Influence of male to female ratio on hormone profiles and reproductive performance of anestrus postpartum ewes subjected to the male effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios. Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus [...](AU)

Influence of male to female ratio on hormone profiles and reproductive performance of anestrus postpartum ewes subjected to the male effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios. Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus [...]

Influence of Male to Female Ratio on Hormone Profiles and Reproductive Performance of Anestrus Postpartum Ewes Subjected to the Male Effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

An update on the epidemiological situation of spotted fever in Brazil

Background Spotted fever is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. In Brazil, its notification to the Ministry of Health is compulsory. Since 2007, cases of spotted fever have been integrated to the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and epidemiological analyzes are part of the routines on surveillance programs. Methods This descriptive study updates epidemiological information on cases of spotted fever registered in Brazil between 2007 and 2015. Results In Brazil, 17,117 suspected cases of the disease were reported and 1,245 were confirmed in 12 states, mainly in São Paulo (550, 44.2 %) and Santa Catarina (276, 22.2 %). No geographic information was registered for 132 cases (10.6 %). Most of the infected people were men (70.9 %), mainly in rural areas (539, 43.3 %), who had contact with ticks (72.7 %). A higher number of suspected cases were registered between 2011 and 2015, but the number of confirmed cases and the incidence were relatively low. Moreover, 411 deaths were registered between 2007 and 2015, mainly in the southeastern region of the country, where the case-fatality rate was 55 %. Lack of proper filling of important fields of notification forms was also observed. Conclusions The results showed expansion of suspected cases of spotted fever and high case-fatality rates, which could be related to diagnostic difficulties and lack of prompt treatment. These factors may comprise limitations to the epidemiological surveillance system in Brazil, hence improvement of notification and investigation are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality due to spotted fever in Brazil.(AU)

An update on the epidemiological situation of spotted fever in Brazil

Spotted fever is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. In Brazil, its notification to the Ministry of Health is compulsory. Since 2007, cases of spotted fever have been integrated to the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and epidemiological analyzes are part of the routines on surveillance programs. Methods This descriptive study updates epidemiological information on cases of spotted fever registered in Brazil between 2007 and 2015. Results In Brazil, 17,117 suspected cases of the disease were reported and 1,245 were confirmed in 12 states, mainly in São Paulo (550, 44.2 %) and Santa Catarina (276, 22.2 %). No geographic information was registered for 132 cases (10.6 %). Most of the infected people were men (70.9 %), mainly in rural areas (539, 43.3 %), who had contact with ticks (72.7 %). A higher number of suspected cases were registered between 2011 and 2015, but the number of confirmed cases and the incidence were relatively low. Moreover, 411 deaths were registered between 2007 and 2015, mainly in the southeastern region of the country, where the case-fatality rate was 55 %. Lack of proper filling of important fields of notification forms was also observed. Conclusions The results showed expansion of suspected cases of spotted fever and high case-fatality rates, which could be related to diagnostic difficulties and lack of prompt treatment. These factors may comprise limitations to the epidemiological surveillance system in Brazil, hence improvement of notification and investigation are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality due to spotted fever in Brazil.(AU)

An update on the epidemiological situation of spotted fever in Brazil

Spotted fever is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. In Brazil, its notification to the Ministry of Health is compulsory. Since 2007, cases of spotted fever have been integrated to the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and epidemiological analyzes are part of the routines on surveillance programs. Methods This descriptive study updates epidemiological information on cases of spotted fever registered in Brazil between 2007 and 2015. Results In Brazil, 17,117 suspected cases of the disease were reported and 1,245 were confirmed in 12 states, mainly in São Paulo (550, 44.2 %) and Santa Catarina (276, 22.2 %). No geographic information was registered for 132 cases (10.6 %). Most of the infected people were men (70.9 %), mainly in rural areas (539, 43.3 %), who had contact with ticks (72.7 %). A higher number of suspected cases were registered between 2011 and 2015, but the number of confirmed cases and the incidence were relatively low. Moreover, 411 deaths were registered between 2007 and 2015, mainly in the southeastern region of the country, where the case-fatality rate was 55 %. Lack of proper filling of important fields of notification forms was also observed. Conclusions The results showed expansion of suspected cases of spotted fever and high case-fatality rates, which could be related to diagnostic difficulties and lack of prompt treatment. These factors may comprise limitations to the epidemiological surveillance system in Brazil, hence improvement of notification and investigation are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality due to spotted fever in Brazil.

Male effect and breeding season shortening under contrasting climatic conditions upon reproduction of nulliparous Anglo-Nubians / Efeito do macho e redução das estações de monta em diferentes condições climática a reprodução de nulíparas Anglo-Nubiana

This study was aimed to evaluate breeding seasons of different durations under contrasting climatic conditions upon reproductive performance of nulli­parous does submitted to male effect. A total of 240 Anglo-Nubian females at 8 to 12 months of age were used and were kept away from all three bucks at a distance of 300 m for 60 days, which avoided any physical, visual, olfactory or hearing contact between genders. Estrus were visually detected and pregnancy rates were determined by ultrasonography 60 days after the last mating. Breeding season duration and climatic condition did not influence estrus incidence, where 70% does had estrus detected at the dry season, 80% of does cycled at the rainy season within breeding seasons of 25 days. Moreover, 80% of does cycled at the dry season and 95% at the rainy season during breeding seasons of 35 days and 45 days. After breeding seasons of 25 days, pregnancy rate was lower at the dry season (55.0%) compared to the rainy season (80.0%). Mean birth weight of resulting offspring was lower during the rainy season (2.94 kg ± 0.26) than during the dry season (3.03 kg ± 0.16). The results show that estrus onset is affected by breeding season durations and climatic conditions tested, although dry season lowered pregnancy rates. In conclusion, 25-day breeding seasons are recommended to improve standardization of offspring lots, to reduce costs with food supplementation and estrus detection, while preserving pregnancy and kidding rates.

Male effect and breeding season shortening under contrasting climatic conditions upon reproduction of nulliparous Anglo-Nubians / Efeito do macho e redução das estações de monta em diferentes condições climática a reprodução de nulíparas Anglo-Nubiana

This study was aimed to evaluate breeding seasons of different durations under contrasting climatic conditions upon reproductive performance of nulli­parous does submitted to male effect. A total of 240 Anglo-Nubian females at 8 to 12 months of age were used and were kept away from all three bucks at a distance of 300 m for 60 days, which avoided any physical, visual, olfactory or hearing contact between genders. Estrus were visually detected and pregnancy rates were determined by ultrasonography 60 days after the last mating. Breeding season duration and climatic condition did not influence estrus incidence, where 70% does had estrus detected at the dry season, 80% of does cycled at the rainy season within breeding seasons of 25 days. Moreover, 80% of does cycled at the dry season and 95% at the rainy season during breeding seasons of 35 days and 45 days. After breeding seasons of 25 days, pregnancy rate was lower at the dry season (55.0%) compared to the rainy season (80.0%). Mean birth weight of resulting offspring was lower during the rainy season (2.94 kg ± 0.26) than during the dry season (3.03 kg ± 0.16). The results show that estrus onset is affected by breeding season durations and climatic conditions tested, although dry season lowered pregnancy rates. In conclusion, 25-day breeding seasons are recommended to improve standardization of offspring lots, to reduce costs with food supplementation and estrus detection, while preserving pregnancy and kidding rates.(AU)

Postpartum bovine endometritis treatment by intrauterine and intramuscular administration of oxitetracycline / Tratamento de endometrite bovina pós puerperal pelas vias intramuscular e intra-uterina

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the postpartum bovine endometritis treatment by intrauterine and intramuscular administration of tetracycline. Forty six cross bred cows diagnosed by gynecological exam with postpartum endometritis were assigned randomly in two treatments: G1 (n=21) - animals were treated with one intramuscular (IM) dose of tetracycline (20 mg/Kg of body weight), while in G2 (n=25) animals were treated with one intrauterine (IU) dose of tetracycline (30 mg/Kg of body weight). No difference (p>0.05) was observed in the recovery rate between the two treatments (61.9 X 76.0%, G1 and G2, respectively). The interval from treatment until first estrous was 33.9±22.6 versus 14.8 ±10.9 days (P

Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a eficiência do uso da oxitetracilina, administrada pelas vias intramuscular (IM) e intrauterina (IU), no tratamento de endometrites em vacas no período pós-puerperal. Foram utilizados 46 animais mestiços que apresentaram quadro clínico de endometrite, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos: G1 (n=21) tratado com uma dose de 30 mg/Kg PV de oxitetraciclina por via IM, e G2 (n=25)  uma infusão de 20 mg/Kg PV de oxitetraciclina por via IU. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) na taxa de recuperação dos animais, 61,9% e 76,0% para G1 e G2, respectivamente. O intervalo entre o tratamento e o primeiro estro (P

Canine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant

Rabies is caused by rabies virus (RV), a RNA virus member of the Lyssavirus genus, family Rhabdoviridae. The aim of this study was to determine antigenic characteristics of a rabies virus isolate (RV183-07) recovered from a stray bitch that died of rabies and to infer the most likely source of contamination, since no urban rabies has been reported in the area in more than 20 years. The virus was identified by direct immunofluorescence and multiplied by one passage in mice. The antigenic profile of the isolate was determined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to lyssavirus antigens on infected brain tissues. A fragment of the viral genome corresponding to the nucleoprotein (N) gene was submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and the amplicon obtained was subjected to restriction enzyme analysis. A 303 base pair fragment of the N gene was cloned, sequenced and compared to other RV sequences available at Genbank. The isolate RV183-07 displayed antigenic and genomic characteristics of rabies virus variants whose natural reservoir is the non-hematophagous bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Therefore, the most likely source of contamination of the bitch was an incidental contact with an infected bat of that species, common inhabitants of the area. In view of that, the status of urban rabies-free of the area was not compromised.

Diagnóstico de raiva no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1985 a 2007 / Rabies diagnosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1985 to 2007

São apresentados os resultados de 23 anos de diagnósticos de raiva realizados no Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre os anos de 1985 e 2007, um total de 23.460 amostras foram diagnosticadas no laboratório, compreendendo cerca de 95 por cento do número total de amostras submetidas ao diagnóstico laboratorial de raiva no Estado. A metodologia utilizada seguiu técnicas padrões como a imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e inoculação em camundongos (IC). Não ocorreram casos de raiva humana no período. O vírus rábico (VR) foi detectado em 739 (3,1 por cento) amostras, sendo 656 (88,7 por cento) de origem bovina. O vírus foi também identificado em 23 caninos (3,1 por cento), 21 eqüinos (2,9 por cento), 29 quirópteros (4,0 por cento), 4 felinos (0,5 por cento), 3 ovinos (0,4 por cento), 2 suínos (0,27 por cento) e em um animal selvagem de espécie indeterminada (0,13 por cento). O último caso de raiva em cães associado com variantes do vírus endêmicas nessa espécie foi diagnosticado em 1988. Dois episódios de contaminação incidental registrados em um felino em 2001 e em um canino em 2007, associados com variantes do vírus prevalentes em morcegos. Em relação à raiva bovina, os dados aqui apresentados revelam uma marcante diminuição no número de casos de raiva nessa espécie, em comparação com registros prévios. Por outro lado, um aumento no número de casos de raiva em morcegos hematófagos e não hematófagos vem sendo observado; no entanto, não é possível associar este aumento com modificações nas relações vírus/hospedeiro, pois o número de morcegos submetidos para diagnóstico tem igualmente aumentado. Isto provavelmente reflete o aumento do conhecimento sobre o papel de morcegos no ciclo de transmissão, e não necessariamente alterações no vírus e/ou nos hospedeiros.(AU)

The results of 23 years of rabies diagnosis carried out at the Veterinary Research Institute Desidério Finamor, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil, are reported. From 1985 to 2007, a total of 23.460 specimens were examined, corresponding to 95 percent of the total number of samples submitted to rabies laboratory diagnosis notified within the state. Diagnostic methods included standard techniques such as the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). No cases of human rabies occurred in the period. Rabies virus (RV) was detected in 739 specimens (3.1 percent), from which 656 (88.7 percent) were from cattle. The virus was also identified in specimens from 23 dogs (3.1 percent), 21 horses (2.9 percent), 29 bats (4.0 percent), 4 cats (0.5 percent), 3 sheep (0.4 percent), 2 pigs (0.27 percent) and a wild animal of undetermined species (0.13 percent). The last case of rabies associated with a canine variant was diagnosed in 1988. Two cases of rabies associated with bat variant viruses were reported, in a domestic cat (2001) and in a dog (2007). In cattle, a marked tendency to a decrease in the number of cases was detected in the examined period. In contrast, an increase in the number of cases in haematophagous as well as in non haematophagous bats is noticed. However, as the number of bat specimens submitted for diagnosis has increased, this finding most likely reflects a higher degree of awareness on the possible role for bats in the rabies transmission cycle, rather than any particular changes on the virus or its hosts.(AU)

Diagnóstico de raiva no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1985 a 2007 / Rabies diagnosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1985 to 2007

São apresentados os resultados de 23 anos de diagnósticos de raiva realizados no Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre os anos de 1985 e 2007, um total de 23.460 amostras foram diagnosticadas no laboratório, compreendendo cerca de 95 por cento do número total de amostras submetidas ao diagnóstico laboratorial de raiva no Estado. A metodologia utilizada seguiu técnicas padrões como a imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e inoculação em camundongos (IC). Não ocorreram casos de raiva humana no período. O vírus rábico (VR) foi detectado em 739 (3,1 por cento) amostras, sendo 656 (88,7 por cento) de origem bovina. O vírus foi também identificado em 23 caninos (3,1 por cento), 21 eqüinos (2,9 por cento), 29 quirópteros (4,0 por cento), 4 felinos (0,5 por cento), 3 ovinos (0,4 por cento), 2 suínos (0,27 por cento) e em um animal selvagem de espécie indeterminada (0,13 por cento). O último caso de raiva em cães associado com variantes do vírus endêmicas nessa espécie foi diagnosticado em 1988. Dois episódios de contaminação incidental registrados em um felino em 2001 e em um canino em 2007, associados com variantes do vírus prevalentes em morcegos. Em relação à raiva bovina, os dados aqui apresentados revelam uma marcante diminuição no número de casos de raiva nessa espécie, em comparação com registros prévios. Por outro lado, um aumento no número de casos de raiva em morcegos hematófagos e não hematófagos vem sendo observado; no entanto, não é possível associar este aumento com modificações nas relações vírus/hospedeiro, pois o número de morcegos submetidos para diagnóstico tem igualmente aumentado. Isto provavelmente reflete o aumento do conhecimento sobre o papel de morcegos no ciclo de transmissão, e não necessariamente alterações no vírus e/ou nos hospedeiros.(AU)

The results of 23 years of rabies diagnosis carried out at the Veterinary Research Institute Desidério Finamor, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil, are reported. From 1985 to 2007, a total of 23.460 specimens were examined, corresponding to 95 percent of the total number of samples submitted to rabies laboratory diagnosis notified within the state. Diagnostic methods included standard techniques such as the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). No cases of human rabies occurred in the period. Rabies virus (RV) was detected in 739 specimens (3.1 percent), from which 656 (88.7 percent) were from cattle. The virus was also identified in specimens from 23 dogs (3.1 percent), 21 horses (2.9 percent), 29 bats (4.0 percent), 4 cats (0.5 percent), 3 sheep (0.4 percent), 2 pigs (0.27 percent) and a wild animal of undetermined species (0.13 percent). The last case of rabies associated with a canine variant was diagnosed in 1988. Two cases of rabies associated with bat variant viruses were reported, in a domestic cat (2001) and in a dog (2007). In cattle, a marked tendency to a decrease in the number of cases was detected in the examined period. In contrast, an increase in the number of cases in haematophagous as well as in non haematophagous bats is noticed. However, as the number of bat specimens submitted for diagnosis has increased, this finding most likely reflects a higher degree of awareness on the possible role for bats in the rabies transmission cycle, rather than any particular changes on the virus or its hosts.(AU)

Myelography in healthy dogs using ioversol 240 mg I/ml contrast medium: Clinical and radiological results / Mielografia em cães sadios com o meio de contraste ioversol 240 mg I/ml: Resultados clínicos e radiológicos

This study aimed to assess the opacification period and diagnostic quality of ioversol 240 mg I/ml in the thoracic and lumbar regions after intracisternally injected, and evaluate its effects on the nervous system by clinical and neurological examinations. Thirty clinically normal non-descript dogs without sex distinction, weighing 9-12 kg were divided into three groups of 10 animals each. All the animals were anaesthetized using diazepam and thiopental sodium. Ioversol was injected at a dose of 0.5ml/kg. Cervical radiographs after 5 minutes to confirm injection of the contrast, and thoracolumbar radiographs after 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes to evaluate the opacification period were taken. Clinical and neurological examinations were performed daily until 7, 14 and 28 days for groups I, II and III respectively. Adverse reactions such as pedal movements, preconvulsive behavior, muscular spasms, apnea, dyspnea, and vomit anxiety were observed during the myelographic procedure only. Ioversol showed good radiopacity, diffusion and miscibility with the cerebrospinal fluid. Reduction of costs also was possible since it can be autoclaved. Opacification period with diagnostic value was of 60 minutes in 60% of thoracic radiographs and in 80% of lumbar radiographs. Ioversol showed low incidence of clinical and neurological alterations. It is concluded that ioversol 240 mg I/ml is appropriat

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o período de opacificação e a qualidade diagnóstica do ioversol 240 mg I/ml, nas regiões torácica e lombar após sua injeção na cisterna magna, e verificar seus efeitos sobre o sistema nervoso por meio de observações clínicas e neurológicas. Utilizaram-se 30 cães sadios, sem distinção de sexo ou raça, com peso entre 9 e 12 kg, divididos em três grupos de 10 animais cada. Nos animais anestesiados com diazepam e tiopental sódico, o ioversol foi injetado na dose de 0,5 ml/kg. Foram obtidas radiografias cervicais aos cinco minutos para confirmar a injeção do contraste e toracolombares aos 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos para avaliar o período de opacificação. Exames clínicos e neurológicos foram realizados diariamente até os 7, 14 e 28 dias para os grupos I, II e III respectivamente. Efeitos adversos como movimentos de pedalagem, início de convulsão, espasmos musculares, apnéia, dispnéia e ânsia de vômito foram observados apenas durante o procedimento mielográfico. O ioversol apresentou boas radiopacidade, difusão e miscibilidade com o líquor, oferecendo também a possibilidade de redução de custos, já que pode ser autoclavado. O tempo de opacificação do contraste com valor diagnóstico atingiu 60 minutos em 60% das radiografias torácicas e em 80% das radiografias lombares. Havendo baixa incidência de alterações clínicas e neurológicas, e apropriadas qu

POSTPARTUM BOVINE ENDOMETRITIS TREATMENT BY INTRAUTERINE AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF OXITETRACYCLINE / TRATAMENTO DE ENDOMETRITE BOVINA PÓS PUERPERAL PELAS VIAS INTRAMUSCULAR E INTRA-UTERINA

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the postpartum bovine endometritis treatment by intrauterine and intramuscular administration of tetracycline. Forty six cross bred cows diagnosed by gynecological exam with postpartum endometritis were assigned randomly in two treatments: G1 (n=21) - animals were treated with one intramuscular (IM) dose of tetracycline (20 mg/Kg of body weight), while in G2 (n=25) animals were treated with one intrauterine (IU) dose of tetracycline (30 mg/Kg of body weight). No difference (p>0.05) was observed in the recovery rate between the two treatments (61.9 X 76.0%, G1 and G2, respectively). The interval from treatment until first estrous was 33.9±22.6 versus 14.8 ±10.9 days (P

Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a eficiência do uso da oxitetracilina, administrada pelas vias intramuscular (IM) e intrauterina (IU), no tratamento de endometrites em vacas no período pós-puerperal. Foram utilizados 46 animais mestiços que apresentaram quadro clínico de endometrite, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos: G1 (n=21) tratado com uma dose de 30 mg/Kg PV de oxitetraciclina por via IM, e G2 (n=25)  uma infusão de 20 mg/Kg PV de oxitetraciclina por via IU. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) na taxa de recuperação dos animais, 61,9% e 76,0% para G1 e G2, respectivamente. O intervalo entre o tratamento e o primeiro estro (P

Canine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant

Rabies is caused by rabies virus (RV), a RNA virus member of the Lyssavirus genus, family Rhabdoviridae. The aim of this study was to determine antigenic characteristics of a rabies virus isolate (RV183-07) recovered from a stray bitch that died of rabies and to infer the most likely source of contamination, since no urban rabies has been reported in the area in more than 20 years. The virus was identified by direct immunofluorescence and multiplied by one passage in mice. The antigenic profile of the isolate was determined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to lyssavirus antigens on infected brain tissues. A fragment of the viral genome corresponding to the nucleoprotein (N) gene was submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and the amplicon obtained was subjected to restriction enzyme analysis. A 303 base pair fragment of the N gene was cloned, sequenced and compared to other RV sequences available at Genbank. The isolate RV183-07 displayed antigenic and genomic characteristics of rabies virus variants whose natural reservoir is the non-hematophagous bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Therefore, the most likely source of contamination of the bitch was an incidental contact with an infected bat of that species, common inhabitants of the area. In view of that, the status of urban rabies-free of the area was not compromised.

Influence of Male to Female Ratio on Hormone Profiles and Reproductive Performance of Anestrus Postpartum Ewes Subjected to the Male Effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

Influence of Male to Female Ratio on Hormone Profiles and Reproductive Performance of Anestrus Postpartum Ewes Subjected to the Male Effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

Canine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant

Rabies is caused by rabies virus (RV), a RNA virus member of the Lyssavirus genus, family Rhabdoviridae. The aim of this study was to determine antigenic characteristics of a rabies virus isolate (RV183-07) recovered from a stray bitch that died of rabies and to infer the most likely source of contamination, since no urban rabies has been reported in the area in more than 20 years. The virus was identified by direct immunofluorescence and multiplied by one passage in mice. The antigenic profile of the isolate was determined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to lyssavirus antigens on infected brain tissues. A fragment of the viral genome corresponding to the nucleoprotein (N) gene was submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and the amplicon obtained was subjected to restriction enzyme analysis. A 303 base pair fragment of the N gene was cloned, sequenced and compared to other RV sequences available at Genbank. The isolate RV183-07 displayed antigenic and genomic characteristics of rabies virus variants whose natural reservoir is the non-hematophagous bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Therefore, the most likely source of contamination of the bitch was an incidental contact with an infected bat of that species, common inhabitants of the area. In view of that, the status of urban rabies-free of the area was not compromised.

Influence of Male to Female Ratio on Hormone Profiles and Reproductive Performance of Anestrus Postpartum Ewes Subjected to the Male Effect

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

Canine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant

Rabies is caused by rabies virus (RV), a RNA virus member of the Lyssavirus genus, family Rhabdoviridae. The aim of this study was to determine antigenic characteristics of a rabies virus isolate (RV183-07) recovered from a stray bitch that died of rabies and to infer the most likely source of contamination, since no urban rabies has been reported in the area in more than 20 years. The virus was identified by direct immunofluorescence and multiplied by one passage in mice. The antigenic profile of the isolate was determined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to lyssavirus antigens on infected brain tissues. A fragment of the viral genome corresponding to the nucleoprotein (N) gene was submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and the amplicon obtained was subjected to restriction enzyme analysis. A 303 base pair fragment of the N gene was cloned, sequenced and compared to other RV sequences available at Genbank. The isolate RV183-07 displayed antigenic and genomic characteristics of rabies virus variants whose natural reservoir is the non-hematophagous bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Therefore, the most likely source of contamination of the bitch was an incidental contact with an infected bat of that species, common inhabitants of the area. In view of that, the status of urban rabies-free of the area was not compromised.