Aplicação intravenosa de metronidazol, ceftriaxona e enrofloxacina em cadelas anestesiadas com isoflurano: repercussão dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios / Intravenous application of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane: impact of hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the...

Comparison of morphine, ketoprofen and Arnica montana 6x and 30x per oral transmucosal or subcutaneous route for control of postoperative pain in cats subjected to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy / Comparação de morfina, cetoprofeno e Arnica montana 6x e 30x por via transmucosa oral ou subcutânea para control e de dor pós-operatória em gatas submetidas à histerectomia e ooforectomia bilateral

The postoperative analgesic effect of Arnica montana (Arnica) was compared to morphine and ketoprofen in 50 cats following hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (HSO). Cats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10) and were treated 30 minutes before surgery and over 72 hours with 1ml of Arnica 30x per subcutaneous (SC) route (GA30SC); Arnica 30x per oral transmucosal route (P.O.) (GA30PO); Arnica 6x P.O. (GA6PO); morphine 0.1mg kg-1 SC (GM) SID or ketoprofen 2mg kg-1 SC (GK) before and 1mg kg-1 after surgery. Sedation and postoperative pain were assessed by means of a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and variable count scale (VCS) and hyperalgesia using an esthesiometer. Whenever the VAS and VCS scores attained 33% of the maximum value, rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 0.3mg kg-1 per the intramuscular (IM) route. Other variables assessed were vomiting, defecation, urination, body weight and wound healing. Vomiting only occurred in animals treated with morphine. The groups did not differ in defecation, urination, body weight or wound healing. Hyperalgesia was detected only on the occasions that the criterion for rescue analgesia was met. One animal in GK and one in GM required rescue analgesia, differing from groups GA30SC, GA30PO and GA6PO, in which 4, 4 and 5 animals, respectively, required rescue analgesia. It can be concluded (AU)

Comparou-se o efeito analgésico de Arnica em relação à morfina ou cetoprofeno, no período pós-operatório, de 50 gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH). As gatas foram divididas em cinco grupos (n=10) e tratadas aleatoriamente 30 minutos antes da cirurgia por 72 horas com 1ml de Arnica 30D por via subcutânea (SC) (GA30SC); Arnica 30D por via oral (VO) (GA30VO); Arnica 6D VO (GA6VO); 0,1mg kg-1 de morfina SC (GM) TID ou 2mg kg-1 de cetoprofeno SC (GC) antes e 1mg kg-1 após a cirurgia SID. Foram avaliadas a sedação e a dor pós-operatória, por meio de escala analógica visual (EAV), escala de contagem variável (ECV) e hiperalgesia, esta última pelo estesiômetro. Quando os escores da ECV e EAV atingiram 33% do valor máximo, realizou-se resgate analgésico com 0,3mg kg-1 de morfina por via intramuscular (IM). Observou-se ocorrência de vômito, defecação, micção, alteração de peso e a cicatrização. Exceto nos animais tratados com morfina, não houve vômito. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para defecação, micção, peso e cicatrização. A hiperalgesia foi observada apenas nos momentos do resgate analgésico. Um animal de GC e um de GM receberam resgate analgésico, o que diferiu dos grupos GA30SC, GA30VO e GA6VO, onde, respectivamente, 4, 4 e 5 animais necessitaram resgate analgésico. Conclui-se que o cetoprofeno e a morfina foram mais eficazes que a Arnica e que, quanto à Ar(AU)

Acupuncture and pharmacopuncture are as effective as morphine or carprofen for postoperative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

PURPOSE : To investigate the analgesic effect of acupuncture (AP) or micro-dose pharmacopuncture (PA), using carprofen or morphine, in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Thirty five dogs were randomly assigned to five groups after sedation with acepromazine IM: AP, 0.5 mg.kg-1 of morphine subcutaneously (SC), 4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen SC, and PA with 0.05 mg.kg-1 of morphine or 0.4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Pain was assessed after OHE by a blind observer for 24h, by dynamic visual analogue scale (DIVAS), Glasgow (CMPS-SF), Melbourne (UMPS) and Colorado University pain scale (CSU). Animals reaching 33% of the UMPS score received rescue analgesia with morphine IM. Non parametric data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis or Friedman tests where applicable, followed by Dunn´s test. Parametric data were analysed by two way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in number of rescue analgesia. Except for the DIVAS score where animals treated with morphine had the lowest score compared with AP and carprofen, at 1h after surgery, there were no other differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture or pharmacopuncture were equally effective as morphine or carprofen to control postoperative pain in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

Efeitos analgésico, hemostático, renal e digestório na administração perioperatória de vedaprofeno, tramadol ou de sua associação em felinos submetidos à ovariosalpingohisterectomia

A eficácia analgésica e a segurança do tramadol, vedaprofeno ou de sua associação foram comparadas em um estudo cego, aleatorizado e placebo controlado, realizado em 40 gatas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Os animais foram separados em 4 grupos de igual número: GV ? vedaprofeno; GT ? tramadol; GVT ? vedaprofeno e tramadol; GP ? placebo. As gatas foram tratadas com 0,5 mg/kg de vedaprofeno (GV e GVT) ou gel placebo (GT e GP), via oral, uma hora antes da indução anestésica, 24 e 48h após o primeiro tratamento e tramadol 2 mg/kg (GT e GVT) ou solução salina (GV e GP), via subcutânea, uma hora antes da indução anestésica e a cada 8h por 72h. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol (8 mg/kg, IV) e mantida com isofluorano (1,8 ± 0,35 % expirado) em oxigênio. O escore de dor, avaliado pela escala de contagem variável (ECV) e escala analógica visual (EAV), e a hiperalgesia, determinada pelo limiar mecânico nociceptivo por meio dos filamentos de von Frey, foram registrados no período pré-operatório e nas 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72 e 96 horas e no 7º dia após a cirurgia. Quando o escore da ECV atingiu pontuação acima de 33% do valor máximo da escala foi administrado 0,5 mg/kg de morfina IM, como analgésico de resgate. A concentração sérica de cortisol foi mensurada nos períodos pré, transoperatório e 1, 4, 8, 24 e 48 horas de pós-operatório. A agregação plaquetária in vitro em resposta à ADP, o tempo de sangramento in vivo e as concentrações séricas de alanina amino-transferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA), gama glutamil-transferase (GGT), uréia e creatinina foram determinadas...

The analgesic efficacy and the safety of the use of tramadol, vedaprofen or their combination were compared in a blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled study in 40 female cats. The cats were assigned to four groups of same number: GV- vedaprofen; GT'tramadol; GVT' vedaprofen plus tramadol; GP' placebo. Cats were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of vedaprofen (GV and GVT) or gel placebo (GT and GP), orally, one hour before anesthetic induction, 24 and 48 hours after the first treatment and tramadol 2 mg/kg (GT and GVT) or saline (GV and GP), subcutaneous, one hour before anesthetic induction and every eight hours for 72 hours. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (8 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.8l0.35% end-tidal) in oxygen. The pain scores, evaluated by the numeric rating scale (NRS) and visual analogue scale (VAS), and hyperalgesia, determined by the mechanical nociceptive threshold assessed by applying calibrated von Frey filaments, were recorded before surgery, at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72, 96 hours and 7 days after surgery. Rescue analgesia with 0.5 mg/kg of morphine IM, was performed when NRS was above 33% of the maximum value. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before, during, at 1, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours after surgery. The platelet aggregation (in vitro response to ADP), the bleeding time (in vivo) and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea and creatinine concentrations were evaluated before and after surgery. Vomit and feces consistency were monitored. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way parametric and nonparametric analyses of variance for repeated measures with respective post hoc test (p<0.05). The animals from GT required significantly less intervention analgesia than GP and GV. The control group required...