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1.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 31(02): 120-129, 2021. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1472706

Resumo

Infecções no sistema nervoso central (SNC) são menos prevalentes do que em outros órgãos e o tratamento é desafiador. Entre os fatores que tornam o tratamento de infecções bacterianas complicado nesse tecido, destacam se o fato do mesmo ser envolto pela barreira hematoencefálica, além da dificuldade de obter resultados positivos ao tentar isolar o agente causador por meio de punção de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). Objetiva-se, nesse trabalho, documentar documentar os principais antibióticos utilizados para tratar infecções bacterianas no sistema nervoso central e a interação com a barreira hematoencefálica (BHE). Os antibióticos com ótima penetração na BHE são: trimetoprim, sulfonamidas, metronidazol e cloranfenicol com penetração penetração intermediária são: oxacilinas, penicilinas, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, tetraciclinas e carbenicilina; e com pequena penetração são: aminoglicosídeos, cefalosporinas de primeira geração e clindamicina. É fundamental para a escolha do antibiótico mais adequado para cada caso conhecer características da barreira hematoencefálica, além de determinar a farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica dos antibióticos e seus principais agentes etiológicos. Percebe-se que na literatura veterinária há escassos relatos descrevendo aspectos de farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica nas espécies felina e canina, sendo necessária maior maior quantidade de estudos nesta área.


Although infections in the central nervous system are less common than infections in other organics systems, they can cause life-threatening consequences and are a challenge for small animal practitioners. Among the factors that make these infections difficult to treat are the fact that it is surrounded by the blood-brain barrier, that hinders penetration of many substances, and the difficulty of obtaining positive results when trying to isolate the causative agent through spinal tap. This article aims to describe the blood-brain barrier, the most common antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections in the central nervous system and their main applications in small animal practice. In the veterinary literature, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and metronidazole are cited as antimicrobials with excellent penetration on the blood-brain barrier; oxacillin, penicillin's, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, tetracyclines and carbenicillin with intermediate penetration; and aminoglycosides, first-generation cephalosporins, and clindamycin with little penetration. It was concluded that knowing the blood-brain barrier characteristics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents, along with the main etiological agents, are the key to choose the most appropriate antibiotic to be applied in each individual case. It is noticed that in the veterinary literature there are few reports describing aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in feline and canine species, requiring more studies in this area.


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
Ci. Anim. ; 31(02): 120-129, 2021. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-764674

Resumo

Infecções no sistema nervoso central (SNC) são menos prevalentes do que em outros órgãos e o tratamento é desafiador. Entre os fatores que tornam o tratamento de infecções bacterianas complicado nesse tecido, destacam se o fato do mesmo ser envolto pela barreira hematoencefálica, além da dificuldade de obter resultados positivos ao tentar isolar o agente causador por meio de punção de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). Objetiva-se, nesse trabalho, documentar documentar os principais antibióticos utilizados para tratar infecções bacterianas no sistema nervoso central e a interação com a barreira hematoencefálica (BHE). Os antibióticos com ótima penetração na BHE são: trimetoprim, sulfonamidas, metronidazol e cloranfenicol com penetração penetração intermediária são: oxacilinas, penicilinas, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, tetraciclinas e carbenicilina; e com pequena penetração são: aminoglicosídeos, cefalosporinas de primeira geração e clindamicina. É fundamental para a escolha do antibiótico mais adequado para cada caso conhecer características da barreira hematoencefálica, além de determinar a farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica dos antibióticos e seus principais agentes etiológicos. Percebe-se que na literatura veterinária há escassos relatos descrevendo aspectos de farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica nas espécies felina e canina, sendo necessária maior maior quantidade de estudos nesta área.(AU)


Although infections in the central nervous system are less common than infections in other organics systems, they can cause life-threatening consequences and are a challenge for small animal practitioners. Among the factors that make these infections difficult to treat are the fact that it is surrounded by the blood-brain barrier, that hinders penetration of many substances, and the difficulty of obtaining positive results when trying to isolate the causative agent through spinal tap. This article aims to describe the blood-brain barrier, the most common antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections in the central nervous system and their main applications in small animal practice. In the veterinary literature, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and metronidazole are cited as antimicrobials with excellent penetration on the blood-brain barrier; oxacillin, penicillin's, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, tetracyclines and carbenicillin with intermediate penetration; and aminoglycosides, first-generation cephalosporins, and clindamycin with little penetration. It was concluded that knowing the blood-brain barrier characteristics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents, along with the main etiological agents, are the key to choose the most appropriate antibiotic to be applied in each individual case. It is noticed that in the veterinary literature there are few reports describing aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in feline and canine species, requiring more studies in this area.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética
3.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 30(4): 104-116, 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1472669

Resumo

A articulação coxofemoral é composta por duas estruturas osteoarticulares: a cavidade acetabular e o fêmur. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes desta região e acomete, principalmente, cães de grande porte. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes dessa região e acomete, principalmente, animais de grande porte. É caracterizada por frouxidão articular, formação anormal do quadril e doença articular degenerativa. Apresenta alta herdabilidade e os fatores ambientais contribuem para a expressão fenotípica e a gravidade do distúrbio. Claudicação, dor e redução na amplitude do movimento da articulação são os principais sinais clínicos, no entanto, a apresentação clínica pode ser variável. A radiografia pélvica e a avaliação clínica são os principais métodos para se diagnosticar a doença. Inúmeras técnicas radiográficas podem ser utilizadas no diagnóstico. A projeção ventrodorsal do quadril com os membros posteriores estendidos é usada pela Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) e British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). Contudo, os métodos Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index e Dorsal Acetabular Rim utilizam outras projeções e avaliam a frouxidão articular com intuito de diagnóstico precoce desta afecção. Objetivou-se com este artigo descrever as principais metodologias radiográficas utilizadas para avaliação e diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral em cães, bem como suas vantagens, desvantagens e limitações de cada técnica.


The hip joint is composed of two osteoarticular structures: the acetabular cavity and the femur. Dysplasia is one of the most frequent orthopedic diseases in this region and mainly affects large dogs. It is characterized by joint laxity, abnormal hip formation and degenerative joint disease. It presents high heritability and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic expression and the severity of the disorder. Claudication, pain, and reduced range of motion of the joint are the main clinical signs, however, the clinical presentation can be variable. Pelvic radiography and clinical evaluation are the main methods to diagnose the disease. Countless radiographic techniques can be used in the diagnosis. The ventrodorsal projection of the hip with extended hind limbs is used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). However, the Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index and Dorsal Acetabular Kidney methods use other projections and evaluate joint laxity in order to diagnose this condition early. The aim of this work is to describe the main radiographic methodologies used for the evaluation and diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each technique.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Displasia Pélvica Canina/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/veterinária , Doenças do Cão , Radiografia/veterinária
4.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 30(4): 104-116, 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-30001

Resumo

A articulação coxofemoral é composta por duas estruturas osteoarticulares: a cavidade acetabular e o fêmur. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes desta região e acomete, principalmente, cães de grande porte. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes dessa região e acomete, principalmente, animais de grande porte. É caracterizada por frouxidão articular, formação anormal do quadril e doença articular degenerativa. Apresenta alta herdabilidade e os fatores ambientais contribuem para a expressão fenotípica e a gravidade do distúrbio. Claudicação, dor e redução na amplitude do movimento da articulação são os principais sinais clínicos, no entanto, a apresentação clínica pode ser variável. A radiografia pélvica e a avaliação clínica são os principais métodos para se diagnosticar a doença. Inúmeras técnicas radiográficas podem ser utilizadas no diagnóstico. A projeção ventrodorsal do quadril com os membros posteriores estendidos é usada pela Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) e British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). Contudo, os métodos Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index e Dorsal Acetabular Rim utilizam outras projeções e avaliam a frouxidão articular com intuito de diagnóstico precoce desta afecção. Objetivou-se com este artigo descrever as principais metodologias radiográficas utilizadas para avaliação e diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral em cães, bem como suas vantagens, desvantagens e limitações de cada técnica.(AU)


The hip joint is composed of two osteoarticular structures: the acetabular cavity and the femur. Dysplasia is one of the most frequent orthopedic diseases in this region and mainly affects large dogs. It is characterized by joint laxity, abnormal hip formation and degenerative joint disease. It presents high heritability and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic expression and the severity of the disorder. Claudication, pain, and reduced range of motion of the joint are the main clinical signs, however, the clinical presentation can be variable. Pelvic radiography and clinical evaluation are the main methods to diagnose the disease. Countless radiographic techniques can be used in the diagnosis. The ventrodorsal projection of the hip with extended hind limbs is used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). However, the Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index and Dorsal Acetabular Kidney methods use other projections and evaluate joint laxity in order to diagnose this condition early. The aim of this work is to describe the main radiographic methodologies used for the evaluation and diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each technique.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Doenças do Cão , Displasia Pélvica Canina/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/veterinária , Radiografia/veterinária
5.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 48: Pub.1754-Jan. 30, 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1458277

Resumo

Background: Patellar luxation is an alteration of bone development for which the indicated treatment is surgery. Failure to correct it may result in clinical worsening. The most commonly used surgical approach is the transposition of the tibial crest with trochleoplasty, which aims to accommodate 50% of the patella in the trochlea. The femoral groove and trochlea can be evaluated radiographically by tangential projection, tomography, or ultrasonography; however, all these methodologies have limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of the trochlear groove in three regions and to compare it with the patellar diameter on simple mediolateral radiographic images. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifty non-paired pelvic limbs of adult dogs of a specific breed, weighing less than 40 kg and without orthopedic changes, were used. In the mediolateral radiographic projection, three evaluators measured the femoral trochlear sulcus at three different points and the patellar diameter. After imaging examinations, all limbs were skeletonized, and the trochlea and patella were measured with a digital caliper in the same regions as that of the radiographic measurements. All post-skeletonization calculations were performed by an evaluator. The highest mean radiographic and ex vivo trochlear depth was 3.4 ± 1.2 mm and 2.7 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. The lowest mean radiographic and ex vivo patellar diameter was 7.7 ± 1.7 mm and 7.9 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. The average relationship between the trochlear depth and patellar diameter was less than 50% in all animals, with the highest radiographically determined ratio being 44.15% and that determined ex vivo as 34.17%. The mean patellar diameter calculated radiographically was similar among the animals. Discussion: Radiographic images made it possible to assess the patella and bone surface regions of the femoral condyles. A wide arthrotomy...


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Luxação Patelar/cirurgia , Luxação Patelar/veterinária , Nervo Troclear/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/cirurgia , Ossos Pélvicos/lesões , Radiografia/veterinária
6.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 29(1): 94-108, 2019. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1472462

Resumo

Doenças na medula espinhal causam dor, dificuldade ambulatorial e incontinência urinária, interferindo de forma significativa na qualidade de vida dos animais. A localização clínica das lesões neurológicas bem como a característica do curso das doenças, é de extrema importância na elaboração dos possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais. Para se definir o diagnóstico e tratamento, são necessários exames complementares. Atualmente, destacam-se os exames de imagem avançados como tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a ressonância magnética (RM) como possibilidades complementares. Estes exames, entretanto, são pouco disponíveis no Brasil e em outros países em desenvolvimento, ou estão restritos aos grandes centros urbanos. Desta maneira, técnicas que exijam menor tecnologia e estão mais disponíveis, como mielografia, ainda têm papel fundamental no diagnóstico e planejamento cirúrgico de afecções medulares em locais nos quais a TC e RM são inacessíveis. Para a realização da mielografia, o paciente deve ser submetido à anestesia geral e a punção deve ser feita em condições estéreis em cisterna magna ou em região lombar. O fluir do liquor, caso o animal movimente a cauda ou membros, são indícios de que o bisel da agulha está no espaço subaracnóideo e o contraste deve ser administrado. Existem quatro tipos de padrão mielográfico (normal, extradural, intradural-extramedular e intramedular) e cada padrão pode estar relacionado a diferentes tipos de afecção. A administração do contraste no espaço subaracnóideo pode causar inúmeros efeitos adversos, sendo o mais estudado a ocorrência de convulsões após mielografia.


Spinal cord diseases can cause pain and urinary incontinence. All these clinical signs can interfere in a significant way in life quality of ill patients. The clinical localization of the neurological lesions as well as the characteristic of the diseases course are of extreme importance in the elaboration of the possible differential diagnoses. In order to define the diagnosis and treatment, additional tests are necessary. Advanced imaging exams such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stand out as complementary possibilities. These image modalities aren ́t easily accessible in Brazil and other developing countries and are restricted to big cities. Considering this, more traditional image techniques such as myelography are still useful in spinal cord diseases diagnosis and treatment in places where CT and or MRI are inaccessible. Myelography requires general anesthesia and the spinal tap area must be clipped and surgically prepared. The spinal tap can be done in subarachnoid lumbar space or cisterna magna. Liquor fluence, twitching the tail or limbs are signs that the needle is in the subarachnoid space and myelography contrast can be administrated. There are four myelography patterns: normal, extradural, intradural-extramedullary and intramedullary) and these patterners can occur in different diseases etiologies. Subdural contrast administration can cause many side effects, the most studied is myelography induced seizures.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/veterinária , Mielografia/efeitos adversos , Mielografia/veterinária , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Neurológico/veterinária
7.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 29(1): 94-108, 2019. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-21634

Resumo

Doenças na medula espinhal causam dor, dificuldade ambulatorial e incontinência urinária, interferindo de forma significativa na qualidade de vida dos animais. A localização clínica das lesões neurológicas bem como a característica do curso das doenças, é de extrema importância na elaboração dos possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais. Para se definir o diagnóstico e tratamento, são necessários exames complementares. Atualmente, destacam-se os exames de imagem avançados como tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a ressonância magnética (RM) como possibilidades complementares. Estes exames, entretanto, são pouco disponíveis no Brasil e em outros países em desenvolvimento, ou estão restritos aos grandes centros urbanos. Desta maneira, técnicas que exijam menor tecnologia e estão mais disponíveis, como mielografia, ainda têm papel fundamental no diagnóstico e planejamento cirúrgico de afecções medulares em locais nos quais a TC e RM são inacessíveis. Para a realização da mielografia, o paciente deve ser submetido à anestesia geral e a punção deve ser feita em condições estéreis em cisterna magna ou em região lombar. O fluir do liquor, caso o animal movimente a cauda ou membros, são indícios de que o bisel da agulha está no espaço subaracnóideo e o contraste deve ser administrado. Existem quatro tipos de padrão mielográfico (normal, extradural, intradural-extramedular e intramedular) e cada padrão pode estar relacionado a diferentes tipos de afecção. A administração do contraste no espaço subaracnóideo pode causar inúmeros efeitos adversos, sendo o mais estudado a ocorrência de convulsões após mielografia.(AU)


Spinal cord diseases can cause pain and urinary incontinence. All these clinical signs can interfere in a significant way in life quality of ill patients. The clinical localization of the neurological lesions as well as the characteristic of the diseases course are of extreme importance in the elaboration of the possible differential diagnoses. In order to define the diagnosis and treatment, additional tests are necessary. Advanced imaging exams such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stand out as complementary possibilities. These image modalities aren ́t easily accessible in Brazil and other developing countries and are restricted to big cities. Considering this, more traditional image techniques such as myelography are still useful in spinal cord diseases diagnosis and treatment in places where CT and or MRI are inaccessible. Myelography requires general anesthesia and the spinal tap area must be clipped and surgically prepared. The spinal tap can be done in subarachnoid lumbar space or cisterna magna. Liquor fluence, twitching the tail or limbs are signs that the needle is in the subarachnoid space and myelography contrast can be administrated. There are four myelography patterns: normal, extradural, intradural-extramedullary and intramedullary) and these patterners can occur in different diseases etiologies. Subdural contrast administration can cause many side effects, the most studied is myelography induced seizures.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Mielografia/veterinária , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/veterinária , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Mielografia/efeitos adversos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Neurológico/veterinária
8.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 46: 1-7, 2018. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457851

Resumo

Background: Poisoning cases are a challenge for the veterinary practitioner, since many agents can be involved. The incomplete patient history associated with advanced poisoning stage often leads to death. Since lacking information is common, it is essential to be aware of principal poisoning agents and their associated symptomatology. The aim of this study is to describe the major agents involved in small animal poisoning, the causative agent, poisoning route, time to search veterinary care, clinical signs and ancillary tests of canine and feline patients treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-four medical records with poisoning history were found and reviewed, but only 30 medical records had complete data to be evaluated. There were 24 dogs and 6 cats, 17 female and 13 male. Six females were spayed. Poisoning agent identification was possible in 29 cases and was food, molluscicide, cleaning product, ornamental plants, medication, rodenticide and antiparasitic drugs. Fourteen poisonings were caused by the owner and 16 were accidental. There was a higher poisoning incidence in dogs than cats. Most of the patients were young and unneutered/unspayed.Discussion: In this study there was a higher poisoning prevalence in dogs than cats, as occurred in other studies published in Europe, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Austria and other Brazilian regions. Most of the patients were young, which is in agreement with previous studies in which young animals were more affected. Domestic antiparasitic drugs were the most common poisoning agents (33%), as reported in studies from France and Spain. In southern Brazil, the most common poisoning agent was medication, whereas in southeast Brazil, organophosphates were the most prevalent poisoning agent. Considering this, the geographic localisation seems to influence the poisoning agent.[...]


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Intoxicação/diagnóstico , Intoxicação/etiologia , Intoxicação/veterinária , Medicina de Emergência , Estudos Retrospectivos
9.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 46: 1-7, 2018. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-19202

Resumo

Background: Poisoning cases are a challenge for the veterinary practitioner, since many agents can be involved. The incomplete patient history associated with advanced poisoning stage often leads to death. Since lacking information is common, it is essential to be aware of principal poisoning agents and their associated symptomatology. The aim of this study is to describe the major agents involved in small animal poisoning, the causative agent, poisoning route, time to search veterinary care, clinical signs and ancillary tests of canine and feline patients treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-four medical records with poisoning history were found and reviewed, but only 30 medical records had complete data to be evaluated. There were 24 dogs and 6 cats, 17 female and 13 male. Six females were spayed. Poisoning agent identification was possible in 29 cases and was food, molluscicide, cleaning product, ornamental plants, medication, rodenticide and antiparasitic drugs. Fourteen poisonings were caused by the owner and 16 were accidental. There was a higher poisoning incidence in dogs than cats. Most of the patients were young and unneutered/unspayed.Discussion: In this study there was a higher poisoning prevalence in dogs than cats, as occurred in other studies published in Europe, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Austria and other Brazilian regions. Most of the patients were young, which is in agreement with previous studies in which young animals were more affected. Domestic antiparasitic drugs were the most common poisoning agents (33%), as reported in studies from France and Spain. In southern Brazil, the most common poisoning agent was medication, whereas in southeast Brazil, organophosphates were the most prevalent poisoning agent. Considering this, the geographic localisation seems to influence the poisoning agent.[...](AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Intoxicação/diagnóstico , Intoxicação/etiologia , Intoxicação/veterinária , Medicina de Emergência , Estudos Retrospectivos
10.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 45(suppl.1): Pub.226-2017. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457795

Resumo

Background: The tarsal joint is the third most commonly joint affected by osteochondrosis in dogs. This joint is affected in 4 to 9% of the cases, and in 50% of these cases the disease is bilateral. Radiological signs include defect in the subchondral bone, sclerotic margin, and fragment of mineralized cartilage. Dorsoplantar in flexion and oblique radiologic images are necessary to show tarsal osteochondrosis. Computed tomography avoid overlap of bone structures and allows better visualization of subchondral lesions, showing the exact location, size and number of fragments. The objective of this study is to report a case of bilateral osteochondrosis dissecans in tarsal joint in Rottweiler. Case: A female Rottweiler was examined and presented a history of pain and difficulty in raising the pelvic limbs. There was pain in the right tibiotarsal joint (RTJ) with evident joint cracking and, after three months, the left pelvic limb started to show the same signs. Radiographic examination of the RTJ showed a small osteochondral fragment in the distal medial border of the medial malleolus of the tibia, subchondral sclerosis with radiolucent area in the medial malleolus of the tibia, and a small lateral periarticular osteophyte in the intertarsal joint. The left tibiotarsal joint (LTJ) showed mild articular incongruity and minor increase in radiological interlinear space, diffuse sclerosis in the medial malleolus and in the subchondral surface of the trochlear crest. This exam also showed a small radiolucent area in the medial malleolus of the tibia, a small fragment of radiopaque adjacent bone, and minor subchondral bone irregularity in the medial margin of the medial trochlea. The radiographic examination of the RTJ was inconclusive. Computed tomography was requested and suggested the diagnosis of medial osteochondritis dissecans in the distal talus...


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Osteocondrose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteocondrose/veterinária , Tarso Animal , Radiografia/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária
11.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 45(suppl.1): Pub. 226, 2017. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-740998

Resumo

Background: The tarsal joint is the third most commonly joint affected by osteochondrosis in dogs. This joint is affected in 4 to 9% of the cases, and in 50% of these cases the disease is bilateral. Radiological signs include defect in the subchondral bone, sclerotic margin, and fragment of mineralized cartilage. Dorsoplantar in flexion and oblique radiologic images are necessary to show tarsal osteochondrosis. Computed tomography avoid overlap of bone structures and allows better visualization of subchondral lesions, showing the exact location, size and number of fragments. The objective of this study is to report a case of bilateral osteochondrosis dissecans in tarsal joint in Rottweiler. Case: A female Rottweiler was examined and presented a history of pain and difficulty in raising the pelvic limbs. There was pain in the right tibiotarsal joint (RTJ) with evident joint cracking and, after three months, the left pelvic limb started to show the same signs. Radiographic examination of the RTJ showed a small osteochondral fragment in the distal medial border of the medial malleolus of the tibia, subchondral sclerosis with radiolucent area in the medial malleolus of the tibia, and a small lateral periarticular osteophyte in the intertarsal joint. The left tibiotarsal joint (LTJ) showed mild articular incongruity and minor increase in radiological interlinear space, diffuse sclerosis in the medial malleolus and in the subchondral surface of the trochlear crest. This exam also showed a small radiolucent area in the medial malleolus of the tibia, a small fragment of radiopaque adjacent bone, and minor subchondral bone irregularity in the medial margin of the medial trochlea. The radiographic examination of the RTJ was inconclusive. Computed tomography was requested and suggested the diagnosis of medial osteochondritis dissecans in the distal talus...(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Osteocondrose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteocondrose/veterinária , Tarso Animal , Radiografia/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária
12.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 47(1): 1-6, jan. 2017. tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1479777

Resumo

Despite the increasing use of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil for therapeutic purposes, pre- and postnatal development of animals offspring exposed to this oil has not yet been evaluated. In line with previous concerns of genotoxicity, in this study adult rats were exposed to different doses of oregano essential oil (3, 9 and 27% vol/vol) during pre-mating, mating, gestation and lactation. Prenatal screening included fetal development and uterine inspection, where the reproductive rate of females such as breeding, pregnancy, delivery, viability and post-implantation loss rate were measured. Postnatal evaluation of rat offspring included motor development, neuroendocrine and behavioral assessment. Body weight of rat dams and signs of dystocia were evaluated daily. Development of physic characteristics and reflex tests of puppies were also assessed. Additionally, these rats, when adults, were submitted to sexual and open field behavioral tests. The main differences among the groups were observed in the indices of mating, pregnancy and post-implantation loss (P < 0.01). Results demonstrated that the treatment of parental generation with oregano essential oil has the potential to affect the developing fetuses at the highest dose used, but without causing maternal toxicity and changes in general behavior and development of the progeny.


Apesar do aumento do uso do óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) para fins terapêuticos, o desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal da progênie de animais expostos a este óleo ainda não foi avaliado. Partindo das suspeitas prévias de genotoxicidade desse óleo, neste estudo, ratos Wistar adultos foram expostos a diferentes doses do óleo essencial de orégano (3, 9 e 27% vol/vol) durante o acasalamento, a gestação e a lactação. Para a avaliação pré-natal, o desenvolvimento gestacional foi observado e os úteros inspecionados, assim como os índices reprodutivos das fêmeas, como a taxa de acasalamento, de gestação, parto e perdas pós-implantação. Na avaliação pós-natal, observou-se o desenvolvimento motor, neuroendócrino e comportamental da prole. Observou-se, diariamente, o peso das ratas e sinais de distocia. Após o parto, as características de desenvolvimento e testes de reflexos dos filhotes foram avaliadas, enquanto que, na puberdade, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas e dosagem hormonal. Adicionalmente, na idade adulta, esses ratos foram submetidos ao teste de comportamento em campo aberto e ao comportamento sexual. As principais diferenças entre os grupos foram nos índices de acasalamento, de gestação e de perdas pós-implantação (P < 0,01). Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento da geração parental com óleo essencial de orégano tem potencial para afetar os índices reprodutivos das ratas e o desenvolvimento dos fetos na maior dose utilizada, mas sem causar toxicidade materna e alterações no desenvolvimento geral e comportamental da sua progênie.


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Gravidez , Lactação , Ligação do Par , Origanum/efeitos adversos , Origanum/toxicidade , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Animais Lactentes/fisiologia , Reprodução
13.
Ci. Rural ; 47(1): 1-6, jan. 2017. tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-684131

Resumo

Despite the increasing use of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil for therapeutic purposes, pre- and postnatal development of animals offspring exposed to this oil has not yet been evaluated. In line with previous concerns of genotoxicity, in this study adult rats were exposed to different doses of oregano essential oil (3, 9 and 27% vol/vol) during pre-mating, mating, gestation and lactation. Prenatal screening included fetal development and uterine inspection, where the reproductive rate of females such as breeding, pregnancy, delivery, viability and post-implantation loss rate were measured. Postnatal evaluation of rat offspring included motor development, neuroendocrine and behavioral assessment. Body weight of rat dams and signs of dystocia were evaluated daily. Development of physic characteristics and reflex tests of puppies were also assessed. Additionally, these rats, when adults, were submitted to sexual and open field behavioral tests. The main differences among the groups were observed in the indices of mating, pregnancy and post-implantation loss (P < 0.01). Results demonstrated that the treatment of parental generation with oregano essential oil has the potential to affect the developing fetuses at the highest dose used, but without causing maternal toxicity and changes in general behavior and development of the progeny.(AU)


Apesar do aumento do uso do óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) para fins terapêuticos, o desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal da progênie de animais expostos a este óleo ainda não foi avaliado. Partindo das suspeitas prévias de genotoxicidade desse óleo, neste estudo, ratos Wistar adultos foram expostos a diferentes doses do óleo essencial de orégano (3, 9 e 27% vol/vol) durante o acasalamento, a gestação e a lactação. Para a avaliação pré-natal, o desenvolvimento gestacional foi observado e os úteros inspecionados, assim como os índices reprodutivos das fêmeas, como a taxa de acasalamento, de gestação, parto e perdas pós-implantação. Na avaliação pós-natal, observou-se o desenvolvimento motor, neuroendócrino e comportamental da prole. Observou-se, diariamente, o peso das ratas e sinais de distocia. Após o parto, as características de desenvolvimento e testes de reflexos dos filhotes foram avaliadas, enquanto que, na puberdade, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas e dosagem hormonal. Adicionalmente, na idade adulta, esses ratos foram submetidos ao teste de comportamento em campo aberto e ao comportamento sexual. As principais diferenças entre os grupos foram nos índices de acasalamento, de gestação e de perdas pós-implantação (P < 0,01). Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento da geração parental com óleo essencial de orégano tem potencial para afetar os índices reprodutivos das ratas e o desenvolvimento dos fetos na maior dose utilizada, mas sem causar toxicidade materna e alterações no desenvolvimento geral e comportamental da sua progênie.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Origanum/efeitos adversos , Origanum/toxicidade , Ligação do Par , Gravidez , Lactação , Animais Lactentes/fisiologia , Reprodução
14.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 43: Pub. 1295, June 30, 2015. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-24303

Resumo

Background: The oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) is rich in phenolic compounds with therapeutic actionssuch as antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant. Based on the therapeutic potential and clinical use of oregano essentialoil, in vivo toxicology studies of oregano essential oil are scarce and the current researches focus on the genotoxicity ofseveral species of oregano; however, toxicological and complementary studies are needed to ensure safety of formulationscontaining this oil. Through values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil against Candidaspecies, and increased in an exponential scale, the initial dose was obtained. This study aims to evaluate male fertilitythrough the reproductive aspects of rats chronically treated with oregano essential oil.Materials, Methods & Results: The rats were divided into five groups with 10 males and 30 females each; three groupswere treated with oregano essential oil at a concentration of 3% Vol/Vol (GO3%), of 9% Vol/Vol (GO9%) and of 27% Vol/Vol (GO27%). The negative control group received the vehicle, 0.001% Vol/Vol Tween 80 (GC-) and the positive controlgroup was treated with thymol and terpinen-4-ol, at the same concentration found in the oregano essential oil, detected bygas chromatography (3% + 3% Vol/Vol) (GC+). Animals were allowed to adapt for at least ten days before the beginningof the experiment. They were maintained under...(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Origanum/efeitos adversos , Origanum/toxicidade , Óleos Voláteis , Candida , Reprodução , Ratos Wistar , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
15.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 43: 1-12, 2015. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-23783

Resumo

Background: Reports of yeast isolates resistant to traditional antifungal drugs have become common. Similarly, refractory clinical cases treated with these traditional antifungal drugs have also been reported. These cases ‘may or may not be related to pregnancy. Newly developed therapeutic approaches, such as the immunostimulant β-glucan combined with the traditional antifungal agents show promising results. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of these new associations is essential. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the combination of itraconazole and β (1-3) glucan on fertility in female rats and its interference in the development of their offspring, including teratogenic potential.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 180 female Wistar rats (90 days old) separated into six groups were used (n = 30 per group): Negative Control - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; IT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.25 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; Beta - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT10x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated before (14 days) and during the mating period (up to 21 days), pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days).[...](AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Itraconazol/toxicidade , beta-Glucanas/toxicidade , Reprodução/fisiologia , Antifúngicos/efeitos adversos , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/veterinária , Azóis , Fatores Imunológicos , Teratogênese , Piranos , Ratos Wistar
16.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 43: 1-12, 2015. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457278

Resumo

Background: Reports of yeast isolates resistant to traditional antifungal drugs have become common. Similarly, refractory clinical cases treated with these traditional antifungal drugs have also been reported. These cases ‘may or may not be related to pregnancy. Newly developed therapeutic approaches, such as the immunostimulant β-glucan combined with the traditional antifungal agents show promising results. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of these new associations is essential. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the combination of itraconazole and β (1-3) glucan on fertility in female rats and its interference in the development of their offspring, including teratogenic potential.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 180 female Wistar rats (90 days old) separated into six groups were used (n = 30 per group): Negative Control - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; IT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.25 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; Beta - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT10x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated before (14 days) and during the mating period (up to 21 days), pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days).[...]


Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Ratos , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/veterinária , Antifúngicos/efeitos adversos , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Itraconazol/toxicidade , Reprodução/fisiologia , beta-Glucanas/toxicidade , Azóis , Fatores Imunológicos , Piranos , Ratos Wistar , Teratogênese
17.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 43: Pub.1295-2015. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457328

Resumo

Background: The oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) is rich in phenolic compounds with therapeutic actionssuch as antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant. Based on the therapeutic potential and clinical use of oregano essentialoil, in vivo toxicology studies of oregano essential oil are scarce and the current researches focus on the genotoxicity ofseveral species of oregano; however, toxicological and complementary studies are needed to ensure safety of formulationscontaining this oil. Through values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil against Candidaspecies, and increased in an exponential scale, the initial dose was obtained. This study aims to evaluate male fertilitythrough the reproductive aspects of rats chronically treated with oregano essential oil.Materials, Methods & Results: The rats were divided into five groups with 10 males and 30 females each; three groupswere treated with oregano essential oil at a concentration of 3% Vol/Vol (GO3%), of 9% Vol/Vol (GO9%) and of 27% Vol/Vol (GO27%). The negative control group received the vehicle, 0.001% Vol/Vol Tween 80 (GC-) and the positive controlgroup was treated with thymol and terpinen-4-ol, at the same concentration found in the oregano essential oil, detected bygas chromatography (3% + 3% Vol/Vol) (GC+). Animals were allowed to adapt for at least ten days before the beginningof the experiment. They were maintained under...


Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Ratos , Candida , Origanum/efeitos adversos , Origanum/toxicidade , Reprodução , Óleos Voláteis , Ratos Wistar , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
18.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 41: 01-08, 2013.
Artigo em Português | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457133

Resumo

Background: In recent years, the number of patients with systemic fungal infections requiring antifungal therapy has increased. As a consequence, antimicrobial resistance to conventional treatment is frequently reported. Due to this reason, new therapies emerge, including the combination of beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole. However, the reproductive and fertility effects of this association were not known. So, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of the combination of itraconazole and beta (1-3) glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on male rats fertility. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty male Wistar rats with 120-days-old were used. The experimental protocol was approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (protocol CEUA/UFRGS no. 19452/2010). The animals were placed into six groups (n = 10 animals / group) as following: Negative Control group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.25 mL of sterile normal saline (NaCl 0.9 %) subcutaneously weekly; Itraconazole (IT) group - treated daily with itraconazole solution at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl subcutaneously weekly; Beta group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL. kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcut


Nos últimos anos, observou-se aumento do número de pacientes com risco de infecções fúngicas sistêmicas, tais como portadores de HIV, distúrbios hematológicos graves ou imunossuprimidos, pacientes oncológicos e receptores de transplantes. Tais pacientes necessitam de antifúngicos tanto na forma terapêutica como preventiva. Em contrapartida a estes usos, tornaram-se frequentes os relatos de resistência aos fármacos mais utilizados, incluindo o itraconazol. Esta resistência é bastante relevante nos casos envolvendo o gênero Candida, e descrita com outros agentes, como Sporothrix schenckii e Aspergillus fumigatus, em humanos e animais. Nos casos de resistências aos antifúngicos tradicionais, novas alternativas terapêuticas foram buscadas; dentre essas, a associação de ß-glucana, estimulante do sistema imunológico, a antifúngicos tradicionais, mostram-se promissora. Contudo, não existem estudos sobre os efeitos dessa associação sobre o sistema reprodutivo. [...]

19.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 41: Pub. 1167, 2013. tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1371084

Resumo

Background: In recent years, the number of patients with systemic fungal infections requiring antifungal therapy has increased. As a consequence, antimicrobial resistance to conventional treatment is frequently reported. Due to this reason, new therapies emerge, including the combination of beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole. However, the reproductive and fertility effects of this association were not known. So, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of the combination of itraconazole and beta (1-3) glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on male rats fertility. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty male Wistar rats with 120-days-old were used. The experimental protocol was approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (protocol CEUA/UFRGS no. 19452/2010). The animals were placed into six groups (n = 10 animals / group) as following: Negative Control group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-¹ of sterile distilled water orally and 0.25 mL of sterile normal saline (NaCl 0.9 %) subcutaneously weekly; Itraconazole (IT) group - treated daily with itraconazole solution at a dose of 10 mg.kg-¹ orally and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl subcutaneously weekly; Beta group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-¹ of sterile distilled water orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; Therapeutic Dose (TD) group - daily treated with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-¹ orally and 0.5 mg of ß (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; TD5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-¹ orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3 ) glucan subcutaneously weekly; TD10x - daily treated with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-¹ orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated for 91 consecutive days. Individual body mass, organs relative mass and histopathology, number of sperm in the cauda epididymis, daily spermatozoal production, sperm parameters, sperm morphology, serum testosterone concentration and reproductive rates were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in daily spermatozoal production, sperm morphology, serum concentration of testosterone, mating rate and birth rate, with lower results in the TD5x and TD10x groups. Discussion: The systemic toxicity indicators, as body mass variation, water intake and clinical signs, as well as organ histology suggest that systemic toxicity in these animals did not occur. The decrease in serum testosterone concentrations in elevated doses of itraconazole associated with beta (1-3) glucan must be involved in decrease of sperm parameters and in sexual behavior and consequently, in the reproductive rates. Changes in sperm morphology, mainly found in sperm head, indicate sperm immaturity, preamature spermiation, abnormal or degenerate acrosome. Based on these results, it is concluded that beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole did not affect the male rats reproductive variables when used in therapeutic doses alone or in combination, however these variables were altered with higher doses of itraconazole in the association. These data, added to the absence of histopathological damage of the testes suggest functional effect on male fertility. Caution is advised in the use of high doses of itraconazole with or without beta (1-3) glucan in males, especially in prolonged therapy.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Itraconazol/efeitos adversos , Glucana 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/efeitos adversos , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Ratos Wistar , Interações Medicamentosas
20.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 41: 01-08, 2013.
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-480168

Resumo

Background: In recent years, the number of patients with systemic fungal infections requiring antifungal therapy has increased. As a consequence, antimicrobial resistance to conventional treatment is frequently reported. Due to this reason, new therapies emerge, including the combination of beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole. However, the reproductive and fertility effects of this association were not known. So, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of the combination of itraconazole and beta (1-3) glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on male rats fertility. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty male Wistar rats with 120-days-old were used. The experimental protocol was approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (protocol CEUA/UFRGS no. 19452/2010). The animals were placed into six groups (n = 10 animals / group) as following: Negative Control group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.25 mL of sterile normal saline (NaCl 0.9 %) subcutaneously weekly; Itraconazole (IT) group - treated daily with itraconazole solution at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl subcutaneously weekly; Beta group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL. kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcut


Nos últimos anos, observou-se aumento do número de pacientes com risco de infecções fúngicas sistêmicas, tais como portadores de HIV, distúrbios hematológicos graves ou imunossuprimidos, pacientes oncológicos e receptores de transplantes. Tais pacientes necessitam de antifúngicos tanto na forma terapêutica como preventiva. Em contrapartida a estes usos, tornaram-se frequentes os relatos de resistência aos fármacos mais utilizados, incluindo o itraconazol. Esta resistência é bastante relevante nos casos envolvendo o gênero Candida, e descrita com outros agentes, como Sporothrix schenckii e Aspergillus fumigatus, em humanos e animais. Nos casos de resistências aos antifúngicos tradicionais, novas alternativas terapêuticas foram buscadas; dentre essas, a associação de ß-glucana, estimulante do sistema imunológico, a antifúngicos tradicionais, mostram-se promissora. Contudo, não existem estudos sobre os efeitos dessa associação sobre o sistema reprodutivo. [...]

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