Evaluation of hemostasis in female dogs with mammary carcinoma and the influence of clinical stage and histopathological grade

Background: Mammary tumors are frequent in female dogs, and are biologically similar in female dogs and humans.Hemostatic disorders are common in humans with cancer, and the mechanisms that conduct coagulation activation involvetissue and cancer procoagulant factors and inflammatory cytokines. Despite the importance of coagulopathy diagnosis thatevaluate hemostasis, veterinarians rarely request such tests in routine clinical oncology. This study aimed to investigate thepossible hemostatic abnormalities in female dogs with mammary carcinomas and assess any associations with prognosticfactors for mammary cancer in female dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 62 female dogs were selected for inclusion in this study regardless of age or breed.The control group consisted of 30 healthy dogs, and the carcinoma group consisted of 32 dogs with a histopathologicaldiagnosis of mammary carcinoma that was free of distant metastases and comorbidities that could interfere with the hemostatic system integrity. The dogs with mammary carcinoma were divided into subgroups according to their histologicaltype, histopathological grading, tumor size, and clinical stage of the disease (TNM) to evaluate the relationships betweenthe subgroups and hemostatic parameters (blood platelet counts, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastintime [aPTT], and plasma fibrinogen concentration). The hemostatic parameters were significantly higher in the carcinomagroup than in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). These findings indicate that there is a strong association between the occurrenceof mammary carcinoma and abnormal hemostatic parameters...

Evaluation of hemostasis in female dogs with mammary carcinoma and the influence of clinical stage and histopathological grade

Background: Mammary tumors are frequent in female dogs, and are biologically similar in female dogs and humans.Hemostatic disorders are common in humans with cancer, and the mechanisms that conduct coagulation activation involvetissue and cancer procoagulant factors and inflammatory cytokines. Despite the importance of coagulopathy diagnosis thatevaluate hemostasis, veterinarians rarely request such tests in routine clinical oncology. This study aimed to investigate thepossible hemostatic abnormalities in female dogs with mammary carcinomas and assess any associations with prognosticfactors for mammary cancer in female dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 62 female dogs were selected for inclusion in this study regardless of age or breed.The control group consisted of 30 healthy dogs, and the carcinoma group consisted of 32 dogs with a histopathologicaldiagnosis of mammary carcinoma that was free of distant metastases and comorbidities that could interfere with the hemostatic system integrity. The dogs with mammary carcinoma were divided into subgroups according to their histologicaltype, histopathological grading, tumor size, and clinical stage of the disease (TNM) to evaluate the relationships betweenthe subgroups and hemostatic parameters (blood platelet counts, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastintime [aPTT], and plasma fibrinogen concentration). The hemostatic parameters were significantly higher in the carcinomagroup than in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). These findings indicate that there is a strong association between the occurrenceof mammary carcinoma and abnormal hemostatic parameters...(AU)

Evaluation of hemostatic parameters in tumor-bearing dogs

Background: Hemostatic alterations are commonly detected in canine cancer patients. However, few studies have described hemostatic dysfunction in dogs with different tumor subtypes. In Veterinary Medicine, the state of hypercoagulability is hardly diagnosed alive, since laboratory exams for evaluate hemostatic function are not always requested. Due to importance of homeostatic disorders in cancer patients, this study aimed to evaluate hemostatic alterations such as platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen in tumor-bearing dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: From the 55 dogs evaluated, 30 had mammary carcinoma, 6 visceral hemangiosarcoma, 9 high-grade cutaneous mast cell tumor and 10 multicentric lymphoma. The results were compared to a control group composed by 10 Beagle dogs. Thrombocytosis was observed in 26.6% (8/30) of mammary carcinoma group and thrombocytopenia in 10% (3/30). The patients with hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumor did not reveal thrombocytosis, however, thrombocytopenia was present in 16.6% (1/6) and 33% (3/9), respectively. Three dogs with multicentric lymphoma showed thrombocytopenia and other three showed thrombocytosis. From patients with thrombocytosis, one was classified as severe thrombocytosis (1077 x 10³/µL). Therefore, there were no statistically significant associations between neoplasia group with control group (P > 0.05). Regarding the aPTT and PT evaluation, mammary carcinoma (P = 0.0005), hemangiosarcoma (P = 0.033) and mast cell tumor (P = 0.012) patients showed statistical difference for aPTT, while the evaluation for PT was not significant (P > 0.05). We grouped all patients as a “tumor group” and compared to the control group. It was possible to observe increased aPTT and PT in 89% (49/55) and 50.90% (28/55) respectively, in tumor group compared to normal.[...]

Evaluation of hemostatic parameters in tumor-bearing dogs

Background: Hemostatic alterations are commonly detected in canine cancer patients. However, few studies have described hemostatic dysfunction in dogs with different tumor subtypes. In Veterinary Medicine, the state of hypercoagulability is hardly diagnosed alive, since laboratory exams for evaluate hemostatic function are not always requested. Due to importance of homeostatic disorders in cancer patients, this study aimed to evaluate hemostatic alterations such as platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen in tumor-bearing dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: From the 55 dogs evaluated, 30 had mammary carcinoma, 6 visceral hemangiosarcoma, 9 high-grade cutaneous mast cell tumor and 10 multicentric lymphoma. The results were compared to a control group composed by 10 Beagle dogs. Thrombocytosis was observed in 26.6% (8/30) of mammary carcinoma group and thrombocytopenia in 10% (3/30). The patients with hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumor did not reveal thrombocytosis, however, thrombocytopenia was present in 16.6% (1/6) and 33% (3/9), respectively. Three dogs with multicentric lymphoma showed thrombocytopenia and other three showed thrombocytosis. From patients with thrombocytosis, one was classified as severe thrombocytosis (1077 x 10³/µL). Therefore, there were no statistically significant associations between neoplasia group with control group (P > 0.05). Regarding the aPTT and PT evaluation, mammary carcinoma (P = 0.0005), hemangiosarcoma (P = 0.033) and mast cell tumor (P = 0.012) patients showed statistical difference for aPTT, while the evaluation for PT was not significant (P > 0.05). We grouped all patients as a “tumor group” and compared to the control group. It was possible to observe increased aPTT and PT in 89% (49/55) and 50.90% (28/55) respectively, in tumor group compared to normal.[...](AU)

Imunomarcação da transição epitélio-mesenquima na neoplasia mamária primária de cadelas e sua metástase em linfonodo / Epithelial to mesenchymal transition immunostaining in canine primary mammary tumor and lymph node

Os carcinomas mamários em cães apresentam alta capacidade metastática o que confere menor sobrevida para os pacientes com este tipo de neoplasia. O fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima, caracterizado pela troca dos filamentos intermediários de citoqueratina por vimentina, além da perda da proteína de adesão entre células (E-caderina) está relacionado com a maior ocorrência de metástase. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de imunomarcações, a expressão de vimentina, citoqueratina e E-caderina nos tumores mamários caninos e suas metástases em linfonodo, a fim de avaliar o comportamento celular frente a esta neoplasia. Foram analisados cinco casos de neoplasias mamárias primárias caninas e suas respectivas metástases em linfonodos. Foram comparadas as médias de imunomarcações do grupo de neoplasias primárias com as médias do grupo metástase. Não houve diferença estatística nas imunomarcações da citoqueratina (p=0,1407) e E-caderina (p= 0,312) entre os grupos, apesar da média de expressão da E-caderina ter sido maior no grupo de metástases. A expressão da vimentina foi maior nos sítios das metástases (p=0,0462). Conclui-se que a expressão de vimentina aumenta no foco da metástase em relação aos seus respectivos tumores primários mamários caninos, caracterizando alteração estrutural celular, conferindo um fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima. Além da E-caderina apresentar fortes indícios de aumento no foco da metástase caracterizando maior adesão.(AU)

Mammary carcinomas in dogs have a high metastatic capacity which gives a shorter survival rate for patients with this type of tumor. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, characterized by the trade of intermediary filaments of cytokeratin by vimentin, also by the loss of the adhesion protein between cells (E-cadherin) is associated with metastasis. Due to this fact, it was aimed to evaluate, by immunostaining, the expression of vimentin, cytokeratin and E-cadherin in canine mammary tumors and the metastasis in lymph node, in order to assess the cell behavior when facing this cancer. Five cases of canine mammary tumors and metastasis in lymph node were evaluated. The averages of immunostainings of the group of primary neoplasms were compared with the averages of the lymph node group. The results showed that immunostaining for cytokeratins (p=0,1407) and E-caderina (p=0,312) were not significant between the groups, despite the expression mean of cadherin was higher in the metastase group. The expression of vimentin (p=0,04) was greater at sites of metastases. It is concluded that the expression of vimentin increases in the focus of the metastase in relation to their respective primary canine mammary tumors, characterizing cellular structural alteration, conferring a transient epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. And cadherin present strong evidence of increased focus on metastasis characterizing increased adhesion.(AU)

Imunomarcação da transição epitélio-mesenquima na neoplasia mamária primária de cadelas e sua metástase em linfonodo / Epithelial to mesenchymal transition immunostaining in canine primary mammary tumor and lymph node

Os carcinomas mamários em cães apresentam alta capacidade metastática o que confere menor sobrevida para os pacientes com este tipo de neoplasia. O fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima, caracterizado pela troca dos filamentos intermediários de citoqueratina por vimentina, além da perda da proteína de adesão entre células (E-caderina) está relacionado com a maior ocorrência de metástase. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de imunomarcações, a expressão de vimentina, citoqueratina e E-caderina nos tumores mamários caninos e suas metástases em linfonodo, a fim de avaliar o comportamento celular frente a esta neoplasia. Foram analisados cinco casos de neoplasias mamárias primárias caninas e suas respectivas metástases em linfonodos. Foram comparadas as médias de imunomarcações do grupo de neoplasias primárias com as médias do grupo metástase. Não houve diferença estatística nas imunomarcações da citoqueratina (p=0,1407) e E-caderina (p= 0,312) entre os grupos, apesar da média de expressão da E-caderina ter sido maior no grupo de metástases. A expressão da vimentina foi maior nos sítios das metástases (p=0,0462). Conclui-se que a expressão de vimentina aumenta no foco da metástase em relação aos seus respectivos tumores primários mamários caninos, caracterizando alteração estrutural celular, conferindo um fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima. Além da E-caderina apresentar fortes indícios de aumento no foco da metástase caracterizando maior adesão.(AU)

Mammary carcinomas in dogs have a high metastatic capacity which gives a shorter survival rate for patients with this type of tumor. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, characterized by the trade of intermediary filaments of cytokeratin by vimentin, also by the loss of the adhesion protein between cells (E-cadherin) is associated with metastasis. Due to this fact, it was aimed to evaluate, by immunostaining, the expression of vimentin, cytokeratin and E-cadherin in canine mammary tumors and the metastasis in lymph node, in order to assess the cell behavior when facing this cancer. Five cases of canine mammary tumors and metastasis in lymph node were evaluated. The averages of immunostainings of the group of primary neoplasms were compared with the averages of the lymph node group. The results showed that immunostaining for cytokeratins (p=0,1407) and E-caderina (p=0,312) were not significant between the groups, despite the expression mean of cadherin was higher in the metastase group. The expression of vimentin (p=0,04) was greater at sites of metastases. It is concluded that the expression of vimentin increases in the focus of the metastase in relation to their respective primary canine mammary tumors, characterizing cellular structural alteration, conferring a transient epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. And cadherin present strong evidence of increased focus on metastasis characterizing increased adhesion.(AU)

Carcinoma inflamatório de mama ­ Uma abordagem comparada / Inflammatory mammary carcinoma - A comparative approach / Carcinoma inflamatório de mama - Un enfoque comparativo

O Carcinoma Inflamatório de Mama (CIM) é um neoplasma maligno de rápida evolução que apresenta baixa ocorrência tanto em cadelas quanto em mulheres. É pouco relatado pelos médicos veterinários no Brasil, fato que pode ser relacionado à falta de conhecimento da doença associado à necessidade da relação dos achados clínicos com exame histopatológico para o diagnóstico definitivo. Esse neoplasma também acomete a glândula mamária de mulheres, nas quais demonstra características clássicas de inflamação como dor, turgor de pele e aumento de temperatura local. Para diagnóstico definitivo é considerado a presença de êmbolos de células tumorais em canais linfáticos da derme associados aos sinais clínicos de inflamação. Devido ao grau de infiltração local, os sinais de inflamação e a presença de êmbolos em linfáticos, o paciente humano e veterinário apresentam prognóstico desfavorável. O CIM é pouco responsivo à quimioterapia e devido às características de inflamação, não apresenta indicação cirúrgica na maioria dos casos. Devido à agressividade do CIM em mulheres e nas cadelas, do prognóstico desfavorável e das restritas opções terapêuticas essa revisão objetiva descrever os avanços das opções terapêuticas além do tratamento paliativo na literatura atual além de apresentar uma abordagem comparada, considerando a cadela um modelo de estudo para a doença na mulher.(AU)

The Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma (IMC) is a low-occurrence malignant neoplasm with rapid evolution that affects dogs and women. There are few reports of this disease in the Brazilian veterinary literature, which may be related to the lack of knowledge of the disease associated with the need of relating clinical findings to histopathology exams for definitive diagnosis. This neoplasm also affects the mammary glands in women, which demonstrates classical signs of inflammation such as pain, skin turgor and increased local temperature. The diagnosis considers the presence of tumor cell emboli in the lymph vessels in the dermis associated with clinical signs of inflammation. Due to the degree of local infiltration, signs of inflammation and the presence of lymph emboli, both human and veterinary patients have unfavorable prognosis. The IMC is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and due to its inflammation characteristics, in most cases, surgical removal is not recommended. Due to the aggressiveness of the IMC on women and bitches, poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, this paper aims to describe the advances of therapeutic options beyond palliative care in current literature, as well as presenting a comparative approach considering the bitch as a study model for treating the disease in women.(AU)

El carcinoma inflamatorio de mama (CIM) es una neoplasia maligna de evolución rápida que tiene una baja incidencia tanto en perras como en mujeres. Es poco relatado por médicos veterinarios en Brasil, hecho que puede estar relacionado a la falta de conocimiento de la enfermedad, asociada a la necesidad de la relación de los hallazgos clínicos con examen histopatológico para el diagnóstico definitivo. Esta neoplasia también afecta a las glándulas mamarias de mujeres, lo que demuestra características clásicas de inflamación, como dolor, la turgencia de la piel y el aumento de la temperatura local. Para el diagnóstico definitivo se considera la presencia de émbolos de células tumorales en los canales dermis ganglios, asociados con los signos clínicos de inflamación. Debido al grado de infiltración local, los signos de inflamación y la presencia de embolias en el linfático, el paciente humano y veterinario presentan pronóstico desfavorable. El CIM es poco sensible a la quimioterapia y debido a las características de inflamación no presenta indicación quirúrgica en la mayoría de los casos. Debido a la agresividad del CIM en mujeres y perras, del pronóstico desfavorable y de las restrictas opciones terapéuticas, esa investigación tuvo como objetivo revisar el progreso de las opciones terapéuticas además del tratamiento paliativo en la literatura actual, allende presentar un enfoque comparativo, teniendo en cuenta que la perra es un modelo de estudios para la enfermedad en mujeres.(AU)

Carcinoma inflamatório de mama ­ Uma abordagem comparada / Inflammatory mammary carcinoma - A comparative approach / Carcinoma inflamatório de mama - Un enfoque comparativo

O Carcinoma Inflamatório de Mama (CIM) é um neoplasma maligno de rápida evolução que apresenta baixa ocorrência tanto em cadelas quanto em mulheres. É pouco relatado pelos médicos veterinários no Brasil, fato que pode ser relacionado à falta de conhecimento da doença associado à necessidade da relação dos achados clínicos com exame histopatológico para o diagnóstico definitivo. Esse neoplasma também acomete a glândula mamária de mulheres, nas quais demonstra características clássicas de inflamação como dor, turgor de pele e aumento de temperatura local. Para diagnóstico definitivo é considerado a presença de êmbolos de células tumorais em canais linfáticos da derme associados aos sinais clínicos de inflamação. Devido ao grau de infiltração local, os sinais de inflamação e a presença de êmbolos em linfáticos, o paciente humano e veterinário apresentam prognóstico desfavorável. O CIM é pouco responsivo à quimioterapia e devido às características de inflamação, não apresenta indicação cirúrgica na maioria dos casos. Devido à agressividade do CIM em mulheres e nas cadelas, do prognóstico desfavorável e das restritas opções terapêuticas essa revisão objetiva descrever os avanços das opções terapêuticas além do tratamento paliativo na literatura atual além de apresentar uma abordagem comparada, considerando a cadela um modelo de estudo para a doença na mulher.

The Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma (IMC) is a low-occurrence malignant neoplasm with rapid evolution that affects dogs and women. There are few reports of this disease in the Brazilian veterinary literature, which may be related to the lack of knowledge of the disease associated with the need of relating clinical findings to histopathology exams for definitive diagnosis. This neoplasm also affects the mammary glands in women, which demonstrates classical signs of inflammation such as pain, skin turgor and increased local temperature. The diagnosis considers the presence of tumor cell emboli in the lymph vessels in the dermis associated with clinical signs of inflammation. Due to the degree of local infiltration, signs of inflammation and the presence of lymph emboli, both human and veterinary patients have unfavorable prognosis. The IMC is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and due to its inflammation characteristics, in most cases, surgical removal is not recommended. Due to the aggressiveness of the IMC on women and bitches, poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, this paper aims to describe the advances of therapeutic options beyond palliative care in current literature, as well as presenting a comparative approach considering the bitch as a study model for treating the disease in women.

El carcinoma inflamatorio de mama (CIM) es una neoplasia maligna de evolución rápida que tiene una baja incidencia tanto en perras como en mujeres. Es poco relatado por médicos veterinarios en Brasil, hecho que puede estar relacionado a la falta de conocimiento de la enfermedad, asociada a la necesidad de la relación de los hallazgos clínicos con examen histopatológico para el diagnóstico definitivo. Esta neoplasia también afecta a las glándulas mamarias de mujeres, lo que demuestra características clásicas de inflamación, como dolor, la turgencia de la piel y el aumento de la temperatura local. Para el diagnóstico definitivo se considera la presencia de émbolos de células tumorales en los canales dermis ganglios, asociados con los signos clínicos de inflamación. Debido al grado de infiltración local, los signos de inflamación y la presencia de embolias en el linfático, el paciente humano y veterinario presentan pronóstico desfavorable. El CIM es poco sensible a la quimioterapia y debido a las características de inflamación no presenta indicación quirúrgica en la mayoría de los casos. Debido a la agresividad del CIM en mujeres y perras, del pronóstico desfavorable y de las restrictas opciones terapéuticas, esa investigación tuvo como objetivo revisar el progreso de las opciones terapéuticas además del tratamiento paliativo en la literatura actual, allende presentar un enfoque comparativo, teniendo en cuenta que la perra es un modelo de estudios para la enfermedad en mujeres.

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...](AU)

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...]

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in a dog / Aspectos clínico-patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um caso de leiomiossarcoma esofágico canino

Oesophageal leiomyosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle fibres that is infrequently reported in the literature. Because of the importance of definitive diagnosis and the low incidence of this tumour in dogs, it was reported a case of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in a dog. A 13-year-old intact male Rottweiler presented regurgitation, hyporexia, and chronic weight loss. After an imaging examination, tumour in the thoracic oesophagus was suspected and a biopsy was sugested for definitive diagnosis. However, the owner did not permit the procedure. Six months after the clinical diagnosis, the patient was brought for evaluation of anorexia, apathy, and severe dyspnoea. Because of the patient's clinical signs and lack of response to emergency treatment, he was euthanized. Upon necropsy, it was identified the neoplastic formation, previously identified in the radiographic examination in the thoracic oesophagus, near the diaphragm. Histopathology revealed a proliferation of mesenchymal cells, and the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was confirmed by immunohistochemical examination. Despite the low incidence of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma, it should be included as a differential diagnosis for animals with chronic regurgitation.(AU)

O leiomiossarcoma esofágico é um neoplasma maligno das fibras musculares lisas pouco descrito na literatura e, devido à importância do seu diagnóstico definitivo e à baixa frequência desta neoplasia em cães, relata-se um caso de leiomiossarcoma em localização esofágica. Foi atendido um cão, 13 anos, Rottweiler, com histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e perda de peso crônica. Após exames complementares de imagem, suspeitou-se de neoplasma localizado em esôfago torácico, no entanto, o proprietário optou por não realizar nenhum exame para o diagnóstico definitivo. Após seis meses do atendimento inicial, o animal retornou com anorexia, apatia e dispneia severa. Devido aos sinais clínicos apresentados e ausência de resposta ao tratamento emergencial instituído, optou-se pela eutanásia. Foi realizada a necropsia e, no esôfago torácico, próximo à região diafragmática, foi possível identificar a formação neoplásica anteriormente visualizada no exame radiográfico. O exame histopatológico revelou proliferação de células mesenquimais, sugestiva de leiomiossarcoma. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pelo exame imuno-histoquímico. Apesar da baixa frequência do leiomiossarcoma esofágico, animais que apresentam regurgitação crônica devem ser investigados quanto à possibilidade desse diagnóstico.(AU)

Serum concentration and immunostaining of vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs with multicentric lymphoma / Concentração sérica e imunomarcação do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular em cães com linfoma multicêntrico

Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most specific regulators of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, VEGF plays a role in tumorigenesis through activation of an autocrine signaling pathway that enables cancer cells to stimulate their own growth. The aim of this study was to investigate VEGF serum levels and immunoexpression in canine multicentric lymphomas and correlate these parameters with the prognostic factors of this cancer. Sixteen dogs were evaluated (eight clinically healthy and eight diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma). The animals underwent blood sampling to measure VEGF serum concentrations and lymph node biopsy to evaluate VEGF immunoexpression. The VEGF immunoreactivity score was higher (p=0.0003) in the lymph nodes of dogs with multicentric lymphoma (8.50±2.33) than in those of healthy dogs (1.87±1.80). There was no significant difference in the VEGF serum concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma (p=0.08). Immunophenotype, clinical stage and grade of malignancy influenced the life expectancy of dogs with lymphoma. Our results showed that VEGF is expressed in high amounts in the lymph nodes of dogs with multicentric lymphoma and may be responsible for the growth, survival and migration of tumor cells.

O fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) é um dos mais específicos reguladores da angiogênese e da linfangiogênese tumoral, além de influenciar na tumorigênese mediante ativação de um circuito de sinalização autócrina que permite que as células neoplásicas estimulem seu próprio crescimento. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os níveis séricos e a imunomarcação do VEGF nos linfomas multicêntricos caninos e correlacionar esses parâmetros com fatores prognósticos da neoplasia. Foram avaliados 16 cães, sendo oito clinicamente sadios e oito com diagnóstico de linfoma multicêntrico. Os animais foram submetidos à coleta de sangue para mensuração da concentração sérica do VEGF e biopsia de linfonodo para avaliação da imunomarcação do VEGF. O escore de imunomarcação do VEGF foi superior (p=0,0003) nos linfonodos de cães com linfoma multicêntrico (8,50±2,33) em comparação ao escore dos linfonodos de cães sadios (1,87±1,80). Não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações séricas do VEGF de cães sadios e de cães com linfoma (p=0,08). Imunofenótipo, estadiamento clínico e grau de malignidade influenciaram na sobrevida dos cães com linfoma. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o VEGF está expresso em quantidades elevadas nos linfonodos de cães com linfoma multicêntrico, podendo ser responsável pelo crescimento, sobrevivência e migração das células tumorais.(AU)

The epidemiological and pathological characteristics of canine mammary neoplasia cases diagnosed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade de Franca (UNIFRAN), Brazil

The objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the pathological and epidemiological characteristics of the mammary tumors of female dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade de Franca (Unifran), Franca-SP, Brazil.[...]

The epidemiological and pathological characteristics of canine mammary neoplasia cases diagnosed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade de Franca (UNIFRAN), Brazil

The objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the pathological and epidemiological characteristics of the mammary tumors of female dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade de Franca (Unifran), Franca-SP, Brazil.[...](AU)

Mastocitoma cutâneo em cães: uma breve revisão / Cutaneous mast cell tumor in dogs: a brief review

Na espécie canina, o mastocitoma é um dos tumores malignos mais diagnosticados, e a sua apresentação cutânea é de aproximadamente 11%. O presente trabalho é uma revisão de literatura que trata do mastocitoma cutâneo canino, abordando aspectos de incidência, etiologia, apresentação clínica, estadiamento clínico, diagnóstico, modalidades de tratamento e prognósticos. Apesar dos avanços atuais observados no diagnóstico e tratamento desse tipo de tumor o estabelecimento do prognóstico é ainda muito incerto pois a sua apresentação clínica, comportamento biológico e resposta ao tratamento são bastante variáveis.

In dogs, mast cell tumor is one of the most frequent malignancies, whose cutaneous presentation achieve levels of 11%. The present paper review the available literature of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor discussing its incidence, etiology, clinical presentation, clinical stage, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In spite of the actual advances in the diagnosis and treatment, of this pathology its prognosis is very uncertain because the clinical, biological behavior and treatment responses are so variable.

Mastocitoma cutâneo em cães: uma breve revisão / Cutaneous mast cell tumor in dogs: a brief review

Na espécie canina, o mastocitoma é um dos tumores malignos mais diagnosticados, e a sua apresentação cutânea é de aproximadamente 11%. O presente trabalho é uma revisão de literatura que trata do mastocitoma cutâneo canino, abordando aspectos de incidência, etiologia, apresentação clínica, estadiamento clínico, diagnóstico, modalidades de tratamento e prognósticos. Apesar dos avanços atuais observados no diagnóstico e tratamento desse tipo de tumor o estabelecimento do prognóstico é ainda muito incerto pois a sua apresentação clínica, comportamento biológico e resposta ao tratamento são bastante variáveis.(AU)

In dogs, mast cell tumor is one of the most frequent malignancies, whose cutaneous presentation achieve levels of 11%. The present paper review the available literature of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor discussing its incidence, etiology, clinical presentation, clinical stage, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In spite of the actual advances in the diagnosis and treatment, of this pathology its prognosis is very uncertain because the clinical, biological behavior and treatment responses are so variable.(AU)

Quimioterapia antineoplásica em cães e gatos – uma revisão das opções de tratamento por via oral / Antineoplastic chemotherapy in dogs and cats – a review of oral treatment options / Quimioterapia antineoplásica en perros y gatos – una revisión de las opciones de tratamiento por vía oral

Apesar de a maioria dos antineoplásicos ser administrada por via intravenosa, há atualmente uma vasta disponibilidade desses fármacos apresentados em drágeas, comprimidos e cápsulas. Algumas vantagens da quimioterapia oral são a possibilidade de um tratamento prático, indolor e bem tolerado. Contudo, a prescrição de medicações citotóxicas para uso domiciliar deve ser criteriosa, para evitar que o tratamento represente risco à saúde dos animais e proprietários. Esta revisão de literatura relaciona e descreve os fármacos ciclofosfamida, clorambucil, melfalano, bussulfano, lomustina, capecitabina, metotrexato, idarrubicina, etoposídeo, mercaptopurina, anti-inflamatórios esteroides e inibidores de ciclo-oxigenase-2 e de tirosina-quinase. Esses medicamentos estão atualmente disponíveis para o uso por via oral na medicina humana e podem ser utilizados para o tratamento do câncer em cães e gatos.

Although most anticancer drugs are administered intravenously, several of these drugs are currently available as pills, tablets and capsules. Some advantages of oral chemotherapy are the possibility of a practical, painless and well tolerated treatment. However, prescription of cytotoxic medications for use at home should be done carefully to prevent risks to animal and human health. This literature review lists and describes the drugs cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan, lomustine, capecitabine, methotrexate, idarubicin, etoposide, mercaptopurine, steroidal anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase-2 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These drugs are currently available for oral usage in human medicine and can be used for the treatment of cancer in dogs and cats.

A pesar de que la mayoría de los antineoplásicos se presentan por vía endovenosa, existen actualmente un gran número de esos fármacos que se comercializan en forma de grageas, comprimidos y cápsulas. Algunas de las ventajas de la quimioterapia oral son la de ser un tipo de tratamiento práctico, indoloro y bien tolerado. No obstante, la prescripción de medicamentos citotóxicos para su uso en el domicilio del paciente, debe ser criteriosa, a fin de evitar que el tratamiento cause algún riesgo a los animales o al propietario. Esta revisión de la literatura relaciona y describe los fármacos ciclofosfamida, clorambucil, melfalano, bussulfano, lomustina, capecitabina, metotrexato, idarrubicina, etoposídeo, mercaptopurina, antiinflamatorios esteroides e inhibidores de la ciclo oxigenasa 2 y de tiroxina quinasa. Estos medicamentos se encuentran actualmente disponibles para su uso por vía oral en la medicina humana, y pueden ser utilizados para el tratamiento del cáncer en perros y gatos.

Quimioterapia antineoplásica em cães e gatos uma revisão das opções de tratamento por via oral / Antineoplastic chemotherapy in dogs and cats a review of oral treatment options / Quimioterapia antineoplásica en perros y gatos una revisión de las opciones de tratamiento por vía oral

Apesar de a maioria dos antineoplásicos ser administrada por via intravenosa, há atualmente uma vasta disponibilidade desses fármacos apresentados em drágeas, comprimidos e cápsulas. Algumas vantagens da quimioterapia oral são a possibilidade de um tratamento prático, indolor e bem tolerado. Contudo, a prescrição de medicações citotóxicas para uso domiciliar deve ser criteriosa, para evitar que o tratamento represente risco à saúde dos animais e proprietários. Esta revisão de literatura relaciona e descreve os fármacos ciclofosfamida, clorambucil, melfalano, bussulfano, lomustina, capecitabina, metotrexato, idarrubicina, etoposídeo, mercaptopurina, anti-inflamatórios esteroides e inibidores de ciclo-oxigenase-2 e de tirosina-quinase. Esses medicamentos estão atualmente disponíveis para o uso por via oral na medicina humana e podem ser utilizados para o tratamento do câncer em cães e gatos.(AU)

Although most anticancer drugs are administered intravenously, several of these drugs are currently available as pills, tablets and capsules. Some advantages of oral chemotherapy are the possibility of a practical, painless and well tolerated treatment. However, prescription of cytotoxic medications for use at home should be done carefully to prevent risks to animal and human health. This literature review lists and describes the drugs cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan, lomustine, capecitabine, methotrexate, idarubicin, etoposide, mercaptopurine, steroidal anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase-2 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These drugs are currently available for oral usage in human medicine and can be used for the treatment of cancer in dogs and cats.(AU)

A pesar de que la mayoría de los antineoplásicos se presentan por vía endovenosa, existen actualmente un gran número de esos fármacos que se comercializan en forma de grageas, comprimidos y cápsulas. Algunas de las ventajas de la quimioterapia oral son la de ser un tipo de tratamiento práctico, indoloro y bien tolerado. No obstante, la prescripción de medicamentos citotóxicos para su uso en el domicilio del paciente, debe ser criteriosa, a fin de evitar que el tratamiento cause algún riesgo a los animales o al propietario. Esta revisión de la literatura relaciona y describe los fármacos ciclofosfamida, clorambucil, melfalano, bussulfano, lomustina, capecitabina, metotrexato, idarrubicina, etoposídeo, mercaptopurina, antiinflamatorios esteroides e inhibidores de la ciclo oxigenasa 2 y de tiroxina quinasa. Estos medicamentos se encuentran actualmente disponibles para su uso por vía oral en la medicina humana, y pueden ser utilizados para el tratamiento del cáncer en perros y gatos.(AU)

Neuropatia paraneoplásica associada ao mastocitoma canino / Paraneoplastic neuropathy associated with canine mast cell tumor

As síndromes paraneoplásicas compreendem um grupo diverso de alterações clínicas associadas a neoplasias e ocorrem em sítios distantes do tumor primário ou de suas metástases. As neuropatias paraneoplásicas são distúrbios raros em cães, mas representam morbidade significativa e servem como importantes indicadores diagnósticos e prognósticos. O presente trabalho relata a ocorrência de dois casos de neuropatia paraneoplásica em cães com mastocitoma, considerando a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico e as formas de tratamento utilizadas.(AU)

Paraneoplastic syndromes comprise a diverse group of clinical anomalies associated with neoplasias and occur in a location distant from the primary tumor or of your metastasis. Paraneoplastic neuropathy are rare disturbs in dogs, but represent significant morbidity and are useful as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. This work report the occurrence of two cases of paraneoplastic neuropathy in dogs with mast cell tumor, considering the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment used.(AU)

Inibidores de tirosina-quinase no tratamento de mastocitomas cutâneos em cães – revisão / Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs – review / Inhibidores de tirosina-quinasa en el tratamiento de mastocitomas cutáneos en perros – revisión

O mastocitoma é o segundo tumor mais comum no cão, sendo caracterizado pela proliferação desordenada de mastócitos na pele. O tratamento envolve a ressecção cirúrgica, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Recentemente, novos protocolos de tratamento têm sido desenvolvidos, como a utilização de inibidores de receptores de tirosina-quinase. Com o conhecimento do genoma e a evolução de metodologias em genética molecular, os fármacos com alvo molecular específico constituem uma modalidade terapêutica promissora contra o câncer, no futuro. Além de estarem envolvidos no ciclo celular normal, alguns estudos sugerem que os receptores de tirosina-quinase têm participação fundamental nos processos neoplásicos. Dessa forma, algumas estratégias, como o desenvolvimento de anticorpos antirreceptores de tirosina-quinase e as pequenas moléculas inibidoras de receptor de tirosina-quinase, têm sido desenvolvidas na tentativa de inibir o desenvolvimento tumoral. O objetivo da presente revisão é descrever o uso dos inibidores de tirosina-quinase no tratamento de mastocitoma em cães.

The mast cell tumor (MCT) is the second most common type of tumor in dogs. It is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of mast cells in the skin. Treatment involves surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recently, new treatment protocols have been developed, such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. With the increasing knowledge about the genome and the evolution of methods in molecular genetics, drugs with specific molecular targets are surely going to become promising therapeutic modalities in the near future. Besides being involved in the normal cell cycle, some studies suggest that tyrosine kinases have a fundamental role in neoplastic processes. Therefore, some strategies such as the development of antibodies anti-receptors for tyrosine kinases and small-molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors have been developed in an attempt to inhibit tumor development. The purpose of this review is to describe the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs.

El mastocitoma es el segundo tumor mas frecuente en perros, caracterizándose por la proliferación desordenada de mastocitos en la piel. El tratamiento abarca la resección quirúrgica, la quimio y la radioterapia. Recientemente, se han desarrollado nuevos protocolos de tratamiento, como los inhibidores de receptores de tirosina-quinasa. Una vez conocido el genoma y teniendo en cuenta la evolución de diferentes metodologías en genética molecular, en el futuro, los fármacos con acción molecular específica se convertirán, seguramente, en una alternativa terapéutica promisora en el tratamiento contra el cáncer. Según algunas investigaciones, los receptores de tirosina-quinasa, además de estar relacionados al ciclo celular normal, tienen una participación fundamental en los procesos neoplásicos. Así es que algunas estrategias terapéuticas, como el desarrollo de anticuerpos anti receptores de tirosina-quinasa y pequeñas moléculas inhibidoras del receptor de tirosina-quinasa, se han desarrollado en un intento de inhibir el desarrollo tumoral. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es describir el uso de los inhibidores de tirosina-quinasa en el tratamiento del mastocitoma en perros.