Histeropexia com aplicação de "toggles" para tratamento de piometra em mini horse / Pyometra treatment by histeropexy with toggles aplication in mini horse

Background: Brazil is an important horse breeder that creates about three million jobs and movements about R$16,15 billions per year. Although, it is important to the horse breeding industry success that the animals reproductive performance be kept. The mare pregnancy loss causes abundant forfeitures to horse breeders, furthermore, the chronic pyometra is one of that causes. The chronic pyometra is an uncommon mare condition, clinical treatments are often ineffective, under those circumstances the hysterectomy, ovariohysterectomy and uteropexy are recommended. This report proposes to describe the chronic pyometra surgical treatments with the uteropexy technique in mini horses that do not respond to the clinical treatment. Case: A 14-year-old mini breed horse mare weighing 117 kg was sent to Veterinarian Hospital (HV) of the Paraná Federal University (UFPR), presenting dystocia background and intrauterine purulent secretion. The clinical treatment had been conducted, but not well succeeded. An hysteroscopy was conducted with a cervix rupture monitoring, uterine mucosa edematiated and crispy, presenting liquid and a high amount of purulent secretion in the uterus horn and body. The biopsy identified uteropexy. The post-surgical complications were minimums and 30 days after the procedure the laparoscopy was repeated with uterine healing monitoring, without adherences and the uterus were at horizontal position. The hysteroscopy was conducted where a small amount of purulent secretion was perceived. Ten days after the second laparoscopy the patient was discharged. Two years after the procedure, the animal responsible informed that there was not a relapse. Discussion: the mare pyometra occurrence is uncommon and emerges by nature protection false mechanisms. Any change or flaw in one of these protection mechanics barriers, may result in a reproductive change due to uterine infection, resulting in reduction of mare reproductive capacity. Probably this reports patients developed pyometra due to the cervix lesion it's presented made easier the uterus external microorganisms entrance, that predisposes an chronic uterine infection. As many authors report, the chronic pyometra clinical treatment is not always successful, also observed in the case reported, indicating then surgical treatment. There are many pyometra surgical treatments indications as: Wedge resection technique in case of cervix adherence, uteropexy technique, ovary-hysterectomy technique or hysterectomy. The ovary-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy was not conducted for being considered highly invasive. This case choice procedure was the uteropexy, which corresponds to fixing the broad ligament of the uterus to the abdominal wall, repositioning it horizontally, to obtain a better drainage and motility, since this is your anatomic position. In the report, the surgical technique was conducted satisfactorily, certifying the uterine elevation by laparoscopy in the postoperative and also by the responsible report, that the animal does not relapse in two years. The postoperative complications were not alarming, considering that it ceased 24h after the procedure. The conclusions present in this treatment show that the hysteropexy conducted by videosurgery with toggles application developed the necessary uterine elevation to the liquid drainage, that allows the mare to execute the uterine cleaning by the physiological form.(AU)

Correlation of maternal concentrations of plasma testosterone with fetal sex in horses / Correlação das concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona materna com o sexo fetal em equinos

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation of fetal sex and plasma testosterone concentrations between the 5th and 8th months of pregnancy in mares and to verify the applicability of this test to predict fetal sex. Blood samples were collected from 21 mares at 30-day intervals of between 150 and 240 days of pregnancy. Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay and the sex of the foals confirmed at birth. The levels of maternal testosterone were higher in mares carrying female fetuses at months 5 and 8 (P 0.05). Limit values were determined by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) estimates: 35.5 pg/mL and 40 pg/mL for the 5th and 8th month, respectively. For the mares with plasma testosterone values equal to or above the threshold, gestation of female foals was predicted, and for those with plasma testosterone below the threshold values pregnancy of male foals was predicted. In the 5th month, the predictive values for male and female fetuses were 70% and 88.9%, respectively; the detection rates were 87.5% and 72.7%, and the total accuracy of the examination was 78.9%. In the 8th month, the predictive values for male and female fetuses were 80% and 90%, respectively; the detection rates were 88.9% and 81.8%, and the total accuracy of the examination was 85%. It was concluded that there was a correlation between fetal sex and plasma testosterone concentrations in pregnant mares. Prediction of fetal sex based on plasma concentrations of maternal testosterone can be performed in months 5 and 8 with 78.9% and 85% accuracy, respectively.(AU)

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar a correlação do sexo fetal com as concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona entre o 5° e o 8º mês de gestação na égua e verificar a aplicabilidade deste exame para a predição do sexo fetal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 21 éguas, com intervalos de 30 dias, entre 150 e 240 dias de gestação. A testosterona plasmática foi determinada por radioimunoensaio e o sexo dos potros foi confirmado ao nascimento. Os valores de testosterona materna foram superiores nas éguas gestando fetos fêmeas aos cinco e oito meses (P 0.05). Através da análise da curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) foram determinados valores limites de 35,5 pg/mL e 40 pg/mL para o 5º e o 8° mês, respectivamente. Éguas com testosterona plasmática igual ou acima dos valores limites foram preditas como gestando fêmeas e éguas com testosterona plasmática abaixo dos valores limites foram preditas como gestando machos. Aos cinco meses, os valores preditivos para fetos machos e fêmeas foram 70% e 88,9%, respectivamente; as taxas de detecção foram 87,5% e 72,7% e a acurácia total do exame foi de 78,9%. Aos oito meses, os valores preditivos para fetos machos e fêmeas foram 80% e 90%, respectivamente; as taxas de detecção foram 88,9% e 81,8% e a acurácia total do exame foi de 85%. Conclui-se que houve correlação entre o sexo fetal e as concentrações de testosterona plasmática em éguas prenhes. A predição do sexo fetal baseada nas concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona materna pode ser realizada aos cinco e oito meses de gestação com 78,9% e 85% de acurácia, respectivamente.(AU)

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.(AU)

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...(AU)

Comparison between three techniques for videosinuscopy in cattle / Comparação entre três técnicas para videosinuscopia em bovinos

Cattle have extensive paranasal sinuses that are susceptible to disease, most commonly sinusitis. The sinuscopy can be used to evaluate these structures, although there are no descriptions of this region for endoscopic anatomy, especially regarding the trocar position and the most appropriate type of endoscope. This study aimed to standardize the surgical approaches to sinuscopy in cattle by comparing the use of three endoscopes. Four accesses by trephination (one hole for each of the maxillary and frontal sinuses) were made in eight heads of slaughtered cattle. Each hole was inspected with three endoscopes: a 10mm flexible colonoscope with up to 180º of angulation, a 10mm 0° laparoscope and a 4mm 30º arthroscope. It was observed that all regions of the maxillary sinus were better visualized with the 4mm endoscope, and the structures of this sinus were less well visualized with the 10mm laparoscope. The frontal sinus was difficult to evaluate due to the tortuosity of its bony projections, and the cranial portion was not observed by the proposed accesses. The caudal regions of the frontal sinus such as the nuchal diverticulum and the back of the orbit had the greatest number of structures visualized by the 4mm endoscope, followed by the colonoscope. The comparative analysis showed that the 4mm endoscope was most efficient and could be adapted to sinuscopy in cattle.(AU)

Os bovinos apresentam seios paranasais extensos e passíveis de afecções, como a sinusite. A sinuscopia, técnica já utilizada em outras espécies, avalia os seios paranasais de modo pouco invasivo e não é descrita em bovinos. O presente estudo objetivou padronizar os acessos cirúrgicos para sinuscopia em bovinos, testando três técnicas de videoendoscopia. Foram selecionadas oito cabeças de bovinos provenientes de abatedouro comercial, sendo realizada a trepanação dos seios maxilares e frontais de ambos os lados (um orifício por seio). Cada seio foi inspecionado com três óticas: um colonoscópio flexível com 10mm de diâmetro e até 180º de angulação, um laparoscópio rígido de 10mm e 0º e um artroscópio rígido de 4mm e 30º. Na região caudal do seio maxilar, os alvéolos e abertura maxilopalatina foram visualizadas com todas as óticas. A região caudodorsomedial e rostral do seio maxilar foram observadas com a ótica flexível e a rígida de 4mm, sendo que apenas esta adentrou no seio palatino. O seio frontal é de difícil visualização, devido à tortuosidade de suas projeções ósseas e sua porção cranial não foi observada pelo acesso proposto. A região caudal do seio frontal, o divertículo nucal e a área caudal à órbita tiveram o maior número de estruturas visualizadas com a ótica rígida de 4mm, seguida da flexível. A análise comparativa demonstra que a técnica utilizando a ótica rígida de 4mm permite a visualização de um maior número de estruturas com maior detalhamento e é a que mais se adapta à sinuscopia em bovinos.(AU)

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...