Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.(AU)

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design(2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS andhighest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 &956;m. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.(AU)

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn / Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

Macro ingredients as markers of the quality of mixing feed / Macro ingredientes como indicadores da qualidade de mistura de rações

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of macro ingredients as markers of the quality of mixed feeds. Were used: popcorn grain, sorghum, millet, rice colored and purple corn grinded (0.5% added to the diet, substituting grind corn) and coarse limestone sieved through sieve nº 10 ABNT with 2 mm (added in 0.5% in the diet, substituting finely ground limestone). Microtracer F-Red was used as a method of reference. It was used a Y-type mixer (capacity of 5,000 cm3), and produced 1 kg of feed per repetition. It was adopted six mixing times (10 seconds, 1, 6, 11, 16 and 21 minutes) and five particle size of corn (386, 513, 610, 731 and 839 ?m), amounting 30 treatments with three repetitions for each treatment. Where collected 12 samples, for each replicate, to measurement of the markers and determination of the coefficient of variation (CV). A quadratic effect with minimum point for the CV was observed for all markers with the increasing of the mixing time. There was no effect of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of coarse limestone and millet. There was a quadratic response of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of purple corn and popcorn grain and linear effect for the colored rice, sorghum and reference method. The particle size of corn changed the time needed to reduce the CV of the markers: colored rice, milled purple corn,popcorn, sorghum and microtracer. The use ofalternative markers has shown that it is a promising tool for the determination of the optimum mixingtime, especially millet and limestone, that showed the highest correlations with the reference method.(AU)

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar o uso de macro ingredientes como indicadores da qualidade de mistura de rações. Foram utilizados: milho pipoca, sorgo, milheto, arroz colorido, milho roxo moído (adicionados em 0,5% na ração, em substituição ao milho moído) e o calcário grosso peneirado em peneira ABNT nº10 com dois milímetros de diâmetro das malhas (adicionado em 0,5% na ração, em substituição ao calcário finamente moído). Como método referência utilizou-se microtracer F-Red. Foi utilizado um misturador tipo Y (capacidade de 5.000 cm3) e fabricado 1 kg de ração para cada repetição. Foram utilizados seis tempos de mistura (10 segundos; 1; 6; 11; 16 e 21 minutos) e cinco diâmetros geométricos médios do milho (386; 513; 610; 731 e 839 ?m) totalizando 30 tratamentos, com três repetições por tratamento. Foram coletadas 12 amostras, para cada unidade experimental, para a contagem dos indicadores e determinação do coeficiente de variação (CV). Houve efeito quadrático com ponto de mínimo para os CV de todos os indicadores com o aumento do tempo de mistura. Não houve efeito do diâmetro geométrico médio do milho para os CV do calcário grosso e milheto. Houve efeito quadrático do diâmetro geométrico médio do milho para os CV do milho roxo e milho pipoca e efeito linear para o arroz colorido, sorgo e para o método referência. A granulometria do milho alterou o tempo necessário para reduzir o CV dos indicadores: arroz colorido, milho roxo moído,milho pipoca, sorgo e microtracer. A utilização de indicadores alternativos se mostrou promissora comoferramenta para determinação dos tempos ideais de mistura, com destaque para o milheto e o calcário,pois apresentaram as maiores correlações com o método referência.(AU)

Behavioral, thermoregulatory, and operational aspects of shallow pool pens used in gilts production / Aspectos comportamentais, temorregulatórios e operacionais do usode lâmina dágua rasa na criação de leitoas

This work was conducted to assess behavioral, thermoregulatory and operational aspects of gilt breeding (Body weight, 25–110 kg) whilst the animals were housed in 2-cm deep shallow pool pens (SPP), without the addition of water, compared to the use of fully compact floor pens (TSF) during thewinter and summer seasons. Commercial female strains for high lean tissue accretion were used, housed in grower/finisher pens for 108 days (11 animals/pen, 1.2 m2/animal). Instantaneous observations of behavior were carried out every 12 min between 7:00 and 19:00 hours throughout the six days of the raising period. At the end of the raising period, the operational aspects of cleaning the facilities were analyzed. A 2 × 2 factorial scheme design was used, with two types of floors and two seasons, withthree replicates. The average temperatures in winter and summer were 19.9 ± 2.2°C and 24.5 ± 2.3°C,respectively. The use of SPP reduced aggressive behavior and increased exploratory behavior, increasedthe time for the daily cleaning, and reduced the time for the final cleaning of the pens.(AU)

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar os comportamentos, a termorregulação e os aspectos operacionais da criação de leitoas (25 aos 110 kg de peso vivo) alojadas em lâminas dágua rasa (LDR), com 2 cm de profundidade, sem adição de água em comparação com o piso totalmente compacto (PTC), nas estações de inverno e verão. Foram utilizadas fêmeas de linhagem comercial para alta deposição de tecido magro, alojadas em baias de crescimento/terminação por 108 dias (11 animais por baia, 1,2 m2/animal). Foram realizadas observações instantâneas do comportamento, a cada 12 minutos, das 7h00min às 19h00min por seis dias ao longo do período de criação. No final do período de criaçãoforam analisados os aspectos operacionais da limpeza das instalações. Foi utilizado delineamento em um esquema fatorial 2x2, com dois tipos de pisos e duas estações, com três repetições. As temperaturas médias do ar no inverno e verão foram de 19,9±2,2ºC e 24,5±2,3ºC, respectivamente. A utilização de LDR reduziu os comportamentos agressivos e aumentou os comportamentos exploratórios, aumentou o tempo de limpeza diário e reduziu o tempo de limpeza final das baias.(AU)

Macro ingredients as markers of the quality of mixing feed / Macro ingredientes como indicadores da qualidade de mistura de rações

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of macro ingredients as markers of the quality of mixed feeds. Were used: popcorn grain, sorghum, millet, rice colored and purple corn grinded (0.5% added to the diet, substituting grind corn) and coarse limestone sieved through sieve nº 10 ABNT with 2 mm (added in 0.5% in the diet, substituting finely ground limestone). Microtracer F-Red was used as a method of reference. It was used a Y-type mixer (capacity of 5,000 cm3), and produced 1 kg of feed per repetition. It was adopted six mixing times (10 seconds, 1, 6, 11, 16 and 21 minutes) and five particle size of corn (386, 513, 610, 731 and 839 ?m), amounting 30 treatments with three repetitions for each treatment. Where collected 12 samples, for each replicate, to measurement of the markers and determination of the coefficient of variation (CV). A quadratic effect with minimum point for the CV was observed for all markers with the increasing of the mixing time. There was no effect of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of coarse limestone and millet. There was a quadratic response of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of purple corn and popcorn grain and linear effect for the colored rice, sorghum and reference method. The particle size of corn changed the time needed to reduce the CV of the markers: colored rice, milled purple corn,popcorn, sorghum and microtracer. The use ofalternative markers has shown that it is a promising tool for the determination of the optimum mixingtime, especially millet and limestone, that showed the highest correlations with the reference method.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar o uso de macro ingredientes como indicadores da qualidade de mistura de rações. Foram utilizados: milho pipoca, sorgo, milheto, arroz colorido, milho roxo moído (adicionados em 0,5% na ração, em substituição ao milho moído) e o calcário grosso peneirado em peneira ABNT nº10 com dois milímetros de diâmetro das malhas (adicionado em 0,5% na ração, em substituição ao calcário finamente moído). Como método referência utilizou-se microtracer F-Red. Foi utilizado um misturador tipo Y (capacidade de 5.000 cm3) e fabricado 1 kg de ração para cada repetição. Foram utilizados seis tempos de mistura (10 segundos; 1; 6; 11; 16 e 21 minutos) e cinco diâmetros geométricos médios do milho (386; 513; 610; 731 e 839 ?m) totalizando 30 tratamentos, com três repetições por tratamento. Foram coletadas 12 amostras, para cada unidade experimental, para a contagem dos indicadores e determinação do coeficiente de variação (CV). Houve efeito quadrático com ponto de mínimo para os CV de todos os indicadores com o aumento do tempo de mistura. Não houve efeito do diâmetro geométrico médio do milho para os CV do calcário grosso e milheto. Houve efeito quadrático do diâmetro geométrico médio do milho para os CV do milho roxo e milho pipoca e efeito linear para o arroz colorido, sorgo e para o método referência. A granulometria do milho alterou o tempo necessário para reduzir o CV dos indicadores: arroz colorido, milho roxo moído,milho pipoca, sorgo e microtracer. A utilização de indicadores alternativos se mostrou promissora comoferramenta para determinação dos tempos ideais de mistura, com destaque para o milheto e o calcário,pois apresentaram as maiores correlações com o método referência.

Behavioral, thermoregulatory, and operational aspects of shallow pool pens used in gilts production / Aspectos comportamentais, temorregulatórios e operacionais do usode lâmina d’água rasa na criação de leitoas

This work was conducted to assess behavioral, thermoregulatory and operational aspects of gilt breeding (Body weight, 25–110 kg) whilst the animals were housed in 2-cm deep shallow pool pens (SPP), without the addition of water, compared to the use of fully compact floor pens (TSF) during thewinter and summer seasons. Commercial female strains for high lean tissue accretion were used, housed in grower/finisher pens for 108 days (11 animals/pen, 1.2 m2/animal). Instantaneous observations of behavior were carried out every 12 min between 7:00 and 19:00 hours throughout the six days of the raising period. At the end of the raising period, the operational aspects of cleaning the facilities were analyzed. A 2 × 2 factorial scheme design was used, with two types of floors and two seasons, withthree replicates. The average temperatures in winter and summer were 19.9 ± 2.2°C and 24.5 ± 2.3°C,respectively. The use of SPP reduced aggressive behavior and increased exploratory behavior, increasedthe time for the daily cleaning, and reduced the time for the final cleaning of the pens.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar os comportamentos, a termorregulação e os aspectos operacionais da criação de leitoas (25 aos 110 kg de peso vivo) alojadas em lâminas d’água rasa (LDR), com 2 cm de profundidade, sem adição de água em comparação com o piso totalmente compacto (PTC), nas estações de inverno e verão. Foram utilizadas fêmeas de linhagem comercial para alta deposição de tecido magro, alojadas em baias de crescimento/terminação por 108 dias (11 animais por baia, 1,2 m2/animal). Foram realizadas observações instantâneas do comportamento, a cada 12 minutos, das 7h00min às 19h00min por seis dias ao longo do período de criação. No final do período de criaçãoforam analisados os aspectos operacionais da limpeza das instalações. Foi utilizado delineamento em um esquema fatorial 2x2, com dois tipos de pisos e duas estações, com três repetições. As temperaturas médias do ar no inverno e verão foram de 19,9±2,2ºC e 24,5±2,3ºC, respectivamente. A utilização de LDR reduziu os comportamentos agressivos e aumentou os comportamentos exploratórios, aumentou o tempo de limpeza diário e reduziu o tempo de limpeza final das baias.

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn / Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.