Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in naturally infected cattle in the Zona da Mata Mineira / Avaliação de técnicas para diagnóstico de infecções por Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos naturalmente infectados na Zona da Mata Mineira

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic techniques for trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, in naturally infected cattle in Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. The deaths of six lactating cows with similar clinical conditions—characterized by hyporexia, hypogalactia, and recumbency—had been reported from one property. Initially, two animals were examined and diagnosed with trypanosomiasis through identification of the protozoan in a blood smear. After the initial diagnosis, all lactating cows (n=37) on the property were examined, and blood samples were collected for tests including whole blood smear, buffy coat smear, Woo's technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Woo's test, buffy coat smears, and whole blood smears indicated that 4/37 (10.81%) animals were positive for trypanosomiasis, whereas ELISA and PCR indicated that 33/37 (89.19%) and 27/37 (72.97%) animals, respectively, were positive. The agreement obtained between parasitological techniques was classified as high, while between ELISA and PCR, no agreement. In conclusion, parasitological techniques have a low capacity to identify infected animals in the chronic stage of T. vivax infection. Therefore, techniques such as PCR and/or ELISA should be used to minimize the occurrence of false negatives.

Resumo Este estudo objetiva avaliar as técnicas de diagnóstico da tripanossomíase, causada pelo Trypanosoma vivax, em bovinos naturalmente infectados, em Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. A morte de seis vacas em lactação com condições clínicas semelhantes - caracterizadas por hiporexia, hipogalaxia e decúbito - foi relatada em uma propriedade. Inicialmente, dois animais foram examinados e diagnosticados com tripanossomíase através da identificação do protozoário em esfregaço sanguíneo. Após o diagnóstico inicial, todas as vacas em lactação (n = 37) na propriedade foram examinadas, e amostras de sangue foram coletadas para testes, incluindo esfregaço de sangue total, esfregaço de capa leucocitária, técnica de Woo, ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). O teste de Woo, os esfregaços de capa leucocitária e de sangue total indicaram que 4/37 (10,81%) animais foram positivos para tripanossomíase, enquanto ELISA e PCR indicaram que 33/37 (89,19%) e 27/37 (72,97%) animais, respectivamente, foram positivos. A concordância entre técnicas parasitológicas foi classificada como alta, enquanto entre ELISA e PCR, sem concordância. As técnicas parasitológicas apresentam baixa capacidade para identificar animais infectados na fase crônica da infecção por T. vivax. Dessa forma, técnicas como PCR e/ou ELISA devem ser utilizadas para minimizar a ocorrência de falsos negativos.

Síndrome do eutireoideo doente e alterações nos hormônios tireoidianos em cães com hemoparasitoses / Euthyroid sick syndrome and changes in thyroid hormones in dogs with hemoparasitosis

Background: Hemoparasitoses are extremely important in the clinical routine because they affect a large number of dogs. In spite ofthe abundance of studies on this topic, hormonal alterations caused by infection with these agents are still poorly known. Therefore,the goal of this work was to assess the serum levels of thyroid hormones of dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) alone, anddogs infected with E. canis and Babesia canis vogeli (B. vogeli) and/or Anaplasma platys (A. platys) before and after treatment withdoxycycline chlorohydrate. This study also aimed at checking for presence of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) in these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: The concentrations of the thyroid hormones total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4),free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were assessed by chemiluminescence in 12 dogs. Nestedpolymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to confirm diagnoses. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: G1, which comprised animalsinfected by E. canis alone, and G2, which included animals simultaneously infected by E. canis and B. vogeli and/or A. platys. Theserum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were measured at two time points: before (D1) and after (D2) the 28-day treatment withgeneric doxycycline chlorohydrate (DC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg SID. On D2, another nPCR was carried out to check the efficacy of thetreatment. On D2, in both groups, all dogs became negative for E. canis; however, 8 animals remained infected or were reinfected byother hemoparasites. On D1, 4 dogs in G1 exhibited low TT3 in conjunction with low TT4; one of the dogs had increased TT3 alone,and another dog had an increased TT3 accompanied by decreased TT4. In G2, on D1, one dog exhibited high TT3 accompanied by adecreased concentration of TT4; 2 dogs had decreased TT4; 2 dogs had increased TT3; and one dog had both TT3 and TT4 decreased...

Síndrome do eutireoideo doente e alterações nos hormônios tireoidianos em cães com hemoparasitoses / Euthyroid sick syndrome and changes in thyroid hormones in dogs with hemoparasitosis

Background: Hemoparasitoses are extremely important in the clinical routine because they affect a large number of dogs. In spite ofthe abundance of studies on this topic, hormonal alterations caused by infection with these agents are still poorly known. Therefore,the goal of this work was to assess the serum levels of thyroid hormones of dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) alone, anddogs infected with E. canis and Babesia canis vogeli (B. vogeli) and/or Anaplasma platys (A. platys) before and after treatment withdoxycycline chlorohydrate. This study also aimed at checking for presence of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) in these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: The concentrations of the thyroid hormones total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4),free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were assessed by chemiluminescence in 12 dogs. Nestedpolymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to confirm diagnoses. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: G1, which comprised animalsinfected by E. canis alone, and G2, which included animals simultaneously infected by E. canis and B. vogeli and/or A. platys. Theserum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were measured at two time points: before (D1) and after (D2) the 28-day treatment withgeneric doxycycline chlorohydrate (DC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg SID. On D2, another nPCR was carried out to check the efficacy of thetreatment. On D2, in both groups, all dogs became negative for E. canis; however, 8 animals remained infected or were reinfected byother hemoparasites. On D1, 4 dogs in G1 exhibited low TT3 in conjunction with low TT4; one of the dogs had increased TT3 alone,and another dog had an increased TT3 accompanied by decreased TT4. In G2, on D1, one dog exhibited high TT3 accompanied by adecreased concentration of TT4; 2 dogs had decreased TT4; 2 dogs had increased TT3; and one dog had both TT3 and TT4 decreased...(AU)

Intoxicação de cão por uva – relato de caso / Grape intoxication in a dog – case report / Intoxicación por uva en perros – relato de un caso

As intoxicações por alimentos destinados ao consumo humano são comuns e ocorrem frequentemente logo após o proprietário os oferecer ao animal. A uva (Vitis vinifera) in natura e desidratada (uva-passa) é uma fruta que pode causar intoxicação em cães, mas seu potencial tóxico ainda é pouco conhecido pelos médicos veterinários. Neste trabalho relata-se um caso em que um cão da raça spitz, de cinco meses de idade, desenvolveu sinais clínicos de insuficiência renal aguda após ingerir um cacho de uvas. O quadro clínico foi caracterizado por vômitos, diarreia, anúria e aumento de ureia e creatinina. Após dezoito horas de internação, o animal veio a óbito. O exame anátomo-histopatológico constatou necrose tubular aguda com focos de mineralização. Em conjunto, os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anátomo-histopatológicos são consistentes com insuficiência renal causada por ingestão de uva.

Animal poisoning by consumption of human food occurs often and is generally caused by owners themselves. The grape (Vitis vinifera) can cause poisoning in dogs both in natura and in its dehydrated form (raisin), but its potential toxicity is still little known by veterinarians. This paper reports the case of a five-month-old Spitz that developed clinical signs of acute renal failure after eating a bunch of grapes. The clinical course was characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, anuria and increased levels of creatinine and urea. The animal died 18 hours after admission. Anatomical and histopathological exams showed acute tubular necrosis with foci of mineralization. Together, the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings are consistent with a case of renal failure caused by grape ingestion.

Las intoxicaciones por alimentos destinados al consumo humano suelen ser frecuentes, y se producen comúnmente después de que el propietario se los ofrece al animal. La uva (Vitis vinifera), tanto en su forma natural como deshidratada (pasa de uva), es una fruta que puede producir una intoxicación en los caninos, aunque su potencial tóxico aún es poco conocido entre los médicos veterinarios. En el presente trabajo se relata el caso de un perro de raza Spitz, de cinco meses de edad, que desarrolló un cuadro clínico con vómitos, diarrea, anuria y aumento de la urea y creatinina. Después de dieciocho horas de internación, el paciente falleció. Durante el examen anatomopatológico se pudo comprobar la presencia de necrosis tubular renal aguda, con focos de mineralización. El conjunto de signos clínicos, de laboratorio y anatomopatológicos llevaron al diagnóstico de una insuficiencia renal causada por la ingestión de uva.

Intoxicação de cão por uva relato de caso / Grape intoxication in a dog case report / Intoxicación por uva en perros relato de un caso

As intoxicações por alimentos destinados ao consumo humano são comuns e ocorrem frequentemente logo após o proprietário os oferecer ao animal. A uva (Vitis vinifera) in natura e desidratada (uva-passa) é uma fruta que pode causar intoxicação em cães, mas seu potencial tóxico ainda é pouco conhecido pelos médicos veterinários. Neste trabalho relata-se um caso em que um cão da raça spitz, de cinco meses de idade, desenvolveu sinais clínicos de insuficiência renal aguda após ingerir um cacho de uvas. O quadro clínico foi caracterizado por vômitos, diarreia, anúria e aumento de ureia e creatinina. Após dezoito horas de internação, o animal veio a óbito. O exame anátomo-histopatológico constatou necrose tubular aguda com focos de mineralização. Em conjunto, os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anátomo-histopatológicos são consistentes com insuficiência renal causada por ingestão de uva.(AU)

Animal poisoning by consumption of human food occurs often and is generally caused by owners themselves. The grape (Vitis vinifera) can cause poisoning in dogs both in natura and in its dehydrated form (raisin), but its potential toxicity is still little known by veterinarians. This paper reports the case of a five-month-old Spitz that developed clinical signs of acute renal failure after eating a bunch of grapes. The clinical course was characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, anuria and increased levels of creatinine and urea. The animal died 18 hours after admission. Anatomical and histopathological exams showed acute tubular necrosis with foci of mineralization. Together, the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings are consistent with a case of renal failure caused by grape ingestion.(AU)

Las intoxicaciones por alimentos destinados al consumo humano suelen ser frecuentes, y se producen comúnmente después de que el propietario se los ofrece al animal. La uva (Vitis vinifera), tanto en su forma natural como deshidratada (pasa de uva), es una fruta que puede producir una intoxicación en los caninos, aunque su potencial tóxico aún es poco conocido entre los médicos veterinarios. En el presente trabajo se relata el caso de un perro de raza Spitz, de cinco meses de edad, que desarrolló un cuadro clínico con vómitos, diarrea, anuria y aumento de la urea y creatinina. Después de dieciocho horas de internación, el paciente falleció. Durante el examen anatomopatológico se pudo comprobar la presencia de necrosis tubular renal aguda, con focos de mineralización. El conjunto de signos clínicos, de laboratorio y anatomopatológicos llevaron al diagnóstico de una insuficiencia renal causada por la ingestión de uva.(AU)