Propolis in the control of bacterial bovine mastitis: a tool for the production of organic milk / Própolis no controle de mastite bovina bacteriana: uma ferramenta para a produção de leite orgânico

Bovine mastitis is one of the main causes of economic damage in dairy farms. Therefore, the control and prevention of microorganisms involved in this disease, mainly Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae, are essential. One of the most important steps for the prevention of the disease is the use of antiseptic products before and after the milking process to avoid bacteria from infecting the udder of the animal. Currently, the most used antiseptic product in dairy farms is iodine-based, and organic dairy farms, which follow several strict regulations, including the use of natural products whenever possible, are often forced to adopt non-natural antiseptic products, such as iodine-based ones, because of the lack of natural alternatives. Propolis, a natural substance produced by honeybees, has been extensively studied for its various properties, one of which is antimicrobial activity. Therefore, a new natural antiseptic product containing 1% propolis in 10% hydroalcoholic solution for the pre-dipping, and 10% glycerol solution added with 0.2% citronella oil for the post-dipping was analyzed for its capacity to reduce bacteria in vivo in order to prevent bovine mastitis, allowing its use on organic dairy farms. A total of 128 samples were analyzed in terms of bacterial growth for Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. using the spreadplate technique. The reduction in the bacterial concentration after the application of the products was compared between two antiseptic solutions, an iodine-based solution as the control and a propolis-based one as the natural alternative. The results obtained show a similar efficiency for both products in terms of total bacterial reduction, indicating considerable antimicrobial activity against bacteria most commonly associated with bovine mastitis. Molecular analysis was carried out for the identification of Streptococcus agalactiae; the PCR results were negative for the presence of S. agalactiae in all samples, indicating that the animals most likely did not have any form of the disease. The efficiency of the natural antiseptic was satisfactory, indicating an important find facilitating organic milk production worldwide, showcasing a natural antiseptic solution with efficient antimicrobial activity.(AU)

A mastite bovina é uma das principais causas de prejuízo econômico na indústria leiteira, portanto o controle e prevenção de microrganismos envolvidos nessa doença, principalmente Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus agalactiae é essencial. Uma das principais etapas na prevenção dessa doença é o uso de produtos antissépticos antes e depois do processo de ordenha, a fim de evitar contaminação bacteriana no úbere do animal. Atualmente, o produto antisséptico mais utilizado na indústria leiteira é a base de iodo, e fazendas produtoras de leite orgânico, que precisam seguir uma série de regulações estritas, incluindo o uso de produtos naturais sempre que possível, são frequentemente forçadas a adotar antissépticos não-naturais, como os a base de iodo por falta de alternativas naturais. Própolis, uma substância natural produzidas por abelhas, tem sido extensivamente estudada por suas várias propriedades, sendo uma delas antimicrobiana. Portanto, um novo produto antisséptico natural contendo própolis à 1% em solução hidroalcóolica 10% para o pré-dipping, e glicerinada 10% adicionada de óleo de citronela à 0,2% para o pós-dipping, foi avaliada quanto a sua capacidade de reduzir bactérias in vivo e prevenir a mastite bovina, além de poder ser utilizado na indústria leiteira orgânica. Um total de 128 amostras foram analisadas em termos de crescimento bacteriano para Enterobacteriaceae e Staphylococcus spp. utilizando a técnica de plaqueamento em superfície, a redução da concentração bacteriana após a aplicação dos produtos foi comparada entre duas soluções antissépticas, uma solução a base de iodo servindo como controle, e uma solução a base de própolis como a alternativa natural. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma eficiência similar entre os produtos à base de iodo e própolis em termos de redução bacteriana total, indicando uma grande atividade antibacteriana contra as bactérias mais comumente associadas com a mastite bovina. Realizou-se análise molecular para a identificação de Streptococcus agalactiae, os resultados da PCR foram negativos para a presença de S. agalactiae em todas as amostras, indicando que os animais provavelmente não possuíam nenhuma forma da doença. A eficiência do antisséptico natural foi satisfatória, indicando um achado importante para auxiliar o crescimento da indústria de leite orgânico de forma mundial, mostrando uma solução antisséptica natural com atividade antimicrobiana eficiente.(AU)

An anatomical training model for cerebrospinal liquid collection and myelography in embalmed dog cadavers / Modelo anatômico para treinamento de colheita de líquido cerebroespinhal e mielografia em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados

In research and academic activities, guidelines are essential and imperative especially on the use of animals. Alternative methods that do not bring academic or scientific harm should also be sought. This study aimed to develop a training model for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and myelography in the cervical and lumbar regions in cadavers of embalmed dogs, using an alcoholic solution and curing salts for fixation and conservation. The dogs were divided into 4 grups of 8 animal each and stored between 2ºC and 6ºC, for 30, 60, 90, or 120 days. Durotomy was performed to implant two urethral catheters (one in the cranial direction and another in the caudal direction to the spinal cord access site), in the subduraracnoid space. This space was fixed via manual infusion of saline solution with a 20-mL syringe to simulate the presence of the CSF and the positive pressure, while the puncture was made. Four cadavers of each group were randomly selected for the CSF puncture from the atlantooccipital joint and in the lumbar region between L5 and L6, respectively, and four were used for CSF puncture training, in which radiographic contrast (myelography) was injected in the same locations. This model was cost-effective, did not utilize toxic products, and can preserve cadavers for up to 120 days. In this novel anatomical model, a maximum of 15 students can be trained on CSF puncture, allowing cervical and lumbar myelography and at least 30 perforations per cadaver.

É essencial e imperioso ter critério quanto ao uso de animais em pesquisa e atividades de ensino e, consequentemente, buscar métodos alternativos que não causem prejuízo acadêmico ou científico. Para que não ocorra deterioração dos tecidos, a fixação e conservação de peças anatômicas e cadáveres devem ser realizadas. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, desenvolver um modelo anatômico para treinamento de colheita de líquido cerebroespinhal (LCE) e mielografia, nas regiões cervical e lombar. Os cães foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo oito animais cada e armazenados entre 2ºC e 6ºC, por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias. Foi realizada durotomia para implantação de duas sondas uretrais, no espaço subaracnóide. A infusão manual de solução fisiológica com seringa de 20 mL foi utilizada para simular a presença do LCE e a pressão positiva, enquanto era feita a punção. Quatro cadáveres de cada grupo foram selecionados para a punção de LCE na articulação atlantooccipital e na região lombar entre L5 e L6, e quatro foram utilizados para o treinamento da punção de LCE e injeção de contraste radiográfico (mielografia). A técnica anatômica empregada possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um modelo visando ao ensino e pesquisa da radiologia em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados, a custo baixo e sem utilização de produtos tóxicos, mantidos sob refrigeração por 120 dias. Com isso, um máximo de 15 alunos podem ser treinados em punção do LCR, permitindo mielografia cervical e lombar com 30 perfurações por cadáver.

Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among Escherichia coli isolates from avian organic fertilizer / Resistência a antibióticos e fatores de virulência entre isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes de fertilizante orgânico aviário

Brazilian poultry industry generates large amounts of organic waste, such as chicken litter, which is often used in agriculture. Among the bacteria present in organic fertilizer are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from avian organic fertilizer. A total of 47 E. coli strains were tested through Polymerase chain reaction to detect virulence genes (hlyF, iss, ompT, iutA and iroN). Fourteen antimicrobials were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility in the strains. Genes characteristic of Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) were reported among the strains, with the hlyF, iss and ompT genes being the most prevalent. The isolates showed high resistance (˃50%) to tetracycline, gentamicin, cefotaxime, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin. Multidrug resistance was reported in a great number of strains (>70%). The results showed the presence of APEC cells with virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance after 15 days of the windrowing process in poultry houses, it means this process should be improved to eliminate these cells.(AU)

A indústria avícola brasileira gera grandes quantidades de resíduos orgânicos, como a cama de frango, utilizada frequentemente na agricultura. Entre as bactérias presentes neste fertilizante orgânico estão os membros da família Enterobacteriaceae, entre eles a Escherichia coli. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil de fatores de virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de isolados de E. coli provenientes do fertilizante orgânico aviário. Um total de 47 cepas de E. coli foram testadas por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase para detectar genes de virulência (hlyF, iss, ompT, iutA e iroN). Quatorze antimicrobianos foram utilizados para testar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana nos isolados. Genes característicos de E. coli Patogênica Aviária (APEC) foram encontrados entre os isolados, sendo os genes hlyF, iss e ompT os mais prevalentes. Os isolados apresentaram alta resistência (˃50%) à tetraciclina, gentamicina, cefotaxima, nitrofurantoína, trimetoprima-sulfametoxazole e ampicilina. Múltipla resistência a drogas antimicrobianas foi encontrada em grande número de isolados (>70%). Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de células APEC portando genes de virulência e resistência a antimicrobianos após 15 dias de processo de empilhamento nas granjas, indicando que o processo necessita de um aperfeiçoamento para eliminar estas células.(AU)

Microbiological analysis in the fixation and preservation of dog cadavers with ethyl alcohol and sodium chloride solution / Análise microbiológica na fixação e conservação de cadáveres de cães com álcool etílico e solução de cloreto de sódio

There are several fixative or preservative solutions for use on cadavers, and formaldehyde is the most widely used. However, this chemical may present negative effects for professionals who manipulate it. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and quantify the main microorganisms related to the fixation and preservation of dog cadavers using an alternative and formaldehyde-free solution. After arterial injection (120 mL kg−1 95% 96° GL ethyl alcohol and 5% pure glycerin), cadavers were placed in 96° GL ethyl alcohol for 30 (group 1), 60 (group 2), 90 (group 3), and 120 days (group 4). After the fixation period, they remained under preservation in a 30% aqueous sodium chloride solution for 120 days. Bacterial quantification was performed by the pour plate method. The bacterial population was present in all groups during fixation, except for group 1, but never exceeded 9 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total aerobes and 7 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total anaerobes. The microbial population was present in all groups in at least two moments during preservation and never exceeded 7 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total aerobes and anaerobes. The presence of fungi was observed in 8 out of 34 analyses. Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, and Bacillus sp. were identified in the analyzed samples. Microbiological counting was low, and no signs of contamination were observed in the vats at visual inspection.

Várias são as soluções fixadoras ou conservantes de cadáveres, e o formaldeído é o mais utilizado. Entretanto, esse agente pode apresentar efeitos negativos para os profissionais que o manipulam. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar os principais microrganismos relacionados a fixação e conservação de cadáveres de cães utilizando-se solução alternativa e livres de formaldeído. Após injeção arterial (120 mL kg−1, de 95% de álcool etílico 96° GL e 5% de glicerina pura), foram colocados em álcool etílico 96° GL por 30 dias (grupo 1), 60 dias (grupo 2), 90 dias (grupo 3) e 120 dias (grupo 4). Após o período de fixação, permaneceram sob conservação em solução aquosa de cloreto de sódio 30% por 120 dias. A quantificação bacteriana foi realizada por plaqueamento em profundidade (Pour Plate). Durante a fixação, houve presença de população bacteriana em todos os grupos, exceto no grupo 1, e nunca foi ultrapassado o valor de 9 × 101 UFC mL−1 (Unidade Formadora de Colônia) nos aeróbios totais e 7 × 101 UFC mL−1 nos anaeróbios totais. Durante a conservação, houve presença de população microbiana em todos os grupos em pelo menos dois momentos, e nunca foi ultrapassado o valor de 7 × 101 UFC mL−1 nos aeróbios totais e nos anaeróbios totais. A presença de fungos foi observada em 8 das 34 análises. Houve identificação de Pseudomonas sp., E. coli e Bacillus sp. nas amostras analisadas. A contagem microbiológica foi baixa e não foram observados, à inspeção visual, sinais de contaminação nas cubas.

Microbiological analysis in the fixation and preservation of dog cadavers with ethyl alcohol and sodium chloride solution / Análise microbiológica na fixação e conservação de cadáveres de cães com álcool etílico e solução de cloreto de sódio

There are several fixative or preservative solutions for use on cadavers, and formaldehyde is the most widely used. However, this chemical may present negative effects for professionals who manipulate it. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and quantify the main microorganisms related to the fixation and preservation of dog cadavers using an alternative and formaldehyde-free solution. After arterial injection (120 mL kg−1 95% 96° GL ethyl alcohol and 5% pure glycerin), cadavers were placed in 96° GL ethyl alcohol for 30 (group 1), 60 (group 2), 90 (group 3), and 120 days (group 4). After the fixation period, they remained under preservation in a 30% aqueous sodium chloride solution for 120 days. Bacterial quantification was performed by the pour plate method. The bacterial population was present in all groups during fixation, except for group 1, but never exceeded 9 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total aerobes and 7 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total anaerobes. The microbial population was present in all groups in at least two moments during preservation and never exceeded 7 × 101 CFU mL−1 in total aerobes and anaerobes. The presence of fungi was observed in 8 out of 34 analyses. Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, and Bacillus sp. were identified in the analyzed samples. Microbiological counting was low, and no signs of contamination were observed in the vats at visual inspection.(AU)

Várias são as soluções fixadoras ou conservantes de cadáveres, e o formaldeído é o mais utilizado. Entretanto, esse agente pode apresentar efeitos negativos para os profissionais que o manipulam. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar os principais microrganismos relacionados a fixação e conservação de cadáveres de cães utilizando-se solução alternativa e livres de formaldeído. Após injeção arterial (120 mL kg−1, de 95% de álcool etílico 96° GL e 5% de glicerina pura), foram colocados em álcool etílico 96° GL por 30 dias (grupo 1), 60 dias (grupo 2), 90 dias (grupo 3) e 120 dias (grupo 4). Após o período de fixação, permaneceram sob conservação em solução aquosa de cloreto de sódio 30% por 120 dias. A quantificação bacteriana foi realizada por plaqueamento em profundidade (Pour Plate). Durante a fixação, houve presença de população bacteriana em todos os grupos, exceto no grupo 1, e nunca foi ultrapassado o valor de 9 × 101 UFC mL−1 (Unidade Formadora de Colônia) nos aeróbios totais e 7 × 101 UFC mL−1 nos anaeróbios totais. Durante a conservação, houve presença de população microbiana em todos os grupos em pelo menos dois momentos, e nunca foi ultrapassado o valor de 7 × 101 UFC mL−1 nos aeróbios totais e nos anaeróbios totais. A presença de fungos foi observada em 8 das 34 análises. Houve identificação de Pseudomonas sp., E. coli e Bacillus sp. nas amostras analisadas. A contagem microbiológica foi baixa e não foram observados, à inspeção visual, sinais de contaminação nas cubas.(AU)

Characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from free-range helmeted guineafowl

Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from apparently healthy free range helmeted guineafowl were characterized. Most of them had a high frequency of virulence associated genes, multi drug resistance and high pathogenicity. We demonstrated that helmeted guineafowl have potential to transmit antibiotic resistant APEC to other species including humans.

Characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from free-range helmeted guineafowl

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from apparently healthy free range helmeted guineafowl were characterized. Most of them had a high frequency of virulence associated genes, multi drug resistance and high pathogenicity. We demonstrated that helmeted guineafowl have potential to transmit antibiotic resistant APEC to other species including humans.(AU)

Shigatoxigenic and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in fish for human consumption

Shigatoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with virulence and multidrug resistance profile were isolated from Nile tilapia. This study finding is of great importance to public health because they help understand this pathogen epidemiology in fish and demonstrate how these animals can transmit E. coli related diseases to humans.(AU)

Evaluation of operating room environment contamination and efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine for surgical hand scrubbing before and after gowning and gloving

Background: Human skin is colonized by various species of microorganisms, which makes them difficult to eliminate even with the use of antimicrobial drugs. Real efficacy of the antimicrobial product combined with incorrect administration of antibiotics, in addition to potential environmental contamination, are critical points for the establishment of postoperative infection or absence of it. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical antisepsis using a 2% chlorhexidine brush during a surgery, detect operating room environmental contamination, and verify the existence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Materials, Methods & Results: In ten cases of the surgical routine, samples were collected concurrently at specific time points throughout 2 h of surgical procedure. To evaluate the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine brush on hand scrubbing of a mock surgeon, swabs were used to sample the surface of the hands before and after gowning and gloving. Samples or their dilutions were inoculated onto blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. Contamination of the operating room was evaluated using BHI agar plates distributed through the room. After the incubation period, counts and biochemical tests were performed, and an antimicrobial disc susceptibility test was performed using antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Discussion: Even though the surgical unit of the Veterinary Hospital “Governador Laudo Natel” is constantly sanitized, it is not free from microbial contamination. In the present study, there was no bacterial growth on MacConkey agar, which suggests absence of fecal contamination. Blood agar is a culture medium that provides optimal growth conditions to most pathogenic bacteria, which explains the higher microbial growth observed in this medium.[...]

Evaluation of operating room environment contamination and efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine for surgical hand scrubbing before and after gowning and gloving

Background: Human skin is colonized by various species of microorganisms, which makes them difficult to eliminate even with the use of antimicrobial drugs. Real efficacy of the antimicrobial product combined with incorrect administration of antibiotics, in addition to potential environmental contamination, are critical points for the establishment of postoperative infection or absence of it. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical antisepsis using a 2% chlorhexidine brush during a surgery, detect operating room environmental contamination, and verify the existence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Materials, Methods & Results: In ten cases of the surgical routine, samples were collected concurrently at specific time points throughout 2 h of surgical procedure. To evaluate the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine brush on hand scrubbing of a mock surgeon, swabs were used to sample the surface of the hands before and after gowning and gloving. Samples or their dilutions were inoculated onto blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. Contamination of the operating room was evaluated using BHI agar plates distributed through the room. After the incubation period, counts and biochemical tests were performed, and an antimicrobial disc susceptibility test was performed using antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Discussion: Even though the surgical unit of the Veterinary Hospital “Governador Laudo Natel” is constantly sanitized, it is not free from microbial contamination. In the present study, there was no bacterial growth on MacConkey agar, which suggests absence of fecal contamination. Blood agar is a culture medium that provides optimal growth conditions to most pathogenic bacteria, which explains the higher microbial growth observed in this medium.[...](AU)

Padrões de resistência antimicrobianos e da presença de stx1, stx2 e eae em Escherichia coli / Antimicrobials resistance patterns and the presence of stx1, stx2 and "eae" in "Escherichia coli"

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar se a resistência antimicrobiana (RAM) ou a presença de genes de resistência foi associada com a ocorrência dos genes de virulência, stx1, stx2 e eae e os sorogrupos de Escherichia coli isoladas a partir de vacas-vacas leiteiras. Três genes de virulência e 11 fenótipos RAM foram examinados através de PCR e testes de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Das 800 amostras colhidas neste estudo, 561 amostras foram isoladas cepas de E. coli, sendo: 90 (16,0%) portadoras de stx1, 97 (17,3%) de stx2 e 45 (8,0%) dos genes eae, separadamente. Trinta e sete (6,6%) isolados foram portadores de stx1 e stx2, 110 (19,6%), foram portadores de stx1 e eae e 67 (11,9%) foram portadores de stx2 e eae. O gene de virulência mais comum detectado foi stx1 seguido por stx2. O sorogrupo predominante entre os isolados portadores de stx1 foi O119. Entre as cepas portadoras de stx2, eae e também estirpes com nenhum fator de virulência, o sorogrupo predominante foi O9. O RAM dos isolados, medido fenotipicamente, não foi associado com a presença ou ausência de genes de virulência na população saudável de vaca leiteira-nem a sua ocorrência a qualquer um dos sorogrupos foi associada com genes stx1 e stx2 e eae.(AU)

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or the presence of resistance genes was associated with the occurrence of the virulence genes, stx1, stx2 and eae. Three virulence genes and 11 AMR phenotypes were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. From 800 samples collected in this study, 561 samples were isolates E. coli strains , being: 90 (16.0%) carriers of stx1, 97 (17.3%) of stx2 and 45 (8.0%) of eae genes singly. Thirty seven (6.6%) isolates were carriers of stx1 and stx2, 110 (19.6%) were carriers of stx1 and eae and 67 (11.9%) were carriers of stx2 and eae. The most common virulence gene detected was stx1 followed by stx2. The findings showed no relationship between presence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. Also was not found relationship between serogroup and virulence factors.(AU)

Padrões de resistência antimicrobianos e da presença de stx1, stx2 e eae em Escherichia coli / Antimicrobials resistance patterns and the presence of stx1, stx2 and "eae" in "Escherichia coli"

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar se a resistência antimicrobiana (RAM) ou a presença de genes de resistência foi associada com a ocorrência dos genes de virulência, stx1, stx2 e eae e os sorogrupos de Escherichia coli isoladas a partir de vacas-vacas leiteiras. Três genes de virulência e 11 fenótipos RAM foram examinados através de PCR e testes de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Das 800 amostras colhidas neste estudo, 561 amostras foram isoladas cepas de E. coli, sendo: 90 (16,0%) portadoras de stx1, 97 (17,3%) de stx2 e 45 (8,0%) dos genes eae, separadamente. Trinta e sete (6,6%) isolados foram portadores de stx1 e stx2, 110 (19,6%), foram portadores de stx1 e eae e 67 (11,9%) foram portadores de stx2 e eae. O gene de virulência mais comum detectado foi stx1 seguido por stx2. O sorogrupo predominante entre os isolados portadores de stx1 foi O119. Entre as cepas portadoras de stx2, eae e também estirpes com nenhum fator de virulência, o sorogrupo predominante foi O9. O RAM dos isolados, medido fenotipicamente, não foi associado com a presença ou ausência de genes de virulência na população saudável de vaca leiteira-nem a sua ocorrência a qualquer um dos sorogrupos foi associada com genes stx1 e stx2 e eae.

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or the presence of resistance genes was associated with the occurrence of the virulence genes, stx1, stx2 and eae. Three virulence genes and 11 AMR phenotypes were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. From 800 samples collected in this study, 561 samples were isolates E. coli strains , being: 90 (16.0%) carriers of stx1, 97 (17.3%) of stx2 and 45 (8.0%) of eae genes singly. Thirty seven (6.6%) isolates were carriers of stx1 and stx2, 110 (19.6%) were carriers of stx1 and eae and 67 (11.9%) were carriers of stx2 and eae. The most common virulence gene detected was stx1 followed by stx2. The findings showed no relationship between presence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. Also was not found relationship between serogroup and virulence factors.

Identification of clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. in swine through PCR

Background: The presence Clostridium spp. and Salmonella spp. is the main concern in swine sector, since they interfere in the microbiological quality of meat and can be responsible for several diseases, presenting occurrences such as intestinal infections and enterotoxaemia. It is necessary to improve production and quality of meat and by-products swine ensuring good quality origin of products marketed. Considering these aspects, the objective of the present study was to assess the presence of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. in pigs destined for consumption, with bacterial counts and identification using PCR technique.Materials, Methods & Results: The collections were made at slaughterhouse and confinement, with bacterial count by the pour-plate technique with Reinforced Clostridial Agar, and the identification by PCR with cpa, cpb, IA, cpe, etx and cpb-2 genes for C. perfringens; and invA and fliC for Salmonella spp. The scores presented average values of 6.04 x 104 CFU/mL for confinement, and 1.8 x 104 CFU/mL in the slaughterhouse. The means counts between the confinement and slaughterhouse groups showed significant difference (P < 0.01). The samples taken at the slaughterhouse were from several farms at random, and allowed the appraisal of hygienic conditions, since animals of confinement remained sanitized and the accumulation of feces on floor was avoided. The PCR technique presented positive results for C. perfringens alpha toxin (cpa) in 25% of the confinement samples, and 46.4% in the slaughterhouse. Salmonella spp. was identified in 9.5% of confinement and 21.4% of the slaughterhouse. Discussion: The presence of C. perfringens and Salmonella spp. is directly related to losses in the entire system of creation of pigs, since infected animals are susceptible to severe diseases, or without clinical signs can exhibit apathy and loss of appetite making weight gain difficult and causing deficiency of the immune system.[...](AU)

Identification of clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. in swine through PCR

Background: The presence Clostridium spp. and Salmonella spp. is the main concern in swine sector, since they interfere in the microbiological quality of meat and can be responsible for several diseases, presenting occurrences such as intestinal infections and enterotoxaemia. It is necessary to improve production and quality of meat and by-products swine ensuring good quality origin of products marketed. Considering these aspects, the objective of the present study was to assess the presence of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. in pigs destined for consumption, with bacterial counts and identification using PCR technique.Materials, Methods & Results: The collections were made at slaughterhouse and confinement, with bacterial count by the pour-plate technique with Reinforced Clostridial Agar, and the identification by PCR with cpa, cpb, IA, cpe, etx and cpb-2 genes for C. perfringens; and invA and fliC for Salmonella spp. The scores presented average values of 6.04 x 104 CFU/mL for confinement, and 1.8 x 104 CFU/mL in the slaughterhouse. The means counts between the confinement and slaughterhouse groups showed significant difference (P < 0.01). The samples taken at the slaughterhouse were from several farms at random, and allowed the appraisal of hygienic conditions, since animals of confinement remained sanitized and the accumulation of feces on floor was avoided. The PCR technique presented positive results for C. perfringens alpha toxin (cpa) in 25% of the confinement samples, and 46.4% in the slaughterhouse. Salmonella spp. was identified in 9.5% of confinement and 21.4% of the slaughterhouse. Discussion: The presence of C. perfringens and Salmonella spp. is directly related to losses in the entire system of creation of pigs, since infected animals are susceptible to severe diseases, or without clinical signs can exhibit apathy and loss of appetite making weight gain difficult and causing deficiency of the immune system.[...]

Salmonella spp. e Clostridium perfringens em farinhas de origem animal utilizadas na fabricação de rações e avaliação de aditivo na inibição de patógeno

O processamento dos resíduos gerados durante a produção avícola origina subprodutos que podem ser utilizados na alimentação animal resultando em rações economicamente viáveis. Entretanto, a qualidade dos ingredientes que compõem a ração é de extrema importância, pois o alimento pode veicular diversos patógenos. Dessa forma foi desenvolvido o presente estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar através dos métodos bacteriológicos convencionais a qualidade microbiológica de Farinha de Vísceras (FV), Farinha de Sangue e Penas (FSP) e Farinhas de Carne e Ossos (FCO) no que se refere a contaminação pelos microrganismos Salmonella spp. e Clostridium perfringens, bem como testar a eficiência para inibição microbiana de um produto químico a base de formaldeído e ácidos orgânicos. Das 180 amostras de farinhas analisadas, 71 (39,4%) apresentaram resultado positivo em relação à presença de C. perfringens, e 41 (22,8%) apresentaram resultado positivo quanto à presença de Salmonella spp. O produto a base de formaldeído e ácidos orgânicos mostrou-se eficiente na inibição de C. perfringens pois as contagens diminuíram significativamente após 24 horas e, após cinco dias foi observado ausência total do microrganismo nas amostras testadas. A presença dos patógenos Salmonella spp. e C. perfringens em todos os tipos de farinhas analisadas evidencia que este sub-setor necessita de aportes tecnológicos, além de serem responsáveis por perdas econômicas aos produtores e um risco à saúde pública. A eficiência do produto químico testado mostra que existe forma de inibir o crescimento do C. perfringens, um grande avanço para a avicultura

The processing of the waste generated during production originates poultry products that can be used in animal feed rations resulting in economically viable. However, the quality of the ingredients in the diet is extremely important, because the food may carry various pathogens. Thus the present study was developed with the aim to assess by conventional bacteriological methods the microbiological quality of poultry offal meal (POM), Blood Meal and Feather (FSP) and Meat and Bone meal (MBM) with regard to contamination by pathogens Salmonella spp. and C. perfringens, as well as testing the efficiency of the chemical basis of formaldehyde and organic acids. Of 180 flour samples analyzed, 71 (39.4%) were positive for the presence of Clostridium perfringens, and 41 (22.8%) were positive for the presence of Salmonella spp. The base product of formaldehyde and organic acids proved effective in inhibiting C. perfringens as the counts decreased significantly after 24 hours, and after five days was observed total absence of the microorganism in the samples tested. The presence of the pathogens Salmonella spp. e C. perfringens in all kinds of flours analyzed shows that this sub-sector needs technological contributions, besides being responsible for economic losses to producers and a public health risk. The efficiency of the chemical test shows that there is no way to inhibit the growth of C. perfringens, a major breakthrough for the poultry industry