Minimizing the damage: a methodological proposal to remove the brains of anurans and squamates

The brain is one of the most important organs of vertebrates. Over the years, several studies have investigated brain features under different approaches, such as comparative morphology. Although many recent studies use non-invasive methods, such as micro-CT scan, some methods require access to the brain, such as histological analyses and cell count methods. In addition, several researchers do not have access to those expensive devices and rely on the traditional dissection to conduct their studies. Still, for most vertebrates, very few protocols are available for removing the brain, especially those committed to minimizing the damage to the specimen for further examinations. Here we describe in detail a method to dissect the brains of anurans and squamates maintaining the specimen's external morphology as undamaged as possible. This simple method can be performed using few tools and can be achieved in the first trials, representing an incentive for more research on vertebrate's brains. This method contributes to the maximum utilization of each animal collected, a positive practice from both ethical and practical perspectives.(AU)

Distribution update, conservation status and color in life of the rare Amazonian snake, Eutrachelophis papilio Zaher and Prudente 2019 (Serpentes: Xenodontini)

The rare Amazonian snake Eutrachelophis papilio is known from only five individuals, from four localities, belonging to its type-series, the more recent collected over 10 years ago. Here, we expand its distribution and describe its color in life for the first time. We also provide an estimate of its distribution area using the minimum convex polygon method and identify the values of anthropic pressure within its known distribution range with the Human Footprint Index. The new occurrence is located 291 km from the nearest known locality and its distribution is associated with pristine forests. Considering its rarity, and the absence of demographic and biological data, we suggest that the species should be classified as Data Deficient by IUCN criteria.(AU)

A rara serpente amazônica Eutrachelophis papilio é conhecida por apenas cinco indivíduos provenientes de quatro localidades e pertencentes à sua série-tipo, sendo o mais recente coletado há mais de 10 anos. No presente trabalho, expandimos sua distribuição e descrevemos sua cor em vida pela primeira vez. Calculamos sua área de distribuição usando o método de mínimo polígono convexo e identificamos os valores de pressão antrópica dentro de sua área de distribuição através do Human Footprint Index. A nova ocorrência está a 291 km da localidade conhecida mais próxima e toda sua distribuição é associada a florestas bem preservadas. Devido à sua raridade, carências de dados demográficos e biológicos, sugerimos que a espécie seja categorizada como Dados Insuficientes (DD) pelos critérios da UICN.(AU)