Association of additives in supplemented grazing cattle during the finishing phase at the rainy season

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of monensin and virginiamycin, alone or combined, on supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate intake, digestibility, CH4 emissions, blood parameters, performance, and carcass characteristics (Exp. 1), and ruminal fermentation and relative abundance of ruminal microorganisms (Exp. 2). Animals (n = 92 Exp. 1 and n = 12 Exp. 2) were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated in twelve paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés. A protein-energetic supplementation of 3 g/kg of BW per day was provided to all animals. Supplements were: without additives (WA), monensin alone at 80 mg/kg of product (MN), virginiamycin alone at 150 mg/kg of product (VM), and monensin (80 mg/kg of product) combined with virginiamycin (150 mg/kg of product; MNVM). Treatments did not affect intakes of total dry matter (DM), supplement DM, and nutrients. However, the intakes of forage DM and crude protein decreased in cattle fed MNVM compared with animals fed WA, MN, and VM. Total volatile fatty acids increased in animals fed VM. Ruminal NH3-N decreased, and pH increased in animals fed MN, VM, and MNVM. Relative abundance of total F. succinogenes and S. ruminantium decreased and R. flavefaciens increased in animals fed MN and VM at d 118. Treatments had no effect on enteric CH4 emissions. The average daily gain (ADG) and total gain were greater in cattle fed MNVM than in cattle fed MN. Combination of monensin and virginiamycin altered the rumen microbial populations but did not decrease enteric CH4 emissions. However, it decreased forage dry matter intake without altering the ADG and total weight gain, leading to an increase in feed efficiency. Results from this study indicate an advantage in including feed additives combined in the diet of supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season.

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.(AU)

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.

Crude glycerin as an alternative to corn as a supplement for beef cattle grazing in pasture during the dry season / Glicerina bruta como alternativa ao milho no suplemento de bovinos de corte em pastagem durante a estação seca

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) in the supplement (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 g kg-¹ dry matter (DM) of supplement) of Nellore cattle grazing tropical grasses during dry season. In Experiment 1, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and the rumen microbial profile were evaluated in two simultaneous 5 × 5 Latin squares, using 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408.8 ± 38.5 kg of body weight (BW)). In Experiment 2, cattle growth performance was evaluated in 50 young Nellore bulls (279.52 ± 16.3 kg of BW) distributed in a randomized complete block design. The increasing inclusion of CG did not affect intake (P= 0.813), diet digestibility (P = 0.895), however linearly increased pH (P=0.001), butyrate concentration (P < 0.001) and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P=0.003) population. CG inclusion linearly decreased total ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) (P < 0.001), acetate concentration (P < 0.001) and quadratically affected (P=0.009) acetate: propionate ratio. In experiment 2, the inclusion of CG quadratically affected DM intake (DMI) (P=0.005), DM total-tract apparent digestibility (P < 0.001), linearly increased additional gain (P > 0.001), average daily gain (P > 0.001) and feed efficiency (P > 0.001). CG in the supplement of Nellore steers grazing tropical grass during dry season doesnt affect intake and digestibility but alters ruminal fermentation, without negative effect on relative proportion of cellulolytic bacteria population. The increasing replacement of corn grain by CG in the supplement of pasture-raised growing Nellore bulls (up to 280g/kg DM) improved BW gain and consequently feed efficiency.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina bruta (GB) no suplemento (0, 70, 140, 210 e 280 g kg-¹ de suplemento) de bovinos Nelore pastejando gramíneas tropicais durante a estação seca. No experimento 1, o consumo, digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal e o perfil microbiano do rúmen foram avaliados em dois quadrados latinos 5x5 simultâneos, usando 10 novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen (408,8 ± 38,5 kg de PC). No Experimento 2, o desempenho do crescimento do gado foi avaliado em 50 novilhos Nelore (279,52 ± 16,3 kg de PC) distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados. A inclusão crescente de GB não afetou o consumo (P = 0,813), a digestibilidade da dieta (P = 0,895), mas aumentou linearmente o pH (P=0,001), a concentração de butirato (P < 0,001) e a população de Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0,003). A inclusão de GB diminuiu linearmente os ácidos graxos voláteis totais (AGVs) no rúmen (P < 0,001), a concentração de acetato (P < 0,001) e afetou quadraticamente a relação acetato: propionato (p = 0,009). No experimento 2, a inclusão de GB modificou quadraticamente o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) (P = 0,005), a digestibilidade aparente total (P < 0,001), aumentou linearmente o ganho adicional (P > 0,001), o ganho médio diário (P > 0,001) e a eficiência alimentar (P > 0,001). GB no suplemento de novilhos Nelore pastejando gramíneas tropicais durante a estação seca não afeta a ingestão e digestibilidade, mas altera a fermentação ruminal, sem efeito negativo sobre a proporção relativa de bactérias celulolíticas. A crescente substituição do grão de milho por GB no suplemento touros Nelore em crescimento criados em pastagem (até 280g / kg de DM) melhorou o ganho de peso e consequentemente a eficiência alimentar.(AU)

Ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers fed crude glycerine replacing starch vs. fibre-based energy ingredient in low or high concentrate diets / Fermentação ruminal de novilhos Nelore alimentados com glicerina bruta substituindo amido vs. ingrediente energético a base de fibra em dietas de baixo ou alto concentrado

Twelve ruminally cannulated steers (401.0 ± 41.5 kg) and 24 mo were used in a replicated arrangement truncated Latin Square with six animals in six treatments and four periods to evaluate the effect of crude glycerine (CG; 80.3% of glycerol) with starch or fiber-based energy ingredients in the concentrate on DMI, DM (DMD) and NDF digestibility (NDFD) and ruminal parameters. Experimental periods were 19 days (14 days for adaptation and 5 days to sampling). Diets were: CO - without CG and corn as ingredient of concentrate; CGC - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) with corn in the concentrate; and CGSH - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) with soybean hulls (SH) in the concentrate. All three diets were offered at low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate level, CL (40 or 60%). Animals fed LC or HC diets had similar DMI, DMD and NDFD. Animals fed diets with CG associated with corn or SH had higher propionate concentrations and lower A:P ratio. Diets with HC increase the propionate but do not affect the NDFD. CG (10% of DM) can be used to replace corn or SH in diets with 40 or 60% of concentrate, without affect NDFD.(AU)

Doze novilhos canulados no rúmen (401,0 ± 41,5 kg) e 24 meses de idade foram usados em delineamento de quadrado latino truncado replicado com seis animais, seis tratamentos e quatro períodos, para avaliar o efeito da glicerina bruta (GB; 80,3% de glicerol) com amido ou ingredientes energéticos a base de fibra no concentrado sobre o CMS, digestibilidade da MS (DMS) e FDN (DFDN) e parâmetros ruminais. O período experimental foi 19 dias (14 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coleta). As dietas foram: CO sem glicerina bruta e milho como ingrediente do concentrado; GBM GB (10% da MS) com milho no concentrado; GBCS - GB (10% da MS) com casca de soja no concentrado. As três dietas foram ofertadas em baixo (BC) ou alto (AC) teor de concentrado (TC; 40 ou 60%). Animais alimentados com BC ou AC apresentaram similar CMS, DMS e DFDN. Animais alimentados com GB com milho ou CS apresentaram maior concentração de propionato e menor relação A:P. Dietas com AC aumentou a concentração de propionato mas não afetou a DFDN. GB (10% da MS) pode ser usada para substituir o milho ou CS em dietas com 40 ou 60% de concentrado, sem afetar a DFDN.(AU)

Ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers fed crude glycerine replacing starch vs. fibre-based energy ingredient in low or high concentrate diets / Fermentação ruminal de novilhos Nelore alimentados com glicerina bruta substituindo amido vs. ingrediente energético a base de fibra em dietas de baixo ou alto concentrado

Twelve ruminally cannulated steers (401.0 ± 41.5 kg) and 24 mo were used in a replicated arrangement truncated Latin Square with six animals in six treatments and four periods to evaluate the effect of crude glycerine (CG; 80.3% of glycerol) with starch or fiber-based energy ingredients in the concentrate on DMI, DM (DMD) and NDF digestibility (NDFD) and ruminal parameters. Experimental periods were 19 days (14 days for adaptation and 5 days to sampling). Diets were: CO - without CG and corn as ingredient of concentrate; CGC - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) with corn in the concentrate; and CGSH - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) with soybean hulls (SH) in the concentrate. All three diets were offered at low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate level, CL (40 or 60%). Animals fed LC or HC diets had similar DMI, DMD and NDFD. Animals fed diets with CG associated with corn or SH had higher propionate concentrations and lower A:P ratio. Diets with HC increase the propionate but do not affect the NDFD. CG (10% of DM) can be used to replace corn or SH in diets with 40 or 60% of concentrate, without affect NDFD.

Doze novilhos canulados no rúmen (401,0 ± 41,5 kg) e 24 meses de idade foram usados em delineamento de quadrado latino truncado replicado com seis animais, seis tratamentos e quatro períodos, para avaliar o efeito da glicerina bruta (GB; 80,3% de glicerol) com amido ou ingredientes energéticos a base de fibra no concentrado sobre o CMS, digestibilidade da MS (DMS) e FDN (DFDN) e parâmetros ruminais. O período experimental foi 19 dias (14 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coleta). As dietas foram: CO sem glicerina bruta e milho como ingrediente do concentrado; GBM GB (10% da MS) com milho no concentrado; GBCS - GB (10% da MS) com casca de soja no concentrado. As três dietas foram ofertadas em baixo (BC) ou alto (AC) teor de concentrado (TC; 40 ou 60%). Animais alimentados com BC ou AC apresentaram similar CMS, DMS e DFDN. Animais alimentados com GB com milho ou CS apresentaram maior concentração de propionato e menor relação A:P. Dietas com AC aumentou a concentração de propionato mas não afetou a DFDN. GB (10% da MS) pode ser usada para substituir o milho ou CS em dietas com 40 ou 60% de concentrado, sem afetar a DFDN.

Quality of aged meat of young bulls fed crude glycerin associated with different roughage sources / Qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos alimentados com glicerina bruta associada a diferentes fontes de fibra

This trial aimed to evaluate the inclusion of 10% of crude glycerin associated with roughage sources on the quality of meat aged for 1, 7 or 14 days post mortem of Nellore young bulls. Thirty feedlot animals (n = 10) with initial body weight of 416.70 ± 24.74 kg and 18 months of age were assigned to three treatments: corn silage (CS), sugar cane (SC) and sugar cane bagasse (CB), using a completely randomized design. After 85 days of feeding, animals were slaughtered with 554.51 ± 38.51 kg. Samples of longissimus muscle were collected, after carcass chilling, and vacuum-packed. Diets influenced pH, meat color and subcutaneous fat (SF) (p > 0.05). Animals fed CS showed higher values of b* in SF (p 0.05). Differences were not found in the meat fatty acid profile (p > 0.05). Aging times influenced pH and shear force of beef (p 0.05). Beef aged for 14 days showed higher pH (5.90) and lower shear force (2.40 kgf). Diets containing 10% crude glycerin in the DM associated with CS, SC or CB had no effect on the fatty acid profile in beef. The aging process for 14 days reduces shear force, improving meat quality.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de 10% de glicerina bruta (GB) associada a fontes de volumosos sobre a qualidade da carne maturada em 24 horas, sete e 14 dias post mortem de tourinhos da raça Nelore. Utilizaram-se 30 animais confinados (n = 10), com peso inicial de 416,70 ± 24,74 kg e 18 meses de idade, sendo submetidos aos três tratamentos: silagem de milho (SM), cana-de-açúcar (CA) ou bagaço de cana (BC), utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 85 dias, os animais foram abatidos com 554,51 ± 38,51 kg. Amostras do longissimus foram coletadas após resfriamento das carcaças e embaladas a vácuo. A dieta influenciou o pH, a coloração da carne e da gordura subcutânea (GS; p 0,05). Animais alimentados com SM apresentaram maior valor de b* na GS (p 0,05). A dieta não modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da carne (p > 0,05). A maturação influenciou pH e força de cisalhamento da carne (FC; p 0,05). Carnes maturadas aos 14 dias apresentaram maior pH (5,90) e menor FC (2,40 kgf). Dietas contendo 10% GB na MS associada à SM, CA ou BC não modificam os AG da carne. A maturação em 14 dias reduz a FC do longissimus, melhorando a qualidade da carne.(AU)

Effect of rib fat thickness on the quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls / Efeito da espessura de gordura subcutânea sobre a qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos da raça Nelore

This trial aimed to evaluate the quality of aged beef from Nellore young bulls under two yield grade (YG). Fourteen animals with approximately 450 ± 30 kg body weight were evaluated for backfat thickness (BFT) at the beginning of the experimental period. Seven animals had BFT of 0-3 mm and seven animals, 3.1-6 mm. Two groups were formed at the end of the experiment: animals finished with 3-6 mm BFT (seven animals) and animals finished with 6.1 to 10 mm BFT (seven animals). Every 28 days, we evaluated by ultrasound the BFT between the 12nd 13rd ribs. There was no interaction between YG and aging for beef color, pH, cooking losses and shear force (p > 0.05). There was no effect of YG on sarcomere length (p = 0.11). However, there was interaction between YG and aging on water holding capacity (p 0.01). The yield grades evaluated did not interfere with meat quality, but carcasses with 6.1 - 10 mm of backfat thickness showed highest water holding capacity. The aging of the longissimus muscle for up to 14 days improves beef tenderness.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos Nelore, sob dois graus de acabamento (GA) de carcaça. Foram utilizados 14 animais, com aproximadamente 450 ± 30 kg de peso corporal. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) dos animais foi avaliada no início do período experimental. Foram escolhidos 14 animais com EGS de 0-3 mm e 3,1-6 mm, formando-se dois grupos ao final do experimento: animais com acabamento entre 3-6 mm (sete animais) e entre 6,1-10 mm (sete animais). A cada 28 dias foram avaliados a EGS entre a 12-13ª costelas com ajuda de unidade ultrassonográfica. Os valores de coloração da carne, pH, perdas por cocção e força de cisalhamento não tiveram efeito de interação entre os tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o GA sobre o comprimento de sarcômero (p = 0,11). Houve interação entre GA e maturação sobre a capacidade de retenção de água (p 0,01). Os graus de acabamento avaliados não interferem na qualidade da carne, mas carcaças com acabamento entre 6,1-10 mm apresentam maior capacidade de retenção de água. A maturação do músculo longissimus em até 14 dias melhora a maciez da carne.(AU)

Effect of rib fat thickness on the quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls / Efeito da espessura de gordura subcutânea sobre a qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos da raça Nelore

This trial aimed to evaluate the quality of aged beef from Nellore young bulls under two yield grade (YG). Fourteen animals with approximately 450 ± 30 kg body weight were evaluated for backfat thickness (BFT) at the beginning of the experimental period. Seven animals had BFT of 0-3 mm and seven animals, 3.1-6 mm. Two groups were formed at the end of the experiment: animals finished with 3-6 mm BFT (seven animals) and animals finished with 6.1 to 10 mm BFT (seven animals). Every 28 days, we evaluated by ultrasound the BFT between the 12nd 13rd ribs. There was no interaction between YG and aging for beef color, pH, cooking losses and shear force (p > 0.05). There was no effect of YG on sarcomere length (p = 0.11). However, there was interaction between YG and aging on water holding capacity (p 0.01). The yield grades evaluated did not interfere with meat quality, but carcasses with 6.1 - 10 mm of backfat thickness showed highest water holding capacity. The aging of the longissimus muscle for up to 14 days improves beef tenderness.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos Nelore, sob dois graus de acabamento (GA) de carcaça. Foram utilizados 14 animais, com aproximadamente 450 ± 30 kg de peso corporal. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) dos animais foi avaliada no início do período experimental. Foram escolhidos 14 animais com EGS de 0-3 mm e 3,1-6 mm, formando-se dois grupos ao final do experimento: animais com acabamento entre 3-6 mm (sete animais) e entre 6,1-10 mm (sete animais). A cada 28 dias foram avaliados a EGS entre a 12-13ª costelas com ajuda de unidade ultrassonográfica. Os valores de coloração da carne, pH, perdas por cocção e força de cisalhamento não tiveram efeito de interação entre os tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o GA sobre o comprimento de sarcômero (p = 0,11). Houve interação entre GA e maturação sobre a capacidade de retenção de água (p 0,01). Os graus de acabamento avaliados não interferem na qualidade da carne, mas carcaças com acabamento entre 6,1-10 mm apresentam maior capacidade de retenção de água. A maturação do músculo longissimus em até 14 dias melhora a maciez da carne.

Quality of aged meat of young bulls fed crude glycerin associated with different roughage sources / Qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos alimentados com glicerina bruta associada a diferentes fontes de fibra

This trial aimed to evaluate the inclusion of 10% of crude glycerin associated with roughage sources on the quality of meat aged for 1, 7 or 14 days post mortem of Nellore young bulls. Thirty feedlot animals (n = 10) with initial body weight of 416.70 ± 24.74 kg and 18 months of age were assigned to three treatments: corn silage (CS), sugar cane (SC) and sugar cane bagasse (CB), using a completely randomized design. After 85 days of feeding, animals were slaughtered with 554.51 ± 38.51 kg. Samples of longissimus muscle were collected, after carcass chilling, and vacuum-packed. Diets influenced pH, meat color and subcutaneous fat (SF) (p > 0.05). Animals fed CS showed higher values of b* in SF (p 0.05). Differences were not found in the meat fatty acid profile (p > 0.05). Aging times influenced pH and shear force of beef (p 0.05). Beef aged for 14 days showed higher pH (5.90) and lower shear force (2.40 kgf). Diets containing 10% crude glycerin in the DM associated with CS, SC or CB had no effect on the fatty acid profile in beef. The aging process for 14 days reduces shear force, improving meat quality.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de 10% de glicerina bruta (GB) associada a fontes de volumosos sobre a qualidade da carne maturada em 24 horas, sete e 14 dias post mortem de tourinhos da raça Nelore. Utilizaram-se 30 animais confinados (n = 10), com peso inicial de 416,70 ± 24,74 kg e 18 meses de idade, sendo submetidos aos três tratamentos: silagem de milho (SM), cana-de-açúcar (CA) ou bagaço de cana (BC), utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 85 dias, os animais foram abatidos com 554,51 ± 38,51 kg. Amostras do longissimus foram coletadas após resfriamento das carcaças e embaladas a vácuo. A dieta influenciou o pH, a coloração da carne e da gordura subcutânea (GS; p 0,05). Animais alimentados com SM apresentaram maior valor de b* na GS (p 0,05). A dieta não modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da carne (p > 0,05). A maturação influenciou pH e força de cisalhamento da carne (FC; p 0,05). Carnes maturadas aos 14 dias apresentaram maior pH (5,90) e menor FC (2,40 kgf). Dietas contendo 10% GB na MS associada à SM, CA ou BC não modificam os AG da carne. A maturação em 14 dias reduz a FC do longissimus, melhorando a qualidade da carne.

Aging time of five muscles from carcass of Nellore young bulls / Maturação de cinco músculos da carcaça de novilhos da raça Nelore

This trial aimed to assess the qualitative traits of five muscles of 14 Nellore bulls with 450 kg ± 30.7 kg BW, feedlot fed for 60 days. After slaughter and carcass chilling, samples of the Biceps femoris (BF), Longissimus (LD), Gluteus medius (GM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Trapezius thoracis (TT) muscles were collected, vacuum-packed and aged at 0 to 2 ºC for 1, 7 and 14 days and subsequently stored at 20ºC for chemical and quality analysis. The pH, shear force, water holding capacity, cooking losses, meat color and ether extract were evaluated in all aging times. Data were analyzed in a split-plot design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Aging affected quality traits and chemical properties of the meat, improving aspects, such as tenderness (p 0.01) and lightness (p 0.01). The Trapezius thoracis muscle has a higher color stability compared with the Longissimus muscle. Aging is not recommended for the ST muscle because the tenderness is not improved. The GM and BF muscles are tender on the first day, and the aging process is indicated for these cuts for adding value to the beef.

Foram estudadas as características qualitativas de cinco músculos, maturados ou não, de quatorze bovinos da raça Nelore com 450 kg ± 30,7 kg de peso corporal e confinados por 60 dias com dieta contendo 60% de concentrado e 40% de volumoso na MS. Após o abate e resfriamento das carcaças, amostras dos músculos: picanha, (Biceps femoris - BF), contrafilé (Longissimus - LD), alcatra (Gluteus medius - GM), lagarto (Semitendinosus - ST) e acém (Trapezius thoracis - TT) foram retirados, embalados à vácuo e maturados em câmara B.O.D (0 a 2o C) por um, sete e 14 dias e posteriormente armazenadas a -20o C para análises químicas e de qualidade. Os dados foram analisados em um delineamento em split-plot utilizando o procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS. A maturação influencia nas características qualitativas e químicas da carne bovina, melhorando aspectos como a maciez (p 0,01) e a luminosidade (p 0,01). O músculo Trapezius thoracis tem uma maior estabilidade de cor quando comparado com o músculo Longissimus. Não é recomendada a maturação do músculo ST em razão deste não apresentar melhora em sua maciez. Os músculos GM e BF apresentam-se macios logo no primeiro dia, sendo que o processo de maturação para estes cortes é indicado em razão de agregar valor à carne.

Aging time of five muscles from carcass of Nellore young bulls / Maturação de cinco músculos da carcaça de novilhos da raça Nelore

This trial aimed to assess the qualitative traits of five muscles of 14 Nellore bulls with 450 kg ± 30.7 kg BW, feedlot fed for 60 days. After slaughter and carcass chilling, samples of the Biceps femoris (BF), Longissimus (LD), Gluteus medius (GM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Trapezius thoracis (TT) muscles were collected, vacuum-packed and aged at 0 to 2 ºC for 1, 7 and 14 days and subsequently stored at 20ºC for chemical and quality analysis. The pH, shear force, water holding capacity, cooking losses, meat color and ether extract were evaluated in all aging times. Data were analyzed in a split-plot design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Aging affected quality traits and chemical properties of the meat, improving aspects, such as tenderness (p 0.01) and lightness (p 0.01). The Trapezius thoracis muscle has a higher color stability compared with the Longissimus muscle. Aging is not recommended for the ST muscle because the tenderness is not improved. The GM and BF muscles are tender on the first day, and the aging process is indicated for these cuts for adding value to the beef.(AU)

Foram estudadas as características qualitativas de cinco músculos, maturados ou não, de quatorze bovinos da raça Nelore com 450 kg ± 30,7 kg de peso corporal e confinados por 60 dias com dieta contendo 60% de concentrado e 40% de volumoso na MS. Após o abate e resfriamento das carcaças, amostras dos músculos: picanha, (Biceps femoris - BF), contrafilé (Longissimus - LD), alcatra (Gluteus medius - GM), lagarto (Semitendinosus - ST) e acém (Trapezius thoracis - TT) foram retirados, embalados à vácuo e maturados em câmara B.O.D (0 a 2o C) por um, sete e 14 dias e posteriormente armazenadas a -20o C para análises químicas e de qualidade. Os dados foram analisados em um delineamento em split-plot utilizando o procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS. A maturação influencia nas características qualitativas e químicas da carne bovina, melhorando aspectos como a maciez (p 0,01) e a luminosidade (p 0,01). O músculo Trapezius thoracis tem uma maior estabilidade de cor quando comparado com o músculo Longissimus. Não é recomendada a maturação do músculo ST em razão deste não apresentar melhora em sua maciez. Os músculos GM e BF apresentam-se macios logo no primeiro dia, sendo que o processo de maturação para estes cortes é indicado em razão de agregar valor à carne.(AU)

Reducing supplementation frequency for Nellore beef steers grazing tropical pastures

Reduced supplementation frequency is a broadly applied management practice. Ruminants consuming low quality forages/pastures, supplemented less than once daily are able to maintain body weight gain (BWG), efficiency of use of dry matter, nitrogen and other nutrients, as compared with animals supplemented once daily. We evaluated the feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), BWG, Longissimus muscle area and backfat depth of Nellore steers raised on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season, with different supplementation patterns. Thirty six animals (338 ± 40.7 kg) were distributed over nine paddocks according to a completely randomized design. Treatments were based on supplementation frequency: once daily (OD), once daily except Saturdays and Sundays (SS), or on alternate days (AD), at 1.0 %, 1.4 % and 2.0 % BW, respectively. Average total DMI accounted for 1.6 % BW day-1, with no effect of supplementation frequency. Supplementation frequency had no effect on BWG or grazing time during the day. There was no difference in Longissimus muscle area animals supplemented daily, SS and AD. The backfat depth was thinner in animals supplemented AD, but even in this case, it was within the standards considered satisfactory for a finishing steer. Reducing supplementation frequency seems a good option to lower labor costs without affecting feed efficiency or carcass quality in beef cattle grazing tropical pastures.

Reducing supplementation frequency for Nellore beef steers grazing tropical pastures

Reduced supplementation frequency is a broadly applied management practice. Ruminants consuming low quality forages/pastures, supplemented less than once daily are able to maintain body weight gain (BWG), efficiency of use of dry matter, nitrogen and other nutrients, as compared with animals supplemented once daily. We evaluated the feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), BWG, Longissimus muscle area and backfat depth of Nellore steers raised on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season, with different supplementation patterns. Thirty six animals (338 ± 40.7 kg) were distributed over nine paddocks according to a completely randomized design. Treatments were based on supplementation frequency: once daily (OD), once daily except Saturdays and Sundays (SS), or on alternate days (AD), at 1.0 %, 1.4 % and 2.0 % BW, respectively. Average total DMI accounted for 1.6 % BW day-1, with no effect of supplementation frequency. Supplementation frequency had no effect on BWG or grazing time during the day. There was no difference in Longissimus muscle area animals supplemented daily, SS and AD. The backfat depth was thinner in animals supplemented AD, but even in this case, it was within the standards considered satisfactory for a finishing steer. Reducing supplementation frequency seems a good option to lower labor costs without affecting feed efficiency or carcass quality in beef cattle grazing tropical pastures.(AU)

Nutrient intake, productive performance and body measurements of dairy heifers fed with different sources of protein / Consumo de nutrientes, desempenho produtivo e medidas corporais de novilhas leiteirasalimentadas com diferentes fontes proteicas

This study evaluated the effect of different protein sources (soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal and sunflower meal) on dry matter and nutrient intake, productive performance and body measurements of dairy heifers, Holstein x Zebu, recreated in confinement. The experiment consisted in a randomized complete block design made up by 6 replications and 4 treatments. The mean values of ingestion of ether extract (EEI, kg day

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes proteicas (farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, farelo de amendoim e farelo de girassol) sobre o consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes, desempenho produtivo e medidas corporais de novilhas leiteiras, mestiças Holandês x Zebu, recriadas em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, constituído por seis repetições e quatro tratamentos. Os valores médios de ingestão de extrato etéreo (IEE, kg dia-1) apresentaram diferença estatística (p < 0,05). A ingestão de fibra em detergente neutro em % do peso corporal foi superior (p < 0,05) na dieta com farelo de girassol (1,01 %PC) em relação à dieta com farelo de soja (0,84 %PC). O ganho médio de peso corporal promovido pela dieta com o farelo de soja foi superior (0,95 kg dia-1) à dieta com farelo de girassol (0,82 kg dia-1), e no peso corporal final a dieta com o farelo de soja foi superior aos demais (p < 0,05). A medida biométrica perímetro torácico apresentou maior grau de associação com o peso corporal (0,93). O farelo de soja proporciona melhor desempenho produtivo a novilhas mestiças Holandesa x Zebu, alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Contudo, o farelo de algodão, farelo de amendoim e farelo de girassol pode ser possíveis substitutos do farelo de soja.

Nutrient intake, productive performance and body measurements of dairy heifers fed with different sources of protein / Consumo de nutrientes, desempenho produtivo e medidas corporais de novilhas leiteirasalimentadas com diferentes fontes proteicas

This study evaluated the effect of different protein sources (soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal and sunflower meal) on dry matter and nutrient intake, productive performance and body measurements of dairy heifers, Holstein x Zebu, recreated in confinement. The experiment consisted in a randomized complete block design made up by 6 replications and 4 treatments. The mean values of ingestion of ether extract (EEI, kg day <->1) were statistically different (p < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI, %BW) also presented differences (p < 0.05), with higher values in the diet containing sunflower meal (1.01% BW) in relation to the diet with soybean meal (0.84% BW). The average daily weight gain using the diet with soybean meal was superior (0.95 kg day <->1) to the diet with sunflower meal (0.82 kg day <->1), and considering the final body weight, the diet with soybean meal was superior to the other treatments (p < 0.05). The heart girth presented greater association with body weight (0.93). The soybean meal promoted the best productive performance of crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers fed diets based on sugarcane. However, cottonseed meal, peanut meal and sunflower meal can be possible alternatives to soybean meal.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes proteicas (farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, farelo de amendoim e farelo de girassol) sobre o consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes, desempenho produtivo e medidas corporais de novilhas leiteiras, mestiças Holandês x Zebu, recriadas em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, constituído por seis repetições e quatro tratamentos. Os valores médios de ingestão de extrato etéreo (IEE, kg dia-1) apresentaram diferença estatística (p < 0,05). A ingestão de fibra em detergente neutro em % do peso corporal foi superior (p < 0,05) na dieta com farelo de girassol (1,01 %PC) em relação à dieta com farelo de soja (0,84 %PC). O ganho médio de peso corporal promovido pela dieta com o farelo de soja foi superior (0,95 kg dia-1) à dieta com farelo de girassol (0,82 kg dia-1), e no peso corporal final a dieta com o farelo de soja foi superior aos demais (p < 0,05). A medida biométrica perímetro torácico apresentou maior grau de associação com o peso corporal (0,93). O farelo de soja proporciona melhor desempenho produtivo a novilhas mestiças Holandesa x Zebu, alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Contudo, o farelo de algodão, farelo de amendoim e farelo de girassol pode ser possíveis substitutos do farelo de soja.(AU)

Estimation of fecal production, digesta flow and digestibility in dairy heifers with different indicator / Estimativa de produção fecal, fluxo de digesta e digestibilidade em novilhas leiteiras com utilização de diferentes indicadores

This study evaluated fecal excretion by means of the internal indicator indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and external indicators such as chromium complexed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) and ytterbium chloride (YbCl3), in addition to estimating the duodenal flow of dry matter and the total, ruminal and post-ruminal apparent digestibility coefficients. Eight crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers were distributed into a 4 x 4 Latin square. Indicators Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 and iNDF did not efficiently estimate the fecal production (p < 0.05), with results of 1.64, 1.71 and 2.71 kg day

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção fecal por meio do indicador interno, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), e externos, cromo complexado com ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (CrEDTA ) e o cloreto de itérbio (YbCl3), além de estimar o fluxo duodenal da matéria seca e os coeficientes de digestibilidades aparentes total, ruminal e pós-ruminal, de diferentes nutrientes. Foram utilizadas oito novilhas mestiças Holandês/Zebu, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino 4 x 4. Os indicadores Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 e o FDNi não estimaram produção fecal de forma eficiente (p < 0,05), obtendo resultado de 1,64; 1,71 e 2,71 kg dia

Reutilization of chemical waste in methodologies for analyses of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber / Reutilização de resíduos químicos em metodologias para análises de fibra em detergenteneutro e fibra em detergente ácido

The disposal of chemical waste and the precision of analyses of the neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber contents were evaluated utilizing conventional (Van Soest) and alternative methods of analyses. The recovery of acetone promoted both economic and environmental gains, with a recovery rate of 84.12%. The precision of the analyses was not observed in most of the determinations with reutilization of chemical waste in all the analytical methods tested, in spite of promoting decrease in cost, time invested in the preparation of solutions and the disposal of chemical waste.

Foram avaliados descarte de resíduos químicos em análises dos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), utilizando métodos convencional (Van Soest) e alternativos de análises. A recuperação da acetona promoveu ganhos tanto econômico como ambiental, observando-se taxa de recuperação de 84,12%. A precisão das análises não foi observada na maioria das determinações com reutilização de resíduos químicos, em todos os métodos analíticos testados, apesar de promover redução no custo, no tempo investido no preparo das soluções e no descarte de resíduos químicos.

Reutilization of chemical waste in methodologies for analyses of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber / Reutilização de resíduos químicos em metodologias para análises de fibra em detergenteneutro e fibra em detergente ácido

The disposal of chemical waste and the precision of analyses of the neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber contents were evaluated utilizing conventional (Van Soest) and alternative methods of analyses. The recovery of acetone promoted both economic and environmental gains, with a recovery rate of 84.12%. The precision of the analyses was not observed in most of the determinations with reutilization of chemical waste in all the analytical methods tested, in spite of promoting decrease in cost, time invested in the preparation of solutions and the disposal of chemical waste.(AU)

Foram avaliados descarte de resíduos químicos em análises dos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), utilizando métodos convencional (Van Soest) e alternativos de análises. A recuperação da acetona promoveu ganhos tanto econômico como ambiental, observando-se taxa de recuperação de 84,12%. A precisão das análises não foi observada na maioria das determinações com reutilização de resíduos químicos, em todos os métodos analíticos testados, apesar de promover redução no custo, no tempo investido no preparo das soluções e no descarte de resíduos químicos.(AU)

Estimation of fecal production, digesta flow and digestibility in dairy heifers with different indicator / Estimativa de produção fecal, fluxo de digesta e digestibilidade em novilhas leiteiras com utilização de diferentes indicadores

This study evaluated fecal excretion by means of the internal indicator indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and external indicators such as chromium complexed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) and ytterbium chloride (YbCl3), in addition to estimating the duodenal flow of dry matter and the total, ruminal and post-ruminal apparent digestibility coefficients. Eight crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers were distributed into a 4 x 4 Latin square. Indicators Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 and iNDF did not efficiently estimate the fecal production (p < 0.05), with results of 1.64, 1.71 and 2.71 kg day <->1, respectively, compared with the total feces collection, which resulted in 1.39 kg day <->1. The estimated values of dry matter flow, both for the methodologies of single and double indicator, can be considered biologically acceptable. However, the value obtained by the Cr-EDTA/YbCl3 association, used as a double indicator, was the most reliable, due to better recovery of the external indicators (Cr-EDTA and YbCl3), which have had averages of 89 and 85%, respectively, in comparison with the internal one (iNDF), which averaged 67%. The ruminal and post-ruminal digestibility coefficients, estimated by the Cr-EDTA/YbCl3 association, were considered the best indicators owing the dry matter flow estimated by this association.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção fecal por meio do indicador interno, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), e externos, cromo complexado com ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (CrEDTA ) e o cloreto de itérbio (YbCl3), além de estimar o fluxo duodenal da matéria seca e os coeficientes de digestibilidades aparentes total, ruminal e pós-ruminal, de diferentes nutrientes. Foram utilizadas oito novilhas mestiças Holandês/Zebu, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino 4 x 4. Os indicadores Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 e o FDNi não estimaram produção fecal de forma eficiente (p < 0,05), obtendo resultado de 1,64; 1,71 e 2,71 kg dia <->1, respectivamente, quando comparado à coleta total de fezes, que obteve resultado de 1,39 kg dia <->1. Os valores estimados de fluxo de matéria seca, tanto para a metodologia de único, quanto para de duplo indicador, podem ser considerados biologicamente aceitáveis. Contudo, o valor obtido pela associação Cr-EDTA/YbCl3, utilizada na forma de duplo indicador, foi o mais confiável, pela melhor recuperação dos indicadores externos (Cr-EDTA e YbCl3), que obtiveram médias de 89 e 85%, respectivamente, em comparação ao interno (FDNi), que obteve média 67%. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ruminal e pós ruminal, estimados pela associação Cr-EDTA/YbCl3, foram considerados melhores, em consequência do valor de fluxo de matéria seca estimado por esta associação.(AU)