Resumo

This study evaluated the behavior of broiler chickens subjected to thermal stress during different periods of the day and age of birds. A total of 180 one-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to three chambers. Each chamber contained five boxes, with 12 chicks/box. Birds were assigned to a completely randomized design. The birds were filmed, and the images recorded every minute during the two periods: morning (from 08:00 to 09:00 h) and afternoon (from 17:00 to 18:00 h), at 7, 14, and 35 d of age. The frequency of the behavioral category (water intake, feed intake, resting, exploration, and comfort) was determined. Data were subjected to variance analysis for mixed models with rearing temperatures (cold, usual, and hot) and age of birds (7, 14, and 35 d) as subdivided plot, and periods of the day (morning and afternoon) as sub-subdivided plot. Birds at cold and usual temperatures showed higher feed intake than those at hot temperature in the morning. Birds exposed to cold and usual temperatures explored the environment less frequently at 35 d when compared with 14 d. However, chickens at hot temperature showed decreased exploration according to the increase of age. Birds spent more time feeding during the morning, regardless of age and rearing temperature. Also, during this period of the day, chickens spent most of the time exploring the environment. The frequency of feed intake and exploration decreases with the increase of age. The similarity of behavior between chickens reared at cold and usual temperatures may be due to a change in the thermal comfort zone of the birds. It suggests that the real thermal comfort temperature is between the two temperature ranges studied (cold and usual).

Resumo

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of in-egg inoculation with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (AL), going by the weight of lymphoid organs and the biochemical profile of the blood of cut quails, from one to 35 days of age. We used 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, in six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per plot. Corn oil (OM) was used to dilute the CLA and AL. The experimental treatments were: healthy eggs (control); eggs inoculated with OM thinner; eggs inoculated with CLA 120 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with CLA 240 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with AL 60 mg / 50 mL OM and eggs inoculated with AL 90 mg / 50 mL OM. The results were analyzed through Program R at the level of 5% significance. To verify the normal distribution of errors, the Shapiro Wilk normality test was applied. At 21 days, an effect of p < 0.05 was observed for the total blood cholesterol content, inoculations with CLA reduced, even as AL increased, regardless of the level. At 35 days, it was found (p < 0.05) that the levels of total cholesterol and AST in the blood decreased with inoculations of CLA and AL at the lower levels, compared to those that did not receive the inoculations. The CLA and AL levels supplemented via egg inoculations did not interfere with the weight of the lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa) of the birds, at both ages. Supplementation in eggs of cut quails with CLA 240 mg reduced the total blood cholesterol content compared to CLA 120 mg, at 21 days of age. At 35 days of age, higher concentrations of CLA and AL increased the total cholesterol and AST in the blood of birds and AL had a greater effect on the increase than CLA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação in ovo com fontes de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e ácido láurico (AL), sobre os órgãos linfoides e o perfil bioquímico do sangue de codornas de corte de um a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: ovos íntegros (controle); ovos inoculados com diluidor OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 120 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 240 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com AL 60 mg/50mL OM e ovos inoculados com AL 90 mg/50mL OM. Aos 21 dias observou-se efeito (P<0,05) para teor de colesterol total no sangue, as inoculações com CLA reduzem, enquanto o AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa R no nível de significância de 5%. Para verificar a distribuição normal dos erros, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Aos 21 dias, observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) para o teor total de colesterol no sangue, inoculações com CLA reduzida, enquanto a AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Aos 35 dias, verificou-se (P < 0,05) que os níveis de colesterol total e AST no sangue diminuíram com as inoculações de CLA e AL em níveis mais baixos, comparados àqueles que não receberam inoculações. Os níveis de CLA e AL suplementados por inoculações de ovos não interferiram no peso dos órgãos linfoides (timo, bursa de Fabricius) de aves em ambas as idades. A suplementação em ovos de codornas de corte com CLA 240 mg reduz o conteúdo total de colesterol no sangue em comparação com o CLA 120 mg aos 21 dias de idade. Aos 35 dias de idade, concentrações mais altas de CLA e AL aumentam o colesterol total e AST no sangue das aves e o AL tem um efeito maior em aumentar o CLA sanguíneo.

Resumo

The purpose of this study was to determine if in ovo feeding with 25(OH)D3 could influence the incubation parameters of bone mineral composition, mineral density, and bone breaking strength in post-hatch broilers. Fertile eggs from Cobb® broiler breeders were either non-injected or injected with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 µg of 25(OH)D3/100 µL olive oil at eight days of incubation. The data were subjected to variance analysis using the General Linear Model procedure (GLM) of SAS®. There was a contrast-1 effect (non-injected eggs vs. injected eggs) for tibial bone mineral density and egg mass loss, with higher bone mineral density in non-injected eggs (0.836 mmAl) compared with injected eggs (0.790 mmAl) and lower egg mass loss in non-injected eggs (11.25%) compared with injected eggs (12.10%). Tibial and femur bone mineral density responded quadratically, and injections of 0.47 and 0.68 µg of 25(OH)D3 increased tibia and femur bone mineral density, respectively. Egg mass loss responded quadratically, and 25(OH)D3 injections of 2.21 µg reduced egg mass loss (11.60%). In ovo feeding of 25(OH)D3 can compromise bone mineral density of post-hatch chicken.

Resumo

Different levels of glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate) and vitamin C were injected in ovo to determine whether additive use influences the incubation parameters and bone characteristics of posthatch chicks. Hatchability was not affected by addition of glycosaminoglycans and vitamin C in ovo. However, chicks that received 4 µg additive showed 2.86% reduction in total mortality when compared with chicks from non-injected eggs. Moreover, tibia area and femur bone mineral density increased in chicks from eggs injected with 2.16 and 6.00 µg of additive, respectively. In ovo feeding with glycosaminoglycans and vitamin C can benefit bone development in embryos and reduce total mortality during the incubation period.(AU)

Resumo

Dois experimentos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar o efeito de glucontado de sódio adicionando, a) duas fontes de metionina, DL-Metionina (DLM) e Metionina Hidróxi Análoga (MHA) e b) três níveis de MHA, sendo os níveis normal, 10 e 20% reduzido e dois níveis (0 e 2000 ppm) de gluconato de sódio sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e de partes, morfometria intestinal e densitometria óssea de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Nos dois experimentos foram utilizados frangos machos da linhagem Cobb® 500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (dois níveis de gluconato de sódio e duas fontes de metionina) e para estudar o efeito do gluconato de sódio sobre os níveis de MHA digestíveis, optou-se por um esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (3 níveis de MHA digestíveis com 2 níveis de gluconato de sódio); Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e em caso de significância as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Conclui-se que: (1) a utilização da fonte DLM mostrou ser viável para o rendimento de carcaça e peito e a integridade intestinal; (2) a exigência nutricional de MHA digestível foi 0,77%, para máximo desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e de peito e maior profundidade da cripta independente da utilização do gluconato; (3) a adição de 2000 ppm de gluconato proporciona uma boa integridade intestinal, piora a conversão alimentar, no entanto, tende a melhorar o rendimento de peito, coxa+sobrecoxa e asas sem efeito estatístico, o que requer estudos mais profundos com diferentes níveis deste aditivo

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effects of sodium gluconate added to a) two methionine sources, i.e. DL-Methionine (DLM) and methionine hidroxy analogue (MHA), and b) three levels of MHA (normal, reduction of 10% and 20%), on performance, carcass yield and carcass composition, intestinal morphometry and bone densitometry of broilers 22 to 42 days of age. Both experiments used male COBB® 500 broilers, distributed in a completely randomized design on factorial scheme 3 x 2 (three levels of methionine+cistyne x two levels of sodium gluconate); to study the effects of sodium gluconate on the two methionine sources, a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (two levels of sodium gluconate and two sources of methionine) was adopted. All variables were submitted to the analysis of variance and the means compared by the Fukey test at 5% of probability. It was concluded that: (1) the use of the two sources of methionine proved their viability without diminishing the birds? performance; (2) the methionine hidroxy analogue level 0.77% resulted in the birds? best performance, confirming that methionine is an essential amino acid and its deficiency reduces performance; (3) the supplementation of (2000 ppm) of sodium gluconate improved the intestinal integrity, a tendency for improvement of the other variables was observed, evidencing the necessity of further studies with different levels of this additive