Enxerto cutâneo em semeadura associado à malha não aderente em membro pélvico de um cão / Island skin graft associated with non-adherent mesh in a dog's pelvic limb

Background: Large skin defects are caused by tumor excision, making appropriate reconstruction and complete healingof the lesion a challenge for surgeons. There are some difficulties in reaching these goals, especially in cases of surgicalwound in the limbs, due to the scarce amount of skin and its reduced elasticity, which limit the possibility of flaps whencompared to the head, neck, and trunk. This study reports a case of wound closure on the lateral skin in the femoral regionof a dog’s pelvic limb via island skin graft associated with the implantation of a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh andintensive postoperative care.Case: An 8-year-old Rottweiler female dog was attended at Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná’s Veterinary Clinic(CVE) in Curitiba, Paraná, presenting a tumor located laterocaudally to the right stifle joint. After preoperative examinations the patient underwent tumor surgery; however, two more surgical procedures were required due to suture dehiscence in the region, which resulted in increased wound size. At first, the wound was treated for granulation tissue to beformed. Subsequently, the island skin grafting technique was chosen to close the wound, associated with the implantationof a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh imbibed with petrolatum emulsion to keep the grafted fragments in place. Themesh was fixed in a simple interrupted suture pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The lateral regions of the chest and abdomen were chosen as donor skin beds due to their large dimensions, skin elasticity, and ease in defect reconstruction. Thefragments were obtained using a 10-mm biopsy punch and scalpel, and the defects were sutured in a simple interruptedpattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The patient remained hospitalized for movement restriction and postoperative monitoringfor 72 h, and the bandage remained untouched during this time interval. Thereafter, the patient...

Enxerto cutâneo em semeadura associado à malha não aderente em membro pélvico de um cão / Island skin graft associated with non-adherent mesh in a dog's pelvic limb

Background: Large skin defects are caused by tumor excision, making appropriate reconstruction and complete healingof the lesion a challenge for surgeons. There are some difficulties in reaching these goals, especially in cases of surgicalwound in the limbs, due to the scarce amount of skin and its reduced elasticity, which limit the possibility of flaps whencompared to the head, neck, and trunk. This study reports a case of wound closure on the lateral skin in the femoral regionof a dogs pelvic limb via island skin graft associated with the implantation of a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh andintensive postoperative care.Case: An 8-year-old Rottweiler female dog was attended at Pontifical Catholic University of Paranás Veterinary Clinic(CVE) in Curitiba, Paraná, presenting a tumor located laterocaudally to the right stifle joint. After preoperative examinations the patient underwent tumor surgery; however, two more surgical procedures were required due to suture dehiscence in the region, which resulted in increased wound size. At first, the wound was treated for granulation tissue to beformed. Subsequently, the island skin grafting technique was chosen to close the wound, associated with the implantationof a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh imbibed with petrolatum emulsion to keep the grafted fragments in place. Themesh was fixed in a simple interrupted suture pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The lateral regions of the chest and abdomen were chosen as donor skin beds due to their large dimensions, skin elasticity, and ease in defect reconstruction. Thefragments were obtained using a 10-mm biopsy punch and scalpel, and the defects were sutured in a simple interruptedpattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The patient remained hospitalized for movement restriction and postoperative monitoringfor 72 h, and the bandage remained untouched during this time interval. Thereafter, the patient...(AU)

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Clitoridectomy and urethrostomy in a pseudohermaphrodite dog

Background: Hermaphroditism is a rare congenital disease that causes ambiguous sexual features. True hermaphroditeshave testicular and ovarian tissue, whereas pseudohermaphrodites have only one type of gonadal tissue and genitalia, butsecondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Pseudohermaphrodites are classified as male or female according to theirgonads. Treatment of pseudohermaphroditism consists of surgical removal of the gonads including reconstruction of abnormal genitalia, especially if the urethra is involved. Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe a case of a malepseudohermaphrodite in a dog treated with clitoridectomy with urethrostomy.Case: A 7-month-old, mixed-breed dog was referred due to the presence of a flaccid structure similar to a small penis,containing an os clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and urethra protruding from the vulva. Physical examination, completeblood count and serum biochemistry were within normal ranges. Hormonal levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were 56.39 pg/mL, 127.9 ng/mL, and 0.892 ng/mL, respectively. The abdominal ultrasound and posteriorly theexploratory celiotomy found a normal size prostate and two round organs resembling testicles connected to a uterus-liketubular structure. The patient underwent surgical abdominal exploration that confirmed the ultrasonographic findings andled to gonadohysterectomy. Also, clitoridectomy and urethrostomy were performed to excise the protruded structure andmaintain normal urethral patency. The histopathological examination of the clitoris and penis confirmed it was a malegenital organ, however, the abdominal structures were compatible with the testicles, epididymis, uterus, and even a broadligament. These organs are normally found in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism. The...

Clitoridectomy and urethrostomy in a pseudohermaphrodite dog

Background: Hermaphroditism is a rare congenital disease that causes ambiguous sexual features. True hermaphroditeshave testicular and ovarian tissue, whereas pseudohermaphrodites have only one type of gonadal tissue and genitalia, butsecondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Pseudohermaphrodites are classified as male or female according to theirgonads. Treatment of pseudohermaphroditism consists of surgical removal of the gonads including reconstruction of abnormal genitalia, especially if the urethra is involved. Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe a case of a malepseudohermaphrodite in a dog treated with clitoridectomy with urethrostomy.Case: A 7-month-old, mixed-breed dog was referred due to the presence of a flaccid structure similar to a small penis,containing an os clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and urethra protruding from the vulva. Physical examination, completeblood count and serum biochemistry were within normal ranges. Hormonal levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were 56.39 pg/mL, 127.9 ng/mL, and 0.892 ng/mL, respectively. The abdominal ultrasound and posteriorly theexploratory celiotomy found a normal size prostate and two round organs resembling testicles connected to a uterus-liketubular structure. The patient underwent surgical abdominal exploration that confirmed the ultrasonographic findings andled to gonadohysterectomy. Also, clitoridectomy and urethrostomy were performed to excise the protruded structure andmaintain normal urethral patency. The histopathological examination of the clitoris and penis confirmed it was a malegenital organ, however, the abdominal structures were compatible with the testicles, epididymis, uterus, and even a broadligament. These organs are normally found in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism. The...(AU)

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.(AU)

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.(AU)

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Flap bipedicular no tratamento de lesão cutânea traumática em membro torácico de gato: relato de caso / Bipedicular flap in the treatment of traumatic skin injury in cat thoracic member: case report

O objetivo do presente estudo é relatar a construção de um retalho direto de bolsa bipediculada com fixação apendicular à região torácica para o tratamento de lesões extensas no membro torácico direito de um gato. Foi tratado no Hospital Veterinário Unicesumar Maringá - Paraná, um felino de 1 ano de idade, apresentando lesão no membro torácico, após história de briga com outro animal da mesma espécie. Ao exame físico, apresentava fístula e edema no membro torácico direito. O paciente foi anestesiado e foi realizado o desbridamento das áreas desvitalizadas. Como terapia inicial, a lesão foi tratada como ferida aberta, até a formação de tecido de granulação, para posterior correção do defeito empregando retalho bipediculado em bolsa direta, com fixação temporária do membro à parede torácica. Após duas semanas, o membro foi desimplantado e os pontos foram removidos 21 dias após a aplicação do retalho. O uso do retalho permitiu completa cicatrização da ferida, sem ocorrência de hematomas, necrose ou deiscência de sutura. Conclui-se que a utilização do retalho bipedicular é aplicável ao tratamento de feridas traumáticas em membro torácico de felinos.

The aim of the present study is to report the construction of a direct bipedicled pouch flap with appendicular fixation to the thoracic region for the treatment of extensive lesions in the right thoracic limb of a cat. He was treated on Hospital Veterinário Unicesumar Maringá - Paraná, a 1-year-old feline, presenting injury to the thoracic limb after a history of fighting with another animal of the same species. On physical examination, he presented fistula and edema in the right thoracic limb. The patient was anesthetized and debridement of the devitalized areas was performed. As an initial therapy, the lesion was treated as an open wound until granulation tissue was formed for subsequent correction of the defect using a direct pouch bipedicled flap, with temporary fixation of the limb to the chest wall. After two weeks, the limb was unimplanted and the stitches were removed 21 days after flap application. The use of the flap allowed complete wound healing without bruising, necrosis or suture dehiscence. It is concluded that the use of bipedicular flap is applicable to the treatment of traumatic wounds in feline thoracic limb.

Comparison of two different vinblastine dosages for treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumor in dogs

Background: Mast cell tumors (MCT) are among the most common malignant cutaneous neoplasm in dogs with variable biologic behavior and remain a therapeutic challenge in high-grade cases. Surgery remains the primary treatment for canine MCT; however, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are commonly used to treat aggressive cases. The combination of vinblastine (VBL) at a dose of 2 mg/m² and prednisone is the classically described protocol for MCT treatment. Studies have shown the safety of higher VBL doses for dogs with MCT, but there is a lack of information regarding dose intensity and outcome as a goal after chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a higher dose of VBL on MCT treatment outcome. Materials, Methods & Results: This was an observational and comparative study conducted in two different Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Client-owned dogs with histopathological diagnosis of grade II or III MCT were selected and underwent at least four chemotherapy sessions with VBL and prednisone. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 18 dogs that received a dose of 3 mg/m² VBL treated in one institution. The control group (CG) included 31 dogs that received a dose of 2 mg/m² VBL treated at the other institution. All dogs treated in both groups had a clinical and complete blood count (CBC) evaluation performed previous the start of chemotherapy (T0) and before each weekly treatment (T1, T2, T3, and T4). After treatment, dogs in both groups were followed-up for the recurrence rate and overall survival time after diagnosis. There was no significant difference in clinical variables between EG and CG. During treatment, dogs of EG showed a significant reduction in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values between T0 and T1, T2, T3, and T4 (P < 0.001). Comparatively, the CG showed significant reduction in hemoglobin (P = 0.02) and total leucocytes (P = 0.001) values in the same period. Despite these findings, these hematological...

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...(AU)

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...(AU)

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...](AU)

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...](AU)

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...](AU)

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...]

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...]

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...]

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.(AU)

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

The use of tubular subdermal and axial flaps in the correction of four cases of extensive lesions / Retalhos tubulares subdérmicos e axiais utilizados em quatro casos de correção de lesões extensa

The most common skin lesions in small animals result from trauma, burns, or surgical resection of large tumors. Given the high importance of reconstructive surgery associated with tumors in small animals, this study reports four cases of reconstructive surgery using subcutaneous and axial tubular flaps in animals with neoplastic lesions. Subdermal and axial tubular flaps are healthy alternatives for reconstructing wounds caused by large tumor resection in areas with poor tissue elasticity.(AU)

As lesões mais comuns na pele de animais de pequeno porte são causadas por trauma, queimaduras ou ressecção cirúrgica de grandes tumores, sendo as doenças oncológicas as principais causas para a utilização de técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutiva. Entretanto, os cirurgiões precisam ter um sólido domínio de técnicas de excisão e reconstrução, compreender a biologia do tumor e aplicar terapias adjuvantes ou alternativas, garantindo o sucesso da cirurgia. Dada a grande importância de cirurgias reconstrutivas associadas a tumores em animais de pequeno porte, este estudo teve como objetivo relatar quatro casos utilizando técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutiva por meio de retalhos tubulares subcutâneos, bem como retalhos tubulares axiais como opção de tratamento em pacientes com lesões neoplásicas. Sendo assim, o emprego de retalhos tubulares subcutâneos e de retalhos tubulares axiais, são boas alternativas para a reconstrução de feridas criadas pela ressecção de grandes tumores em áreas com baixa elasticidade do tecido.(AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.