Trombo tumoral na artéria mesentérica cranial secundária ao leiomiossarcoma intestinal / Tumoral thrombus in cranial mesenteric artery secondary to intestinal leiomyosarcoma

Background: Leiomyosarcoma is a non-encapsulated tumor, belonging to the group of soft tissue sarcomas and often invasive. This histological type comprises the most aggressive solid tumors and, because they respond poorly to therapy, are considered the worst prognosis. The dissemination of metastatic cells can occur mainly hematologically to the liver, lungs and bones or by direct invasion, but metastases to blood vessels are rare and surgery is the treatment of choice in most cases. This paper aims to report a rare case of tumor thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery secondary to an intestinal leiomyosarcoma.Case: A 9-year-old female S.R.D dog presenting inappetence, evolving to anorexia, weight loss, anemia and vomiting for approximately 15 days was referred to the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Previous therapy at another clinic with three blood transfusions did not promote reversal of anemia. Ultrasonography revealed a nodule in the small intestine of seven cm in diameter and in the hemogram a hypochromic macrocytic anemia. Thoracic radiography did not reveal metastases. After a new blood transfusion, the patient was referred to an exploratory laparotomy, where the nodule was identified in the small intestine, which was cyanotic and two nodules in the cranial mesenteric artery, partially obstructing the local blood flow. Resection and intestinal anastomosis were performed from the final portion of the duodenum to the cecum, with ligation of the mesenteric artery and the nodules were sent for histopathological analysis. The animal presented a gradual improvement of the condition, with the introduction of liquid feeding on the second postoperative day. After these days, he presented hypochromic macrocytic anemia, with presence of Howell-Jolly corpuscle, spherocytes and icteric plasma, compatible with hemolytic anemia. Treatment with prednisone was started, with a worsening of the condition.[...]

Trombo tumoral na artéria mesentérica cranial secundária ao leiomiossarcoma intestinal / Tumoral thrombus in cranial mesenteric artery secondary to intestinal leiomyosarcoma

Background: Leiomyosarcoma is a non-encapsulated tumor, belonging to the group of soft tissue sarcomas and often invasive. This histological type comprises the most aggressive solid tumors and, because they respond poorly to therapy, are considered the worst prognosis. The dissemination of metastatic cells can occur mainly hematologically to the liver, lungs and bones or by direct invasion, but metastases to blood vessels are rare and surgery is the treatment of choice in most cases. This paper aims to report a rare case of tumor thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery secondary to an intestinal leiomyosarcoma.Case: A 9-year-old female S.R.D dog presenting inappetence, evolving to anorexia, weight loss, anemia and vomiting for approximately 15 days was referred to the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Previous therapy at another clinic with three blood transfusions did not promote reversal of anemia. Ultrasonography revealed a nodule in the small intestine of seven cm in diameter and in the hemogram a hypochromic macrocytic anemia. Thoracic radiography did not reveal metastases. After a new blood transfusion, the patient was referred to an exploratory laparotomy, where the nodule was identified in the small intestine, which was cyanotic and two nodules in the cranial mesenteric artery, partially obstructing the local blood flow. Resection and intestinal anastomosis were performed from the final portion of the duodenum to the cecum, with ligation of the mesenteric artery and the nodules were sent for histopathological analysis. The animal presented a gradual improvement of the condition, with the introduction of liquid feeding on the second postoperative day. After these days, he presented hypochromic macrocytic anemia, with presence of Howell-Jolly corpuscle, spherocytes and icteric plasma, compatible with hemolytic anemia. Treatment with prednisone was started, with a worsening of the condition.[...](AU)

Cholangiocellular carcinoma in a cat / Carcinoma colangiocelular em gato

Background: Primary hepatobiliary tumors are rare in dogs and cats. Studies suggest a prevalence of 0.6% in dogs and 2.9% in cats from all occurring tumors. Neoplasia in these tissues can have hepatocellular and bile ducts origin or even be sarcomas or neuroendocrine tumors. Its clinical signs are nonspecific and the diagnosis is most often tardy or even done during necropsy. A case of cholangiocellular carcinoma and glomerulonephritis in a cat is reported, addressing its clinical aspects and emphasizing the importance of an early diagnosis. Case: A mixed breed, 12-year-old neutered cat was admitted in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul treated previously without obvious improvement. Jaundice, severe dehydration, excessive salivation, low body condition (score three out of nine), abdominal discomfort, and lethargy were evident on physical examination. Blood tests showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and increased serum levels of both alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a large single mass of three centimeters of diameter, approximately, compressing the bile ducts. Because of the severity of the patients condition, it was hospitalized to receive supportive care. During hospitalization, the animal received feeding through an esophageal tube, intravenous fluid...(AU)

Cholangiocellular carcinoma in a cat / Carcinoma colangiocelular em gato

Background: Primary hepatobiliary tumors are rare in dogs and cats. Studies suggest a prevalence of 0.6% in dogs and 2.9% in cats from all occurring tumors. Neoplasia in these tissues can have hepatocellular and bile ducts origin or even be sarcomas or neuroendocrine tumors. Its clinical signs are nonspecific and the diagnosis is most often tardy or even done during necropsy. A case of cholangiocellular carcinoma and glomerulonephritis in a cat is reported, addressing its clinical aspects and emphasizing the importance of an early diagnosis. Case: A mixed breed, 12-year-old neutered cat was admitted in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul treated previously without obvious improvement. Jaundice, severe dehydration, excessive salivation, low body condition (score three out of nine), abdominal discomfort, and lethargy were evident on physical examination. Blood tests showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and increased serum levels of both alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a large single mass of three centimeters of diameter, approximately, compressing the bile ducts. Because of the severity of the patients condition, it was hospitalized to receive supportive care. During hospitalization, the animal received feeding through an esophageal tube, intravenous fluid...

Anal atresia associated with rectovaginal fistula in a bitch / Atresia anal associada à fístula retovaginal em cadela

Background: Anal atresia, a congenital defect that is common in animals, frequently affects calves and piglets. Its occurrence is associated with a defect in the perforation of the membrane that separates the endodermis of the posterior intestine from the ectodermic membrane of the anus. Anorectal congenital anomalies are rare in dogs and cats, with anal atresia being the most common of them. Anal atresia is a deformity that affects the anal opening and the terminal rectum, resulting in closure of the anal outlet. It can be classifi ed into four types. Clinical signs include the passage of feces through the vulva, vulvar dermatitis, tenesmus, cystitis, megacolon, etc. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, physical examination and supplementary tests. The treatment consists of surgical correction of the fistula, reconstruction of the vagina and of the fi nal portion of the rectum. The objective of this study is to report the surgical correction of a bitch with anal atresia associated with retrovaginal fi stula, with satisfactory recovery of the patient. Case: A mongrel bitch with one month of age and body mass of 100 grams was admitted to Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul with a history of feces in the vulva and absence of anal orifi ce. The patient presented tenesmus and was prostrate and underdeveloped in relation...(AU)

Anal atresia associated with rectovaginal fistula in a bitch / Atresia anal associada à fístula retovaginal em cadela

Background: Anal atresia, a congenital defect that is common in animals, frequently affects calves and piglets. Its occurrence is associated with a defect in the perforation of the membrane that separates the endodermis of the posterior intestine from the ectodermic membrane of the anus. Anorectal congenital anomalies are rare in dogs and cats, with anal atresia being the most common of them. Anal atresia is a deformity that affects the anal opening and the terminal rectum, resulting in closure of the anal outlet. It can be classifi ed into four types. Clinical signs include the passage of feces through the vulva, vulvar dermatitis, tenesmus, cystitis, megacolon, etc. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, physical examination and supplementary tests. The treatment consists of surgical correction of the fistula, reconstruction of the vagina and of the fi nal portion of the rectum. The objective of this study is to report the surgical correction of a bitch with anal atresia associated with retrovaginal fi stula, with satisfactory recovery of the patient. Case: A mongrel bitch with one month of age and body mass of 100 grams was admitted to Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul with a history of feces in the vulva and absence of anal orifi ce. The patient presented tenesmus and was prostrate and underdeveloped in relation...

Uretrostomia pré-púbica emergencial por necrose de uretra peniana em felino / Emergency uretrostomy prepubic by necrosis of the penile urethra in feline

Foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) da UFRGS um felino, macho, sem raça definida, dois anos de idade, com histórico de duas obstruções urinárias anteriores. No dia anterior foram realizadas inúmeras tentativas de sondagem, sem sucesso, em outro estabelecimento veterinário e o paciente foi, portanto, encaminhado para o HCV. No momento da consulta o paciente apresentava hiporexia, disúria e incontinência urinária. Ao exame clínico, observou-se aumento de volume em região perineal de consistência firme. Foi iniciada fluidoterapia e o animal foi anestesiado para nova tentativa de sondagem uretral. Verificou-se que não era possível a sondagem, pois a uretra peniana apresentava-se com estenose severa.

Uretrostomia pré-púbica emergencial por necrose de uretra peniana em felino / Emergency uretrostomy prepubic by necrosis of the penile urethra in feline

Foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) da UFRGS um felino, macho, sem raça definida, dois anos de idade, com histórico de duas obstruções urinárias anteriores. No dia anterior foram realizadas inúmeras tentativas de sondagem, sem sucesso, em outro estabelecimento veterinário e o paciente foi, portanto, encaminhado para o HCV. No momento da consulta o paciente apresentava hiporexia, disúria e incontinência urinária. Ao exame clínico, observou-se aumento de volume em região perineal de consistência firme. Foi iniciada fluidoterapia e o animal foi anestesiado para nova tentativa de sondagem uretral. Verificou-se que não era possível a sondagem, pois a uretra peniana apresentava-se com estenose severa.(AU)

Ureter ectópico extramural em cadela / Extramural Ectopic Ureter in a Bitch

Background: Ureteral ectopia is a congenital abnormality of the terminal segment of one or both ureters, in which the ureteral orifice is located distal to the trigone of the bladder. Ureteral ectopia results from dysembryogenesis of the ureteral bud due to its abnormal positioning along the mesonephric duct. It is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract as urethral sphincter dysfunction, hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Ectopic ureters are classified into two categories: extramural and intramural. Extramural ectopic ureters completely bypass the urinary bladder without anatomic attachment, opening directly into the urethra, vagina or uterus. Continuous or intermittent urinary incontinence is the most frequently reported clinical symptom associated with ureteral ectopia, and it is far more frequent in young bitches than in male dogs. Repositioning the distal segment of the ureter and ureteral orifice directly into the bladder may restore urinary continence throughout neoureterocistostomy. Case: A 3-month-old female poodle weighting 4 kg was referred to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS), State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, due to urinary incontinence, dysuria and severe vulvar pyodermatitis since it was 9 weeks old. Normal posturing and voiding of urine did occur, although only small volumes of urine were eliminated. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hydronephrosis and hydroureter of both right kidney and ureter. The ureter terminated distal to the urinary bladder, although the exact location of the termination could not be determined, ectopic ureter was suggested. Exploratory celiotomy was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and obtain surgical correction. During the surgery it was possible to identify the hydroureter attaching on the distal urethra bypassing the bladder. Surgical correction was performed using the standard neoureterocistostomy technique. Recovery was uncomplicated and lasted 4 weeks, certified with weekly ultrasound exams. Discussion: Although ureteral ectopia has been reported in both purebred and mixed breed dogs, it has been documented to occur with greater frequency in specific breeds such as toy poodle, as observed in this case. Urinary incontinence, as observed, is the most frequently reported clinical symptom of patients with ureteral ectopia. Physical examination is often within normal limits with the exception of moist or urine-stained hair in the perivulvar region. Mild to severe perivulvar dermatitis secondary to urine scalding are commonly reported clinical signs, and were present in this case. Ultrasound examination was an efficient method to identify anatomic anomalies of the inferior urinary tract leading correctly to an exploratory celiotomy, in order to both confirm and correct the congenital defect. The neoureterocistostomy was satisfactory to reimplant the ureter on the bladder without complications. The degree of urinary incontinence is variable and cannot be used to determine the specific location of the ureteral orifice, or distinguish between the presence of unilateral or bilateral ectopic ureters and cannot exclude other differential diagnosis. Incontinence in male dogs with this affection may not occur as commonly due to the longer external urethral sphincter that may oppose the passage of urine distally, resulting in retrograde bladder filling. Surgical prognosis and recovery was good considering the patient had no other clinical affections.

Evisceração por acidente automobilístico em cão da raça pitbull / Evisceration by car accident in dog pitbull

Foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária da UFRGS um canino da raça Pitbull, de aproximadamente cinco anos e pesando 40 kg. O animal apresentava evisceração de diversos órgãos abdominais devido a atropelamento, além de choque hipovolêmico.

Evisceração por acidente automobilístico em cão da raça pitbull / Evisceration by car accident in dog pitbull

Foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária da UFRGS um canino da raça Pitbull, de aproximadamente cinco anos e pesando 40 kg. O animal apresentava evisceração de diversos órgãos abdominais devido a atropelamento, além de choque hipovolêmico.(AU)

Canine sinonasal Aspergillosis

Background: Sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) is the second most common cause of nasal discharge in dogs. The diagnosis is confirmed through anamnesis, physical and complementary exams. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most frequently isolated from dogs with fungal involvement of the upper respiratory tract. Canine SNA is a disease with worldwide distribution but, surprisingly, the disease has never been described in Brazil. The prognosis of SNA is usually good. The objective of this report is to describe the first case of canine sinonasal aspergillosis in Brazil. Case: A 18-months old, male, Rottweiler breed dog was referred to the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, for purulent nasal discharge, variably bloody, and sneezing of approximately 6 months duration. During this period, the dog was treated with various antibiotics with no success and lost 10 kg of corporal mass. The alterations found in the physical exam were bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, depigmentation of nose and paranasal region, as well as subnutrition. The dog was anesthetized and sinus and chest x-rays were performed (latero-lateral and ventrodorsal positions). In the radiographic analysis, it was verified the lessening of radiolucency on the left nostril, indicating the destruction of the nasal concha. The chest radiographies did not show alterations. A rhinoscopy was carried out showing destruction in the endoturbinate, purulent discharge and presence of a dark color mass in the frontal sinus, which was collected for histopathological and microbiological culture exams. Histopathologic examination revealed the presence of hyaline, branching septate hyphae, consistent with Aspergillus spp. and inflammatory cells. Culture identified Aspergillus fumigatus. Bacteriological culture was negative. Antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus were detected by counter electrosyneresis. The haemogram showed lymphocytosis and monocytosis. The dog was treated with itraconazole (5 mg/kg of body weight, orally, twice a day for 30 days). After this period, nasal discharge decreased and a good repigmentation was observed with the dog showing improvement of his appetite and energy level. Discussion: The presence of antibodies to Aspergillus spp. does not always confirm canine nasal aspergillosis. Serological tests can yield 5% to 15% false positive results in dogs. Therefore, it is necessary to perform complementary exams such as radiography, rhinoscopy, histopathology and fungal culture in order to confirm the diagnosis. For many years, aspergillosis was considered as an incurable chronic rhinitis characterized by the turbinate destruction, nasal discharge and intermittent epistaxis. The reported prevalence of canine SNA in animals affected by disorders in the upper respiratory may range from 7 to 34%. Consequently, predisposed animals (like dolichocephalic dogs) are serious candidates to develop nasal aspergillosis that, in many cases, may be not diagnosed. This first report of canine sinonasal aspergillosis in Brazil reinforces the importance of consider this disease as a differential diagnosis in cases of nasal disease in dogs with clinical rhinosinusitis mainly in tropical countries.(AU)

Canine sinonasal Aspergillosis

Background: Sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) is the second most common cause of nasal discharge in dogs. The diagnosis is confirmed through anamnesis, physical and complementary exams. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most frequently isolated from dogs with fungal involvement of the upper respiratory tract. Canine SNA is a disease with worldwide distribution but, surprisingly, the disease has never been described in Brazil. The prognosis of SNA is usually good. The objective of this report is to describe the first case of canine sinonasal aspergillosis in Brazil. Case: A 18-months old, male, Rottweiler breed dog was referred to the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, for purulent nasal discharge, variably bloody, and sneezing of approximately 6 months duration. During this period, the dog was treated with various antibiotics with no success and lost 10 kg of corporal mass. The alterations found in the physical exam were bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, depigmentation of nose and paranasal region, as well as subnutrition. The dog was anesthetized and sinus and chest x-rays were performed (latero-lateral and ventrodorsal positions). In the radiographic analysis, it was verified the lessening of radiolucency on the left nostril, indicating the destruction of the nasal concha. The chest radiographies did not show alterations. A rhinoscopy was carried out showing destruction in the endoturbinate, purulent discharge and presence of a dark color mass in the frontal sinus, which was collected for histopathological and microbiological culture exams. Histopathologic examination revealed the presence of hyaline, branching septate hyphae, consistent with Aspergillus spp. and inflammatory cells. Culture identified Aspergillus fumigatus. Bacteriological culture was negative. Antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus were detected by counter electrosyneresis. The haemogram showed lymphocytosis and monocytosis. The dog was treated with itraconazole (5 mg/kg of body weight, orally, twice a day for 30 days). After this period, nasal discharge decreased and a good repigmentation was observed with the dog showing improvement of his appetite and energy level. Discussion: The presence of antibodies to Aspergillus spp. does not always confirm canine nasal aspergillosis. Serological tests can yield 5% to 15% false positive results in dogs. Therefore, it is necessary to perform complementary exams such as radiography, rhinoscopy, histopathology and fungal culture in order to confirm the diagnosis. For many years, aspergillosis was considered as an incurable chronic rhinitis characterized by the turbinate destruction, nasal discharge and intermittent epistaxis. The reported prevalence of canine SNA in animals affected by disorders in the upper respiratory may range from 7 to 34%. Consequently, predisposed animals (like dolichocephalic dogs) are serious candidates to develop nasal aspergillosis that, in many cases, may be not diagnosed. This first report of canine sinonasal aspergillosis in Brazil reinforces the importance of consider this disease as a differential diagnosis in cases of nasal disease in dogs with clinical rhinosinusitis mainly in tropical countries.

Flutter atrial e taquicardia ventricular em cão com síndrome dilatação e vólvulo / gástrico / Atrial flutter and ventricular tachycardia in dog with gastric-dilation volvulus Complex

Background: Gastric-dilation volvulus complex (GDV) is an acute condition characterized by dilation of the stomach associated with rotation around its mesenteric axis. Cardiac arrhythmias, especially of ventricular origin are frequently found in animals with GDV. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by three or more ventricular premature complexes in sequence. Atrial flutter is a supraventricular arrhythmia uncommon in dogs, characterized by rapid atrial rate and altered atrial depolarization resulting in bidirectional saw-toothed atrial complexes. The aim of this work is describe the cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic patterns observed in a postoperative period of seven days in a dog with GDV syndrome. Case: A 2-year-old female dog of Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to veterinary hospital due to an acute onset of abdominal distension. Clinical findings included hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refill time of less than two seconds, normal sounds in cardiac auscultation, heart rate of 160 beats per min, tachypnea, normal femoral pulses and an increased abdominal volume compatible with accumulation of gas. The surgical procedure was the treatment of choice for correction of GDV syndrome. The stomach was dilated, rotated 180 degrees clockwise and possibly with a necrotic area. The spleen was congested and infarcted. During surgery, the patient had a period of low oximetry and two isolated ventricular premature complexes, treated with lidocaine in bolus. In the postoperative period, the electrocardiographic monitoring revealed the presence of two types of arrhythmia. Ventricular tachycardia occurred one day after surgery, being treated with lidocaine in bolus and constant rate infusion. On the third day, the dog developed atrial fl utter, treated with digoxin. On the fourth day, cardiac rhythm returned to normal and showed no further changes up to 7 days after surgery, when the dog was discharged. Discussion: The presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the postoperative period is one of the factors that makes the prognosis worse in dogs with GDV. The etiological mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias in this syndrome has not been elucidated. Among the possibilities are myocardial ischemia, release of myocardial depressant factors, release of catecholamines, electrolyte imbalances and acidosis. Ventricular tachycardia is a relatively common arrhythmia in cases of GDV, which can progress to ventricular fibrillation, the leading cause of deaths from cardiac arrhythmia in dogs with the disease. Among supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial premature complexes were reported, however atrial flutter was not described before in this syndrome. Moreover, the dog developed cardiac arrhythmia until about 72 h after surgery, unlike another reports. An electrocardiographic pattern changed was the size of the P wave, suggesting left atrial enlargement, but thoracic radiography showed a normal-sized cardiac silhouette. Moreover, the animal showed T wave amplitude greater than 25% of the R wave amplitude, which may be related to low oximetry observed at the start of surgery, possible electrolyte imbalances or be physiological. The present case reinforces the importance of electrocardiographic monitoring in the postoperative GDV, including a period of up to 72 h after surgery. Moreover, it is concluded that atrial flutter may be another type of arrhythmia caused by secondary changes of GDV syndrome and confirms the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy with lidocaine in cases of ventricular tachycardia.(AU)

Flutter atrial e taquicardia ventricular em cão com síndrome dilatação e vólvulo / gástrico / Atrial flutter and ventricular tachycardia in dog with gastric-dilation volvulus Complex

Background: Gastric-dilation volvulus complex (GDV) is an acute condition characterized by dilation of the stomach associated with rotation around its mesenteric axis. Cardiac arrhythmias, especially of ventricular origin are frequently found in animals with GDV. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by three or more ventricular premature complexes in sequence. Atrial flutter is a supraventricular arrhythmia uncommon in dogs, characterized by rapid atrial rate and altered atrial depolarization resulting in bidirectional saw-toothed atrial complexes. The aim of this work is describe the cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic patterns observed in a postoperative period of seven days in a dog with GDV syndrome. Case: A 2-year-old female dog of Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to veterinary hospital due to an acute onset of abdominal distension. Clinical findings included hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refill time of less than two seconds, normal sounds in cardiac auscultation, heart rate of 160 beats per min, tachypnea, normal femoral pulses and an increased abdominal volume compatible with accumulation of gas. The surgical procedure was the treatment of choice for correction of GDV syndrome. The stomach was dilated, rotated 180 degrees clockwise and possibly with a necrotic area. The spleen was congested and infarcted. During surgery, the patient had a period of low oximetry and two isolated ventricular premature complexes, treated with lidocaine in bolus. In the postoperative period, the electrocardiographic monitoring revealed the presence of two types of arrhythmia. Ventricular tachycardia occurred one day after surgery, being treated with lidocaine in bolus and constant rate infusion. On the third day, the dog developed atrial fl utter, treated with digoxin. On the fourth day, cardiac rhythm returned to normal and showed no further changes up to 7 days after surgery, when the dog was discharged. Discussion: The presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the postoperative period is one of the factors that makes the prognosis worse in dogs with GDV. The etiological mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias in this syndrome has not been elucidated. Among the possibilities are myocardial ischemia, release of myocardial depressant factors, release of catecholamines, electrolyte imbalances and acidosis. Ventricular tachycardia is a relatively common arrhythmia in cases of GDV, which can progress to ventricular fibrillation, the leading cause of deaths from cardiac arrhythmia in dogs with the disease. Among supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial premature complexes were reported, however atrial flutter was not described before in this syndrome. Moreover, the dog developed cardiac arrhythmia until about 72 h after surgery, unlike another reports. An electrocardiographic pattern changed was the size of the P wave, suggesting left atrial enlargement, but thoracic radiography showed a normal-sized cardiac silhouette. Moreover, the animal showed T wave amplitude greater than 25% of the R wave amplitude, which may be related to low oximetry observed at the start of surgery, possible electrolyte imbalances or be physiological. The present case reinforces the importance of electrocardiographic monitoring in the postoperative GDV, including a period of up to 72 h after surgery. Moreover, it is concluded that atrial flutter may be another type of arrhythmia caused by secondary changes of GDV syndrome and confirms the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy with lidocaine in cases of ventricular tachycardia.

Suíno como modelo experimental na pesquisa biomédica: valores fisiológicos normais / Swine in biomedical research: normal physiological values

The use of animals in biomedical research is of great importance. It is fundamental for the development and improvement of new practices and technologies. The selection of the species must take into consideration the practicality of handling and the suitability for the experiment, and it must have low operational costs. Swine are important as an experimental model in several experiment areas, because the functionality of many of their organic systems is developed similarly as it is in humans. Swine are animals that become easily stressed. For that reason, their conditioning is necessary to allow the obtainment of data that is closer to normal parameters. This study aims at reporting the physiological values obtained from awake swine, under normal conditions and minimum stress.

Suíno como modelo experimental na pesquisa biomédica: valores fisiológicos normais / Swine in biomedical research: normal physiological values

The use of animals in biomedical research is of great importance. It is fundamental for the development and improvement of new practices and technologies. The selection of the species must take into consideration the practicality of handling and the suitability for the experiment, and it must have low operational costs. Swine are important as an experimental model in several experiment areas, because the functionality of many of their organic systems is developed similarly as it is in humans. Swine are animals that become easily stressed. For that reason, their conditioning is necessary to allow the obtainment of data that is closer to normal parameters. This study aims at reporting the physiological values obtained from awake swine, under normal conditions and minimum stress.(AU)

Gestação ectópica associada à mumificação fetal em cadela: relato de caso / Ectopic pregnancy associated fetal mummification in bitch / Gestación ectópica asociada a la momificación fetal

A gestação extrauterina ou ectópica é uma condição patológica na qual o embrião ou feto desenvolve-se ou encontra-se fora da cavidade uterina. Os sinais clínicos desse distúrbio podem ser vagos ou pode não haver qualquer sinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso raro de gestação ectópica associada a fetos mumificados e encapsulados na cavidade abdominal de uma cadela. A paciente relatada foi atendida com histórico de aumento de volume na glândula mamária. Os exames complementares de imagem pré-cirúrgicos revelaram a presença de fetos na cavidade abdominal. Durante o procedimento de laparotomia exploratória, foram identificados quatro fetos encapsulados e mumificados envoltos pelo omento e pelo mesentério, os quais foram cuidadosamente divulsionados das estruturas adjacentes. Em seguida, procedeu-se a cirurgia de ovariosalpingohisterectomia, não sendo observada nenhuma alteração macroscópica em útero e ovários. A paciente apresentou excelente recuperação pós-cirúrgica e a terapêutica instituída foi eficaz e de fácil execução, sem apresentar complicações no período trans e pós-operatório.(AU)

The extrauterine ar ectopic pregnancy is a pathological condition in which the embryo or fetus has its development out of the uterine cavity. Clinical signs of this disorder can be vague or they can't be seen. The goal of this work is to report a rare case of ectopic pregnancy associated to mummified and encapsulated fetuses at abdominal cavity in a bitch. The reported patient was rescued with history of swelling in mammary gland. Imaging preoperative exams revealed the presence of fetuses in the abdominal cavity. During laparotomy procedure, four mummified and encapsulated fetuses were identified wrapped by the omentum and mesentery,which were carefully divulsed from the adjacent structures. Then, the ovariosalpingohisterectomy surgery was done and it was not observed any macroscopic alteration in the uterus and ovaries. The patient presented excellent postoperative recovery and the therapy instituted was effective and easy to perform, without presenting complications on the trans period and postoperative.(AU)

La gestación extrauterina o ectópico es una condición patológica en la que el embrión o feto se desarrolla o encuentra fuera de la cavidad uterina. Los signos clínicos de este trastorno pueden ser escasos o de presentación asintomática. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un caso raro de gestación ectópica asociada a la presencia de fetos momificados y encapsulados en la cavidad abdominal de una perra. La paciente tenía un histórico de aumento de volumen en la glándula mamaria. Los exámenes adicionales de imagen pre quirúrgicos muestran la presencia de fetos en la cavidad abdominal. Durante el procedimiento de laparotomía explorataria, fueron identificados cuatro fetos encapsulados y momificados envueltos por el epiplón y por el mesenterio, los cuales fueron cuidadosamente divulsionados de las estructuras adyacentes. Posteriormente fue realizada la cirugía de ovariosalpingohisterectomia, no fueron observadas alteraciones macroscópicas en útero y ovarios. La paciente presento una excelente recuperación postquirúrgica y la terapia instaurada fue eficaz y de fácil ejecución, sin presentar complicaciones en el período trans y postoperataria.(AU)

Gestação ectópica associada à mumificação fetal em cadela: relato de caso / Ectopic pregnancy associated fetal mummification in bitch / Gestación ectópica asociada a la momificación fetal

A gestação extrauterina ou ectópica é uma condição patológica na qual o embrião ou feto desenvolve-se ou encontra-se fora da cavidade uterina. Os sinais clínicos desse distúrbio podem ser vagos ou pode não haver qualquer sinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso raro de gestação ectópica associada a fetos mumificados e encapsulados na cavidade abdominal de uma cadela. A paciente relatada foi atendida com histórico de aumento de volume na glândula mamária. Os exames complementares de imagem pré-cirúrgicos revelaram a presença de fetos na cavidade abdominal. Durante o procedimento de laparotomia exploratória, foram identificados quatro fetos encapsulados e mumificados envoltos pelo omento e pelo mesentério, os quais foram cuidadosamente divulsionados das estruturas adjacentes. Em seguida, procedeu-se a cirurgia de ovariosalpingohisterectomia, não sendo observada nenhuma alteração macroscópica em útero e ovários. A paciente apresentou excelente recuperação pós-cirúrgica e a terapêutica instituída foi eficaz e de fácil execução, sem apresentar complicações no período trans e pós-operatório.

The extrauterine ar ectopic pregnancy is a pathological condition in which the embryo or fetus has its development out of the uterine cavity. Clinical signs of this disorder can be vague or they can't be seen. The goal of this work is to report a rare case of ectopic pregnancy associated to mummified and encapsulated fetuses at abdominal cavity in a bitch. The reported patient was rescued with history of swelling in mammary gland. Imaging preoperative exams revealed the presence of fetuses in the abdominal cavity. During laparotomy procedure, four mummified and encapsulated fetuses were identified wrapped by the omentum and mesentery,which were carefully divulsed from the adjacent structures. Then, the ovariosalpingohisterectomy surgery was done and it was not observed any macroscopic alteration in the uterus and ovaries. The patient presented excellent postoperative recovery and the therapy instituted was effective and easy to perform, without presenting complications on the trans period and postoperative.

La gestación extrauterina o ectópico es una condición patológica en la que el embrión o feto se desarrolla o encuentra fuera de la cavidad uterina. Los signos clínicos de este trastorno pueden ser escasos o de presentación asintomática. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un caso raro de gestación ectópica asociada a la presencia de fetos momificados y encapsulados en la cavidad abdominal de una perra. La paciente tenía un histórico de aumento de volumen en la glándula mamaria. Los exámenes adicionales de imagen pre quirúrgicos muestran la presencia de fetos en la cavidad abdominal. Durante el procedimiento de laparotomía explorataria, fueron identificados cuatro fetos encapsulados y momificados envueltos por el epiplón y por el mesenterio, los cuales fueron cuidadosamente divulsionados de las estructuras adyacentes. Posteriormente fue realizada la cirugía de ovariosalpingohisterectomia, no fueron observadas alteraciones macroscópicas en útero y ovarios. La paciente presento una excelente recuperación postquirúrgica y la terapia instaurada fue eficaz y de fácil ejecución, sin presentar complicaciones en el período trans y postoperataria.