeamento das veias cavas caudal e cranial e veia ázigos. Contudo, alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos do paciente podem ser desencadeadas com a aplicação desta técnica. Em enfermidades cardíacas intracavitárias, cuja correção leva alguns minutos, como na estenose pulmonar ou na estenose subaórtica, esta técnica pode ser facilmente utilizada. Por ser de baixo custo e de simples aplicação, é passível de realização em clínicas particulares. Neste ensaio, avaliou-se o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura corpórea de coelhos submetido a dois períodos de cinco minutos de PCT, utilizando-se a técnica da inflow occlusion. Um período de recirculação sanguínea entre as oclusões foi realizado a fim de verificar os potenciais benefícios desta prática sobre o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e temperatura corpórea dos animais, parâmetros avaliados ao longo de todo o período transoperatório. Ocorreram dois óbitos, ambos no período de recirculação, dada a ocorrência de fibrilação ventricular. Todavia, com a aplicação do período de recirculação do sangue, foi possível constatar que esta técnica pode ser utilizada em cirurgias intracardíacas, com duração de até dez minutos.(AU)

The technique of total circulatory arrest (TCA), or inflow occlusion, consists in preventing the blood entry into the heart chambers by clamping the vena cava and the cranial and caudal vena azygos. However, changes in physiological parameters of the patient can be triggered with the application of this technique. This technique can be easily used in heart intra-cavity diseases, whose correction takes a few minutes, as in pulmonary stenosis or subaortic stenosis. Because low cost and simple implementation, it may be carried out in private clinics. In this trial, the behavior of heart rate and body temperature of rabbits submitted to two periods of five minutes of TCA, by the use of inflow occlusion technique, was evaluated. A period of blood recirculation between occlusions was performed to verify the potential benefits of this practice on the behavior of heart rate and body temperature of the animals. These parameters were assessed throughout the perioperative period. There were two deaths, both in the recirculation period due to the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. Nevertheless, with the implementation of the period of blood recirculation, we verified that this technique can be used in intra-cardiac surgery lasting up to 10 minutes.(AU)

Metodologia de modelo experimental para estudo da dor neuropática / Methodology of experimental model for the study of pain neuropathic

Embora a dor esteja presente desde a antiga história da humanidade, ainda hoje, os modernos tratamentosfarmacológicos são limitados e nem sempre eficazes. Esta dificuldade relaciona-se diretamente com acomplexidade de sua fisiopatologia. A dor neuropática crônica é uma doença comum na prática clínica,e prejudica a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. É definida como dor iniciada ou causada por uma lesãoprimária ou disfunção do sistema nervoso. A dor neuropática está relacionada, na maioria dos casos, aocomprometimento dos nervos periféricos, por isso a utilização de modelos animais de lesão nervosa periféricaé amplamente aceita para o seu estudo. Neste trabalho ratos Wistar foram submetidos a dois diferentesmodelos para o desenvolvimento de dor neuropática: modelo por injúria constritiva crônica (CCI)e modelo de ligadura do nervo espinhal (SNL). Como resultado, todos os animais, de ambos os grupos,apresentaram sinais de neuropatia, a partir do terceiro dia após cirurgia. Os dois modelos demonstraramser eficientes na obtenção de dor neuropática, sendo ambos úteis no que diz respeito a experimentos quevisem resolução ou diminuição desta grave injúria, o que deverá proporcionar um grande avanço noestudo de substâncias analgésicas.AU

Although the pain is present since the ancient history of mankind, even today the modern pharmacologicaltreatments are limited and not always effective. This difficulty is directly related to the complexityof its pathophysiology. The chronic neuropathic pain is a common disease in clinical practiceand the quality effect of life of patients. It is defined as pain initiated or caused by a primary lesionor dysfunction of the nervous system. A neuropathic pain is related, in majority of cases, the involvementof peripheral nerves, therefore the use of animal models of peripheral nerve lesion is widelyaccepted for your study. In wistar rats were submitted to two different models for the developmentof neuropathic pain: model for chronic constrictive injury (CCI) and model of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). As a result, all animals both groups showed signs of neuropathy, starting from the third dayafter surgery. The two models have proved to be efficient in obtaining neuropathic pain, both beinguseful in respect of experiments that aimed at reducing this resolution or reduction of this severeinjury, which should provide a great advance in the study of analgesic substances.AU

Metodologia de modelo experimental para estudo da dor neuropática / Methodology of experimental model for the study of pain neuropathic

Embora a dor esteja presente desde a antiga história da humanidade, ainda hoje, os modernos tratamentosfarmacológicos são limitados e nem sempre eficazes. Esta dificuldade relaciona-se diretamente com acomplexidade de sua fisiopatologia. A dor neuropática crônica é uma doença comum na prática clínica,e prejudica a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. É definida como dor iniciada ou causada por uma lesãoprimária ou disfunção do sistema nervoso. A dor neuropática está relacionada, na maioria dos casos, aocomprometimento dos nervos periféricos, por isso a utilização de modelos animais de lesão nervosa periféricaé amplamente aceita para o seu estudo. Neste trabalho ratos Wistar foram submetidos a dois diferentesmodelos para o desenvolvimento de dor neuropática: modelo por injúria constritiva crônica (CCI)e modelo de ligadura do nervo espinhal (SNL). Como resultado, todos os animais, de ambos os grupos,apresentaram sinais de neuropatia, a partir do terceiro dia após cirurgia. Os dois modelos demonstraramser eficientes na obtenção de dor neuropática, sendo ambos úteis no que diz respeito a experimentos quevisem resolução ou diminuição desta grave injúria, o que deverá proporcionar um grande avanço noestudo de substâncias analgésicas.

Although the pain is present since the ancient history of mankind, even today the modern pharmacologicaltreatments are limited and not always effective. This difficulty is directly related to the complexityof its pathophysiology. The chronic neuropathic pain is a common disease in clinical practiceand the quality effect of life of patients. It is defined as pain initiated or caused by a primary lesionor dysfunction of the nervous system. A neuropathic pain is related, in majority of cases, the involvementof peripheral nerves, therefore the use of animal models of peripheral nerve lesion is widelyaccepted for your study. In wistar rats were submitted to two different models for the developmentof neuropathic pain: model for chronic constrictive injury (CCI) and model of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). As a result, all animals both groups showed signs of neuropathy, starting from the third dayafter surgery. The two models have proved to be efficient in obtaining neuropathic pain, both beinguseful in respect of experiments that aimed at reducing this resolution or reduction of this severeinjury, which should provide a great advance in the study of analgesic substances.

Utilização do Avelós (euphorbia spp. ) em neoplasias: uma revisãode seus possíveis mecanismos de ação / Use of avelos (euphorbia spp. ) neoplasms in: a review of its possible mechanism of action

O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte em humanos e vem aumentando atualmente, inclusiveentre os animais. Em humanos, o tratamento quimioterápico consiste no uso de drogas que controlem eprevinam o crescimento, multiplicação e disseminação das células cancerosas. A diferença do tratamentoquimioterápico nos animais consiste no uso limitado de alguns medicamentos, baseado no alto custodestas drogas. As pesquisas básica e aplicada vêm tentando desenvolver e aprimorar novos agentesquimioterápicos, a fim de serem mais seletivos às células neoplásicas e causarem menos danos colaterais.Atualmente, a procura por medicamentos menos deletérios ao organismo, que sejam eficazes e de menorcusto, tem aumentado o uso de fitoterápicos. O Avelós (Euphorbia spp.) é uma planta que na medicinapopular é usada para a cura de doenças como o câncer por atribuir a ela diversos efeitos, entre eles o deser anticancerígena sem haver, contudo, a comprovação de sua eficácia. O Avelós tem sido utilizado clinicamenteem humanos e em animais mostrando bons resultados de forma empírica. Alguns trabalhostêm sido desenvolvidos com a intenção de definir o mecanismo de ação dos diferentes compostos bioativosdas espécies do Gênero Euphorbia e suas aplicações como agentes antineoplásicos e imunoestimulantes.O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar na literatura científica os possíveis mecanismos de ação doscompostos bioativos da Euphorbia spp. e suas implicações como agentes antineoplásicos e imunoestimulantes.Propõe-se que seu principal mecanismo de ação seja através da fosforilação da proteína quinaseC que, dependendo da isoforma dessa proteína, o resultado da ativação pode ser pró ou antitumoral.AU

Cancer is a leading cause of death in humans and is currently increasing, even among animals. Inhumans, chemotherapy is the use of drugs to prevent and control the growth, proliferation and spreadof cancer cells. The difference of chemotherapy in animals is the limited use of some medications,based on the high cost of these drugs. The basic and applied researches are trying to develop andenhance new chemotherapeutic agents, in order to be more selective for tumor cells and cause lesscollateral damage. Currently, the demand for less harmful to the body, which are effective and lowercost drugs has increased the use of herbal medicines. The avelós ( Euphorbia spp.) Is a plant that isused in folk medicine to cure diseases like cancer by ascribing to it many effects, including anticancerwithout there being, however, the evidence of its effectiveness. The avelós has been used clinically inhumans and animals showing good results empirically. Some studies have been developed with theintention to define the mechanism of action of different bioactive species of the genus Euphorbia andits applications as antineoplastic agents and immunostimulants compounds. The aim of this studywas to review the scientific literature on the possible mechanisms of action of bioactive compoundsfrom Euphorbia spp. and its implications as antineoplastic and immunostimulatory agents. It is proposedthat its main mechanism of action is through the phosphorylation of protein kinase C, which,depending on the isoform of this protein, the result of activation can be pro-or anti-tumor.AU

Utilização do Avelós (euphorbia spp. ) em neoplasias: uma revisãode seus possíveis mecanismos de ação / Use of avelos (euphorbia spp. ) neoplasms in: a review of its possible mechanism of action

O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte em humanos e vem aumentando atualmente, inclusiveentre os animais. Em humanos, o tratamento quimioterápico consiste no uso de drogas que controlem eprevinam o crescimento, multiplicação e disseminação das células cancerosas. A diferença do tratamentoquimioterápico nos animais consiste no uso limitado de alguns medicamentos, baseado no alto custodestas drogas. As pesquisas básica e aplicada vêm tentando desenvolver e aprimorar novos agentesquimioterápicos, a fim de serem mais seletivos às células neoplásicas e causarem menos danos colaterais.Atualmente, a procura por medicamentos menos deletérios ao organismo, que sejam eficazes e de menorcusto, tem aumentado o uso de fitoterápicos. O Avelós (Euphorbia spp.) é uma planta que na medicinapopular é usada para a cura de doenças como o câncer por atribuir a ela diversos efeitos, entre eles o deser anticancerígena sem haver, contudo, a comprovação de sua eficácia. O Avelós tem sido utilizado clinicamenteem humanos e em animais mostrando bons resultados de forma empírica. Alguns trabalhostêm sido desenvolvidos com a intenção de definir o mecanismo de ação dos diferentes compostos bioativosdas espécies do Gênero Euphorbia e suas aplicações como agentes antineoplásicos e imunoestimulantes.O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar na literatura científica os possíveis mecanismos de ação doscompostos bioativos da Euphorbia spp. e suas implicações como agentes antineoplásicos e imunoestimulantes.Propõe-se que seu principal mecanismo de ação seja através da fosforilação da proteína quinaseC que, dependendo da isoforma dessa proteína, o resultado da ativação pode ser pró ou antitumoral.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in humans and is currently increasing, even among animals. Inhumans, chemotherapy is the use of drugs to prevent and control the growth, proliferation and spreadof cancer cells. The difference of chemotherapy in animals is the limited use of some medications,based on the high cost of these drugs. The basic and applied researches are trying to develop andenhance new chemotherapeutic agents, in order to be more selective for tumor cells and cause lesscollateral damage. Currently, the demand for less harmful to the body, which are effective and lowercost drugs has increased the use of herbal medicines. The avelós ( Euphorbia spp.) Is a plant that isused in folk medicine to cure diseases like cancer by ascribing to it many effects, including anticancerwithout there being, however, the evidence of its effectiveness. The avelós has been used clinically inhumans and animals showing good results empirically. Some studies have been developed with theintention to define the mechanism of action of different bioactive species of the genus Euphorbia andits applications as antineoplastic agents and immunostimulants compounds. The aim of this studywas to review the scientific literature on the possible mechanisms of action of bioactive compoundsfrom Euphorbia spp. and its implications as antineoplastic and immunostimulatory agents. It is proposedthat its main mechanism of action is through the phosphorylation of protein kinase C, which,depending on the isoform of this protein, the result of activation can be pro-or anti-tumor.