Resumo
The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed "in osculum" with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.(AU)
A nutria (Myocastor coypus) é um roedor semi-aquático de tamanho mediano, apreciado na indústria de peles e carne. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever e sistematizar a artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em nutria, estabelecendo um modelo padrão e suas principais variações e territórios nesta espécie. Os trinta animais utilizados foram eutanasiados segundo as regras de bem-estar animal, os vasos foram preenchidos com látex, corado em vermelho e as peças foram fixadas em formoldeído. O cérebro foi vascularizado exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebro-basilar. Os ramos terminais da artéria basilar originaram as artérias cerebelar rostral, cerebral caudal, corióidea rostral, cerebral média e seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral rostral. O ramo terminal da artéria basilar lançou a artéria cerebral caudal, um vaso normalmente único, de médio calibre, para o interior da fissura transversa do cérebro. A artéria cerebral caudal foi um vaso único em 66,7% à direita e em 76,7% à esquerda e mostrou-se dupla em 33,3% à direita e em 23,3% à esquerda. Ela lançou a artéria tectal mesencefálica rostral, componente proximal e a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal. Os ramos terminais das artérias tectais mesencefálicas, rostral e caudal, formavam uma rede anastomótica típica. A artéria inter-hemisférica caudal lançou ramos centrais, a artéria corióidea caudal, as artérias hemisféricas occipitais, os ramos tectais mesencefálicos rostrais, componentes distais e anastomosou-se "em ósculo" com o ramo terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. A artéria corióidea caudal anastomosava-se com a artéria corióidea rostral, onde ramificavam-se sobre a massa talâmica, vascularizando todas as estruturas do diencéfalo e hipocampo. A artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos terminais apresenta anastomoses com os ramos terminais das artérias cerebrais rostral e média em uma região restrita do pólo caudal do hemisfério cerebral. A área de vascularização da artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos centrais no páleo-palio do lobo piriforme é extremamente restrita, caudo-medialmente ao mesmo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Lontras/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Basilar/anatomia & histologia , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) is a small rodent that in recent years has been increasingly used as a laboratory animal by different researchers. Brain irrigation is the object of study by several authors, being chinchilla classifiedas a vertebrobasillary animal, that is, it does not depend on the internal carotid artery to originate its cerebral arterialvascularization. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematize and describe the branches of the rostral, middle andcaudal cerebral arteries that vascularized the paleopallia area of the chinchilla.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Chinchilla lanigera brains were used in this study, 17 females and 13 adult malesfrom farms in the municipalities of Viamão and Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals wereheparinized, with 5000 IU / animal, and after 30 min were sacrificed with 8 mL / 2.5% sodium thiopental animal, bothintraperitoneally. The thoracic cavity was opened, the cardiac apex sectioned and the aortic arch was cannulated throughthe left ventricle. The arterial system was flushed with 0.9% cooled saline, 100mL / animal and then filled with 603 latexstained red with specific dye. The skin was recessed and a bone window opened in the cranial vault. Thus the pieces werefixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days and after this period, the brain with a cervical spinal cord segment was removedand ventral schematic drawings of all preparations were prepared. The Veterinary Anatomical Nomina (2017) was usedto name the cerebral arteries and their branches and for the statistical analysis of the results, the percentage calculationwas applied. Brain irrigation in the chinchilla was supplied by the basilar artery, which was formed by anastomosis of theterminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries, in the most caudal portion of the oblong medulla. The paleopalliaareas corresponded to the olfactory trine, lateral brain fossa, piriform lobe...
Assuntos
Animais , Chinchila/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguíneaResumo
Background: Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) is a small rodent that in recent years has been increasingly used as a laboratory animal by different researchers. Brain irrigation is the object of study by several authors, being chinchilla classifiedas a vertebrobasillary animal, that is, it does not depend on the internal carotid artery to originate its cerebral arterialvascularization. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematize and describe the branches of the rostral, middle andcaudal cerebral arteries that vascularized the paleopallia area of the chinchilla.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Chinchilla lanigera brains were used in this study, 17 females and 13 adult malesfrom farms in the municipalities of Viamão and Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals wereheparinized, with 5000 IU / animal, and after 30 min were sacrificed with 8 mL / 2.5% sodium thiopental animal, bothintraperitoneally. The thoracic cavity was opened, the cardiac apex sectioned and the aortic arch was cannulated throughthe left ventricle. The arterial system was flushed with 0.9% cooled saline, 100mL / animal and then filled with 603 latexstained red with specific dye. The skin was recessed and a bone window opened in the cranial vault. Thus the pieces werefixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days and after this period, the brain with a cervical spinal cord segment was removedand ventral schematic drawings of all preparations were prepared. The Veterinary Anatomical Nomina (2017) was usedto name the cerebral arteries and their branches and for the statistical analysis of the results, the percentage calculationwas applied. Brain irrigation in the chinchilla was supplied by the basilar artery, which was formed by anastomosis of theterminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries, in the most caudal portion of the oblong medulla. The paleopalliaareas corresponded to the olfactory trine, lateral brain fossa, piriform lobe...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Chinchila/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguíneaResumo
The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed "in osculum" with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.(AU)
A nutria (Myocastor coypus) é um roedor semi-aquático de tamanho mediano, apreciado na indústria de peles e carne. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever e sistematizar a artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em nutria, estabelecendo um modelo padrão e suas principais variações e territórios nesta espécie. Os trinta animais utilizados foram eutanasiados segundo as regras de bem-estar animal, os vasos foram preenchidos com látex, corado em vermelho e as peças foram fixadas em formoldeído. O cérebro foi vascularizado exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebro-basilar. Os ramos terminais da artéria basilar originaram as artérias cerebelar rostral, cerebral caudal, corióidea rostral, cerebral média e seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral rostral. O ramo terminal da artéria basilar lançou a artéria cerebral caudal, um vaso normalmente único, de médio calibre, para o interior da fissura transversa do cérebro. A artéria cerebral caudal foi um vaso único em 66,7% à direita e em 76,7% à esquerda e mostrou-se dupla em 33,3% à direita e em 23,3% à esquerda. Ela lançou a artéria tectal mesencefálica rostral, componente proximal e a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal. Os ramos terminais das artérias tectais mesencefálicas, rostral e caudal, formavam uma rede anastomótica típica. A artéria inter-hemisférica caudal lançou ramos centrais, a artéria corióidea caudal, as artérias hemisféricas occipitais, os ramos tectais mesencefálicos rostrais, componentes distais e anastomosou-se "em ósculo" com o ramo terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. A artéria corióidea caudal anastomosava-se com a artéria corióidea rostral, onde ramificavam-se sobre a massa talâmica, vascularizando todas as estruturas do diencéfalo e hipocampo. A artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos terminais apresenta anastomoses com os ramos terminais das artérias cerebrais rostral e média em uma região restrita do pólo caudal do hemisfério cerebral. A área de vascularização da artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos centrais no páleo-palio do lobo piriforme é extremamente restrita, caudo-medialmente ao mesmo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Lontras/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Basilar/anatomia & histologia , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: The study was performed on wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) wich is a wild ancestor of the domestic pig and is not partof Brazilian fauna. The arterial blood supply of the encephalus has been studied by some researchers, who have systematized thecerebral blood supply from the rostral and caudal epidural rete mirabile and its sources in wild boar until the blood supply of the baseof the brain. The objective was to improve the understanding of the arterial blood supply of the brain, particularly the paleopallium,of the wild boar and to provide a reference for comparative anatomy studies.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 brains were obtained from an officially authorised slaughterhouse and approved byBrazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renowable Resources. The animals were desensitized, followed by bleending of thejugular veins and common carotid arteries near the entrance of the thorax, according to the slaughter procedure. Finally, the animalswere decapitated at the level of axis vertebra. The cerebral arterial system of each animal was rinsed (cooled saline containing 2500IU of heparin) and drained by the jugular veins, and vessels were filled with latex 603 stained with specific red dye. The heads weresubmerged for one hour in running water immersed in 20% formaldehyde for fixation; the brains were removed along with a cervicalsegment of the spinal cord. The duramater was removed, and the arteries were dissected. Schematic drawings of the ventral view ofthe all preparations were made using magnifying glasses and photographic records. The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was usedto named the cerebral arteries and their branches, and calculation of pecentages was applied in the statistical analysis. The cerebralcarotid artery originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted a rostral branch and a caudal branch on the side of the hypophysis gland...
Assuntos
Animais , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Sus scrofa/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: The study was performed on wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) wich is a wild ancestor of the domestic pig and is not partof Brazilian fauna. The arterial blood supply of the encephalus has been studied by some researchers, who have systematized thecerebral blood supply from the rostral and caudal epidural rete mirabile and its sources in wild boar until the blood supply of the baseof the brain. The objective was to improve the understanding of the arterial blood supply of the brain, particularly the paleopallium,of the wild boar and to provide a reference for comparative anatomy studies.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 brains were obtained from an officially authorised slaughterhouse and approved byBrazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renowable Resources. The animals were desensitized, followed by bleending of thejugular veins and common carotid arteries near the entrance of the thorax, according to the slaughter procedure. Finally, the animalswere decapitated at the level of axis vertebra. The cerebral arterial system of each animal was rinsed (cooled saline containing 2500IU of heparin) and drained by the jugular veins, and vessels were filled with latex 603 stained with specific red dye. The heads weresubmerged for one hour in running water immersed in 20% formaldehyde for fixation; the brains were removed along with a cervicalsegment of the spinal cord. The duramater was removed, and the arteries were dissected. Schematic drawings of the ventral view ofthe all preparations were made using magnifying glasses and photographic records. The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was usedto named the cerebral arteries and their branches, and calculation of pecentages was applied in the statistical analysis. The cerebralcarotid artery originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted a rostral branch and a caudal branch on the side of the hypophysis gland...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Sus scrofa/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-size, semi-aquatic rodent, valued in skin and meat industry. The brain circulation has been well studied in rodents but not in nutria. To understand and compare the phylogenetic development of the arteries of the base of the brain in rodents, this paper aims to describe and systematize these arteries, establishing a standard model and its main variations in nutria.Materials, Methods & Results: Following approval by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, thirty nutrias from a commercial establishment authorized by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) were studied. For euthanasia, was applied heparin (10000 U.I for animal), intraperitoneally, and after thirty minutes the animals ware sedated with acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and meperidine (20 mg/kg), intramuscularly. After sedation, they were euthanized with thiopental sodium (120 mg/kg) and lidocaine (10 mg/mL), intraperitoneally. The heart was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned, the aorta was cannulated via the left ventricle and clamped close to the diaphragm, and the arterial system was washed with saline solution and filled with latex. The animals were submerged in water for latex polymerization, the trunk was sectioned, the skin removed and a bony window was opened in the skull vault. The pieces were fixed in formaldehyde. The brains were removed, and schematic drawings of the arteries from the base of the brain were made for elaboration of the results. The nutrias brain was vascularized by the vertebro-basilar system. The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral artery were anastomosed on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, forming the basilar artery, and caudally the ventral spinal artery.[...]
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Adulto , Artérias Cerebrais/fisiologia , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , RoedoresResumo
Background: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-size, semi-aquatic rodent, valued in skin and meat industry. The brain circulation has been well studied in rodents but not in nutria. To understand and compare the phylogenetic development of the arteries of the base of the brain in rodents, this paper aims to describe and systematize these arteries, establishing a standard model and its main variations in nutria.Materials, Methods & Results: Following approval by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, thirty nutrias from a commercial establishment authorized by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) were studied. For euthanasia, was applied heparin (10000 U.I for animal), intraperitoneally, and after thirty minutes the animals ware sedated with acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and meperidine (20 mg/kg), intramuscularly. After sedation, they were euthanized with thiopental sodium (120 mg/kg) and lidocaine (10 mg/mL), intraperitoneally. The heart was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned, the aorta was cannulated via the left ventricle and clamped close to the diaphragm, and the arterial system was washed with saline solution and filled with latex. The animals were submerged in water for latex polymerization, the trunk was sectioned, the skin removed and a bony window was opened in the skull vault. The pieces were fixed in formaldehyde. The brains were removed, and schematic drawings of the arteries from the base of the brain were made for elaboration of the results. The nutrias brain was vascularized by the vertebro-basilar system. The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral artery were anastomosed on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, forming the basilar artery, and caudally the ventral spinal artery.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Roedores , Artérias Cerebrais/fisiologia , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguíneaResumo
Background: Trachemys scripta elegans, in Brazil, has been considered an exotic and invasive turtle; it competes with autochthon species for habitat and food, threatening biodiversity. These animals have been exported to Brazil as pets; however, despite of the commercial interest in the last years, there are only few reports about the turtle central nervous system vascularization. Therefore, this study had the objective to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery at the brain surface of the turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), determining a standard model of irrigation and the main ramifications and territory, in this species. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty turtles received pre-anesthetic medication composed of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg) followed by euthanasia with a sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg) overdose. The aortic arches were cannulated through the single ventricle, the cranial cava veins were incised and the vascular system washed with saline solution and heparin, and then filled with latex. Pieces remained immersed in running water and a bone window was opened in the cranial vault. Samples were fixed with formaldehyde and each brain with a spinal cord segment was removed from the cranial vault, the duramater was removed and the arteries dissected. Results were recorded and it was observed that the middle cerebral artery, collateral [...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Cerebral Média/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Répteis/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: Trachemys scripta elegans, in Brazil, has been considered an exotic and invasive turtle; it competes with autochthon species for habitat and food, threatening biodiversity. These animals have been exported to Brazil as pets; however, despite of the commercial interest in the last years, there are only few reports about the turtle central nervous system vascularization. Therefore, this study had the objective to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery at the brain surface of the turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), determining a standard model of irrigation and the main ramifications and territory, in this species. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty turtles received pre-anesthetic medication composed of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg) followed by euthanasia with a sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg) overdose. The aortic arches were cannulated through the single ventricle, the cranial cava veins were incised and the vascular system washed with saline solution and heparin, and then filled with latex. Pieces remained immersed in running water and a bone window was opened in the cranial vault. Samples were fixed with formaldehyde and each brain with a spinal cord segment was removed from the cranial vault, the duramater was removed and the arteries dissected. Results were recorded and it was observed that the middle cerebral artery, collateral [...]
Assuntos
Animais , Artéria Cerebral Média/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologia , Répteis/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Thirty Meleagris gallopavo heads with their neck segments were used. Animals were contained and euthanized with the association of mebezonium iodide, embutramide and tetracaine hydrochloride (T 61, Intervet ) by intravenous injection. The arterial system was rinsed with cold saline solution (15°C), with 5000IU heparin and filled with red-colored latex. The samples were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days. The brains were removed with a segment of cervical spinal cord and after, the dura-mater was removed and the arteries dissected. The cerebral carotid arteries, after the intercarotid anastomosis, were projected around the hypophysis, until they reached the tuber cinereum and divided into their terminal branches, the caudal branch and the rostral branch. The rostral branch was projected rostrolateralwards and gave off, in sequence, two collateral branches, the caudal cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries and the terminal branch was as cerebroethmoidal artery. The caudal cerebral artery of one antimere formed the interhemispheric artery, which gave off dorsal hemispheric branches to the convex surface of both antimeres. Its dorsal tectal mesencephalic branch, of only one antimere, originated the dorsal cerebellar artery. In the interior of the cerebral transverse fissure, after the origin of the dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery, the caudal cerebral artery emitted occipital hemispheric branches, pineal branches and medial hemispheric branches, on both antimeres. The caudal cerebral artery's territory comprehended the entire surface of the dorsal hemioptic lobe, the rostral surface of the cerebellum, the diencephalic structures, the caudal pole and the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and in the convex surface, the sagittal eminence except for its most rostral third. Due to the asymmetry found in the caudal cerebral arteries' ramifications, the models were classified into three types and their respective subtypes.(AU)
Foram utilizadas 30 cabeças com o segmento de pescoço deMeleagris gallopavo. Os animais foram contidos e eutanasiados com a associação de iodeto de mebezônio, embutramida e cloridrato de tetracaína (T 61 Intervet ), via endovenosa. O sistema arterial foi lavado com solução salina resfriada (15°C), com 5000UI heparina e preenchido com látex corado em vermelho. As peças foram fixadas em formaldeído a 20% por sete dias. O encéfalo foi removido com um segmento de medula espinhal, a dura-máter removida e as artérias dissecadas. As artérias carótidas do cérebro, após a anastomose intercarótica, projetaram-se contornando a hipófise até alcançarem o túber cinéreo e dividiram-se em seus ramos terminais, o ramo caudal e o ramo rostral. O ramo rostral projetou-se rostro-lateralmente emitindo em sequência seus dois principais ramos colaterais, as artérias cerebral caudal e cerebral média terminado-se como artéria cerebroetmoidal. A artéria cerebral caudal de um antímero formava a artéria inter-hemisférica que lançava ramos hemisféricos dosais para a face convexa de ambos os antímeros. Seu ramo tectal mesencefálico dorsal de apenas um antímero originava a artéria cerebelar dorsal. No interior da fissura transversa do cérebro após a origem da artéria tectal mesencefálica dorsal artéria cerebral caudal lançou ramos hemisféricos occipitais, ramos pineais e hemisféricos mediais em ambos os antímeros. O território da artéria cerebral caudal compreendeu toda a superfície do hemi lobo óptico dorsal, a face rostral do cerebelo, as estruturas diencefálicas, o polo caudal e a face medial do hemisfério cerebral e na face convexa do hemisfério cerebral a eminência sagital exceto seu terço mais rostral. Devido à assimetria encontrada nas ramificações das artérias cerebrais caudais, foram classificados os modelos em três tipos com seus respectivos subtipos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Perus/anatomia & histologia , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologia , Área Pré-Tectal/anatomia & histologia , Circulação SanguíneaResumo
Background: The cerebral arteries constitute the main blood transportation via to the brain and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal cerebral activities. There are a few studies about the encephalic irrigation in the wild and exotic species. This study aims to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery of Meleagris gallopavo, to determine a standard model and territorial area of irrigation, and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: For this research, 30 brain with the cervical spinal cord segment of 10 male and 20 female young and adult turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were used. Discarded animals were provided from Doux Frangosul breeding center, located in Caxias do Sul city, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2006. Animals were euthanized with T 61, with an intravenous injection. After the removal of the skin, the sternum was removed, the common carotid arteries were cannulated through the brachycephalic trunks. The arterial system of the 30 animals were rinsed with saline solution with heparin and filled with latex colored in red. Animals remained immersed for one hour in running water, and next, the neck was sectioned. Next, a bone window was opened in the skullcap. Pieces were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days, and after this period, the brain was removed from the cranial vault...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Artéria Cerebral Média/anatomia & histologia , Osso Etmoide , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Perus/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: The cerebral arteries constitute the main blood transportation via to the brain and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal cerebral activities. There are a few studies about the encephalic irrigation in the wild and exotic species. This study aims to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery of Meleagris gallopavo, to determine a standard model and territorial area of irrigation, and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: For this research, 30 brain with the cervical spinal cord segment of 10 male and 20 female young and adult turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were used. Discarded animals were provided from Doux Frangosul breeding center, located in Caxias do Sul city, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2006. Animals were euthanized with T 61, with an intravenous injection. After the removal of the skin, the sternum was removed, the common carotid arteries were cannulated through the brachycephalic trunks. The arterial system of the 30 animals were rinsed with saline solution with heparin and filled with latex colored in red. Animals remained immersed for one hour in running water, and next, the neck was sectioned. Next, a bone window was opened in the skullcap. Pieces were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days, and after this period, the brain was removed from the cranial vault...
Assuntos
Animais , Artéria Cerebral Média/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Osso Etmoide , Perus/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: Turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) are exported to many countries with the purpose of being used as pets,however, despite commercial interest, there are few reports on their anatomy, based on this observation we proceeded on toconducting this study. Studies on the collateral branches of the aortic arch were found in domestic and wild species, however,there were few records regarding the turtle. This study aims to describe the collateral branches of the aortic arches and itsmajor branches in the Trachemys scripta elegans, establishing a standard model and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: After the Ethics Committee of Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande doSul approved the project, thirty turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) were used, coming from the sorting centers of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources. The animals underwent preanesthetic medication administration,consisting of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg), administered intramuscularly in the forelimb. Euthanasiawas performed one hour after the preanesthetic medication administration through an overdose of sodium thiopental (100mg/kg) administered by the intracelomic route with subsequent use of vascular doppler for determination of death. Theheart of each animal was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned for cannulation of the aortic arches through the singleventricle. The cranial cava veins were sectioned, the vascular system was rinsed with saline solution and filled with latex.The pieces remained immersed in water for polymerization of the latex, being stored in containers with formaldehyde.Subsequently, the arteries with its collateral branches were dissected. Schematic drawings were prepared for the elaboration of the results and the vessels were nominated. In all the samples studied, two atria and one ventricle were found, fromwhich were originated two juxtaposed aortic arches...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologia , Aorta Torácica/anatomia & histologia , Artérias/anatomia & histologia , Circulação CoronáriaResumo
Background: Turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) are exported to many countries with the purpose of being used as pets,however, despite commercial interest, there are few reports on their anatomy, based on this observation we proceeded on toconducting this study. Studies on the collateral branches of the aortic arch were found in domestic and wild species, however,there were few records regarding the turtle. This study aims to describe the collateral branches of the aortic arches and itsmajor branches in the Trachemys scripta elegans, establishing a standard model and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: After the Ethics Committee of Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande doSul approved the project, thirty turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) were used, coming from the sorting centers of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources. The animals underwent preanesthetic medication administration,consisting of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg), administered intramuscularly in the forelimb. Euthanasiawas performed one hour after the preanesthetic medication administration through an overdose of sodium thiopental (100mg/kg) administered by the intracelomic route with subsequent use of vascular doppler for determination of death. Theheart of each animal was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned for cannulation of the aortic arches through the singleventricle. The cranial cava veins were sectioned, the vascular system was rinsed with saline solution and filled with latex.The pieces remained immersed in water for polymerization of the latex, being stored in containers with formaldehyde.Subsequently, the arteries with its collateral branches were dissected. Schematic drawings were prepared for the elaboration of the results and the vessels were nominated. In all the samples studied, two atria and one ventricle were found, fromwhich were originated two juxtaposed aortic arches...
Assuntos
Animais , Aorta Torácica/anatomia & histologia , Artérias/anatomia & histologia , Circulação Coronária , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologiaResumo
The brains of 30 New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were injected with red stained latex. The arteries of the ventral surface of the brain were systematized on the right (R) and on the left (L) side with the respective percentage of appearance: the aortic arch emitted the braquicephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery (83.3%); or the braquicephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery (16.7%). The braquicephalic trunk emitted the right and the left common carotid arteries and the right subclavian artery (83.3%); or the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery (16.7%). The common carotid arteries were divided into external and internal carotid arteries (96.7% on the R, 100% on the L.). The internal carotid artery to the R was present (96.7%) and absent (3.3%), and to the L, was present (100%). The rostral choroidal artery to the R was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (83.3%), collateral branch of caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (16.7%), and to the L was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (93.3%), collateral branch of the caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (6.7%). The middle cerebral artery to the R and to the L was single (80%) and double (20%). The rostral cerebral artery to the R had middle caliber (90%), thin caliber (6.7%) and too thin caliber (3.3%), and to the L had middle caliber (76.7%), thin caliber (16.7%) and too thin caliber (6.7%). The internal ethmoidal artery was absent (73.3%), present and single (26.7%). The caudal cerebral artery to the R was single (66.7%), double (26.7%) and triple (6.7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries were present (100%, and formed the basilar artery (100%). The ventral spinal artery was present (100%). The caudal cerebellar artery, to the R was single (43.3%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (26.7%) and double (30%), and to the L was single (50%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (6.7%), double (40%) and triple (3.3%). The trigeminal artery to the R and to the L was present (100%). The rostral cerebellar artery to the R was single (53.3%) and double (46,7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The rabbit's cerebral arterial circle was caudally closed (100%) and rostrally closed (93.3%) or opened (6.7%). The brain was supplied by the vertebral-basilar and carotid systems.(AU)
Foram utilizados 30 encéfalos de coelhos Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus), injetados com látex, corado em vermelho, com objetivo de sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo. Sistematizou-se a origem das fontes de suprimento sanguíneo para o encéfalo e as artérias (Aa) da face ventral do mesmo, tanto à direita (D) como à esquerda (E), com suas respectivas percentagens de aparecimento: o arco aórtico emitiu tronco braquiocefálico e artéria (A.) subclávia E (83,3%), ou tronco braquiocefálico, A. carótida comum E e A. subclávia E (16,7%). O tronco braquiocefálico lançou A. carótida comum D e E e A. subclávia D (83,3%), ou A. carótida comum D e A. subclávia D (16,7%). A. carótida comum dividiu-se em Aa carótidas externa e interna (96,7% D, 100% E). A. carótida interna D presente (96,7%) e ausente (3,3%), à E presente (100%). A. corióidea rostral D ramo colateral do ramo rostral da A. carótida interna D (83,3%), ramo colateral do ramo caudal da A. carótida interna D (16,7%), à E, ramo colateral do ramo rostral da A. carótida interna E (93,3%), ramo colateral do ramo caudal da A. carótida interna E (6,7%). A. cerebral média D e E ímpar (80%) e dupla (20%). A. cerebral rostral D com calibre médio (90%), calibre fino (6,7%), calibre muito fino (3,3%), à E, com calibre médio (76,7%), calibre fino (16,7%), calibre muito fino (6,7%). A. etmoidal interna ausente (73,3%), presente e ímpar (26,7%). A. cerebral caudal D, ímpar (66,7%), dupla (26,7%) e tripla (6,7%), à E, ímpar (63,3%) e dupla (36,7%). Ramos terminais --das Aa. vertebrais D e E presentes (100%) formaram a A. basilar (100%). A. espinhal ventral ímpar presente (100%). A. cerebelar caudal D, ímpar (43,3%), ímpar com A. labiríntica isolada (26,7%) e dupla (30%), à E, ímpar (50%), ímpar com A. labiríntica isolada (6,7%), dupla (40%) e tripla (3,3%). A. trigeminal D e E presente (100%). A. cerebelar rostral D, ímpar (53,3%) e dupla (46,7%), à E, ímpar (63,3%) e dupla (36,7%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial Cerebral do coelho foi fechado caudalmente (100%), rostralmente fechado (93,3%) e aberto (6,7%). O encéfalo foi suprido pelos sistemas vértebro-basilar e carotídeo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Artérias Cerebrais , Coelhos/classificação , Coelhos/fisiologia , Artéria Subclávia , EncéfaloResumo
Background: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent, originating from the extreme south of South America, exploited for commercial purposes, in particular the quality of your skin and flesh. The objective of this study was to systematize and describe the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in the nutria. Materials, Methods & Results: To perform this study were used a total of 30 specimens of nutria, 15 females and 15 males. To the animals were administered heparin and after thirty minutes Thiopental Sodium, via an intraperitoneal injection, to perform euthanasia. The thoracic cavity was opened ventrally in plastron, the thoracic aorta was cannulated and the system was washed with saline solution. Then the system was filled with latex 603 colored in red and the animals remained immersed in running water for one hour. The skin was removed and then the trunk was transversally sectioned near the last thoracic vertebrae. The abdominal cavity remained closed and formaldehyde was administered via an intraperitoneal injection. The specimens were fixed in formaldehyde for seven days, the abdominal cavity was opened, the viscera were removed in block and the arteries were dissected. Statistical analyses of the results were performed using percentage values. It was observed that the abdominal aorta gave rise to the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. The cranial mesenteric artery originated as a standard the caudal pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic, right colic, ileocolic, jejunal arteries and ileal branches. The pancreaticoduodenal artery traveled the interior of mesoduodeno irrigating part of the body and the right lobe of the pancreas and the end of the duodenum. The middle colic artery bifurcated into right and left branches, going to irrigate the transverse and descending colon, respectively. The right colic artery gave a branch to the beginning of the ascending colon, small branches to the transverse colon and continued going through the loop formed by the ascending colon. The ileocolic artery emitted the cecal artery, ileal, ascending colic and cecum branches, for irrigation of the cecum, ileum and ascending colon. The jejunal arteries were responsible for the irrigation of the jejunum, ileum, and the last jejunal artery anastomosed with the ileal artery. The caudal mesenteric artery originated the left colic and cranial rectal arteries. Discussion: In this study and in others papers of nutria and chinchilla, we observed the cranial mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta caudally to the celiac artery. The sequences of the origin of the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery were varied between rodent species and within them. In this study, and in another one of nutria, the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery was predominantly double. In rodents, the middle colic artery was originated, as standard, from the cranial mesenteric artery, but this study showed that in one piece, this artery originated from the ileocolic artery. The terminal branch of middle colic artery was anastomosed in osculum with the left colic artery, branch of the caudal mesenteric artery in 46,7% of the sample, and this observation was also found in another articles of nutria (30%) and agouti (36,3%). The right colic artery emitted a colic branch to the top of the ascending colon and anastomosed in osculum to the colic branch of the ileocolic artery in 46.7% of the animals, and this anastomosis was also observed in agouti. The number of jejunal arteries varied widely inside and within species of rodents. The ileocolic artery vascularized the cecum, ileum and ascending colon in nutrias and agouti. The caudal mesenteric artery bifurcated into the left colic and cranial rectal artery in nutrias, agoutis, chinchillas, cavies and rabbits.
Assuntos
Animais , Lontras , Artérias Mesentéricas/anatomia & histologiaResumo
Background: Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are lagomorphs belonging to the Leporidae family. They are widely used in laboratory experiments and are an important source for humans feeding industry. In the biomedical investigation field, the rabbit contributes for the production of several scientific studies. Since studies about the rabbit's morphology is rare, especially what refers to abdominal vascularization, this work had the objective to systematize and describe the visceral collateral branches of the abdominal aorta in New Zealand rabbits. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen male and sixteen female New Zealand young adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used. Animals were euthanized with T 61, administered via an intrapulmonary injection. Skin was removed, thoracic cavity opened in plastron, thoracic aorta cannulated, according to blood flow, and the two cranial and caudal cava veins sectioned near the heart. System was washed with saline solution and heparin and filled with red latex. Animals remained immersed in running water, for 90 min, and the trunk was transversally sectioned, near the last thoracic vertebra. The abdominal cavity remained closed and formaldehyde was administered via an intraperitoneal injection. Samples were fixed in formaldehyde for seven days, the abdominal cavity opened, the viscera removed in block and the arteries dissected. Schematic drawings of every preparation were made-up and the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta systematized. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using percentage values. The celiac artery was the first direct visceral collateral branch, followed by the cranial mesenteric artery, and they were given off from the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta. The renal arteries were originated from the lateral side of the abdominal aorta, and the right vessel was originated more cranial than the left. Near the entrance of the pelvic cavity, the abdominal aorta emitted from its ventral surface the caudal mesenteric artery, and near this latter, the aorta abdominal originated the right and left gonadal arteries. The adrenal arteries were found as being indirect visceral collateral branches, which in most of the cases originated from the caudal phrenic artery. It was also observed that the right and left umbilical arteries were indirect visceral collateral branches, but from the internal iliac artery on its respective antimere. Discussion: In nutria, the celiac and the cranial mesenteric arteries were the first and second direct visceral collaterals branches, respectively, and they were given off from the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta, as observed in rabbits. In moco, the cranial mesenteric artery could be given off in a common trunk with the caudal mesenteric artery, which was not observd in rabbit. As opposed to nutria, in which the renal artery was double in 3,3% of the animals, on the rigth and left antimeres, in the rabbit was observed its absence in one sample, to the left, due to left kidney agenesis. The gonadal artery, in chinchilla, was branch of the correspondent renal artery and in nutria, was a branch of umbilical artery. It was noticed in this study that the gonadal artery in rabbit was originated directly from the abdominal aorta. The caudal mesenteric artery, in nutria, was usually emitted from the aorta abdominal ventral surface, near its bifurcation, and could be absent, while in rabbit it was double in 3,3% of the animals.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Aorta Abdominal/anatomia & histologia , CoelhosResumo
Background: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent, originating from the extreme south of South America, exploited for commercial purposes, in particular the quality of your skin and flesh. The objective of this study was to systematize and describe the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in the nutria. Materials, Methods & Results: To perform this study were used a total of 30 specimens of nutria, 15 females and 15 males. To the animals were administered heparin and after thirty minutes Thiopental Sodium, via an intraperitoneal injection, to perform euthanasia. The thoracic cavity was opened ventrally in plastron, the thoracic aorta was cannulated and the system was washed with saline solution. Then the system was filled with latex 603 colored in red and the animals remained immersed in running water for one hour. The skin was removed and then the trunk was transversally sectioned near the last thoracic vertebrae. The abdominal cavity remained closed and formaldehyde was administered via an intraperitoneal injection. The specimens were fixed in formaldehyde for seven days, the abdominal cavity was opened, the viscera were removed in block and the arteries were dissected. Statistical analyses of the results were performed using percentage values. It was observed that the abdominal aorta gave rise to the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. The cranial
A nutria (Myocastor coypus) é um roedor semi-aquático de porte médio, originário do extremo sul da América do Sul, mas disseminado em várias partes do mundo, como Estados Unidos e Europa, onde tem sido explorado com fins comerciais, em especial pela qualidade de sua pele e de sua carne. Alimentam-se de capim, raízes e plantas aquáticas. [...]
Resumo
Background: Rodents are the largest group of mammals. The nutria is a middle-sized rodent, native to South America, raised for meet and fur. This study has the objective to systematize and describe the arterial vascularization of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver and spleen of nutria (Myocastor coypus). Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty young and adult nutrias (15 females and 15 males) were used. Animals were administered 5000 IU heparin and after 30 min 20 mL of 12.5% sodium thiopental by intraperitoneal injection. Then, the thoracic cavity was ventrally opened, the thoracic aorta cannulated close to the diaphragm and the system was washed with saline solution. After, the system was filled with 603 latex colored in red and pieces were immersed in 20% formol for fixation for seven days. The abdominal cavity opened at the ventral median line, the branches of the abdominal aorta artery were dissected and, after the section of the main arterial trunks (celiac, caudal and cranial mesenteric arteries), the digestive tract was removed, sectioning the esophagus and rectus. Schematic drawings of all pieces were prepared with the use of a magnifying glass. The stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver and spleen of the nutrias were exclusively irrigated by branches of the celiac and the cranial mesenteric arteries, visceral collateral first and second branches of the abdominal aort
Os roedores (ordem Rodentia) representam o mais numeroso grupo dentro da classe Mammalia. No Brasil, da família Capromyidae, registra-se a ocorrência apenas do gênero Myocastor, com uma única espécie vivente, o Myocastor coypus, conhecido como ratão do banhado, ou nutria. [...]