Assessment of sedation and cardiorespiratory variables in sheep using different anesthetic protocols during artificial insemination / Avaliação da sedação e variáveis cardiorrespiratórias em ovinos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de anestesia durante a realização da inseminação artificial

Artificial insemination (AI) is an important technique in sheep breeding. Since it is an invasive procedure, sedation and analgesia are essential. In the present study, 75 Texel sheep, standardized for weight (kg) and age (months) were used. The animals were randomly allocated to five groups: Acepromazine Group (AG); Acepromazine and Butorphanol Group (ABG); Acepromazine and Morphine Group (AMG); Acepromazine and Meperidine Group (AMRG) and Saline group (SG). The following parameters were assessed: sedation score, agitation level, heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (T°R), latency time and time to perform artificial insemination (AI). Assessments times were M-20, M0, M1 and M2. Significant differences were considered when p˂0.05. There were no significant differences for weight and age. HR increased by 30.6, 34.2 and 42.5% from M-20 to M2 for the AG, ABG and AMRG, respectively. At M0, the AMRG obtained higher values, reaching 41.4% above the other groups. For f there was a decline of 21.8 and 26.9% in M1 in relation to M-20 for the AMRG and AMG, respectively, and a decrease of 20 and 25% between M-20 and M2. A comparison between SG f values showed an increase of 106.3 and 68.8% between M-20 and M1 and M2, respectively. The f values obtained at M1 and M2 for the SG were higher than those of the other groups. Although there were no intergroup differences in sedation level, the values obtained are clinically relevant. There were intergroup differences in agitation level, whereby at M1, AMRG and AMG obtained a score of 2 and SG 0, while at M2, AMG scored 2 and SG 0. There were no statistical differences for latency and AI times. Thus, under the conditions of the present study, the AMRG protocol was the least safe among the options assessed. The pre-anesthetic medication protocols promoted mild sedation and did not reduce the time required for AI.

A inseminação artificial (IA) é um importante técnica para melhoramento genético em ovinos. Em função de ser uma técnica invasiva, a tranquilização e analgesia são fundamentais. No presente estudo foram utilizados 75 ovinos, da raça Texel, padronizados quanto a peso (kg) e idade (meses). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: Grupo Acepromazina (GA); Grupo Acepromazina e Butorfanol (GAB); Grupo Acepromazina e Morfina (GAMF); Grupo Acepromazina e Meperidina (GAME) e Grupo Salina (GS). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: escore de sedação, grau de agitação, frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (T°R), tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA. Os momentos de avaliação foram: M-20, M0, M1 e M2. Diferenças significativas foram consideradas quando p˂0,05. Não houveram diferenças significativas para peso e idade. Com relação a FC observou-se um aumento de 30,6%, 34,2% e 42,5% de M-20 para M2 para os grupos GA, GAB e GAME, respectivamente. Entre grupos, observou-se que em M0 o grupo GAME apresentou valores superiores, chegando a um valor de 41,4% acima dos demais grupos. Para a f destaca-se uma diminuição de 21,8% e 26,9% em M1 com relação a M-20 para os grupos GAME e GAMF, respectivamente. Já entre M-20 e M2 para GAME e GAMF destaca-se uma diminuição de 20% e 25%, na devida ordem. Quando comparados os valores de f do grupo GS, observa-se que entre o M-20 e os momentos M1 e M2 houve um aumento de 106,3% e 68,8% respectivamente. Os valores de f obtidos nos momentos M1 e M2 para GS foram maiores que os demais grupos. Quanto ao grau de sedação não houveram diferenças entre os grupos, contudo os valores obtidos são de relevância clínica. Com relação ao grau de agitação, houveram diferenças entre grupos, em M1 os grupos GAME e GAMF pontuaram 2, enquanto GS pontuou 0, em M2 o grupo GAMF pontuou 2 e o grupo GS 0. Para o tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA não houveram diferenças estatísticas. Assim, nas condições do presente estudo o protocolo em GAME apresentou-se como o menos seguro dentre as opções avaliadas. Os protocolos instituídos de medicação pré-anestésicas promoveram discreta sedação dos pacientes e não diminuíram o tempo para a realização da técnica de IA.

Effects of lidocaine associated with detomidine on sedation of horses undergoing dental procedures / Efeitos da lidocaína associada a detomidina na sedação de equinos submetidos a procedimentos odontológicos

Due to the growing increase in the dental routine in equine medicine, along with the need for patient sedation to perform this procedure, this study aimed to assess sedation by detomidine alone and/or associated with lidocaine under continuous infusion. Twenty-two horses from the dental routine of the veterinary hospital of the institution of origin were used. A jugular catheter was implanted on the day of study and animals were allocated into two distinct groups (n=11): GD, which received detomidine (20 µg kg−1), followed by continuous infusion (20 µg kg−1 h−1); and GDL, animals which received detomidine (10 µg kg−1) and lidocaine (1.3 mg kg−1), followed by continuous infusion of detomidine (10 µg kg−1 h−1) and lidocaine (25 µg kg−1 min−1). The assessed moments were as follows: M0, before catheter placement; M1, 5 minutes after bolus and beginning of infusion; M2, placement of mouth speculum; and M3, wear with an electric rasp. The assessed parameters were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and intestinal motility. In addition to the clinical parameters, sedation was assessed by measuring head height in relation to the ground before (M0) and after treatment administration (M1) and during the dental procedure using a scale adapted for dental procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test by applying one-way RM ANOVA, followed by the Dunnett test for comparison in relation to M0, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test between groups (p ≤ 0.05). HR decreased by 20% at M2 and M3 compared to M0 only in GD, while SBP increased 35% at the same moments compared to M0 in GD and 27, 42, and 27% at M1, M2, and M3 compared to M0 in GDL, respectively. Intestinal motility decreased by 75% at all moments compared to M0 in both groups. Head height decreased by 67% in GD and 60% in GDL, with no difference between groups. Sedation scores provided by the scale did not differ between groups, with values of 1 [0­3] in GD and 3 [0­4] in GDL at M2 and 1 [0­3] in GD and 1 [1.5­3] in GDL at M3. Thus, sedation by the association between detomidine and lidocaine allowed reducing detomidine dose in half but offering similar results for dental procedures.(AU)

Devido ao crescente aumento da rotina odontológica na medicina equina, juntamente com a necessidade de sedação dos pacientes para a realização destes procedimentos, objetivou-se avaliar a sedação promovida pela detomidina isolada e, ou, associada com lidocaína sob regime de infusão contínua. Foram utilizados 22 equinos provindos da rotina odontológica do hospital veterinário da instituição de origem. No dia do estudo, foi implantado um cateter na jugular, alocando-se os animais em 2 grupos distintos (n = 11): GD, os quais receberam detomidina (20 µg kg-1) seguido de infusão contínua (20 µg kg-1 h-1); GDL, os quais receberam detomidina (10 µg kg-1) e lidocaína (1,3 mg kg-1), seguido de infusão contínua de detomidina (10 µg kg-1 h-1) e lidocaína (25 µg kg-1 min-1). Os momentos avaliados foram: M0, antes da colocação do cateter; M1, 5 minutos após o bolus e início da infusão; M2, no momento da colocação do abre bocas; M3, momento do desgaste com a grosa elétrica. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e motilidade intestinal. Além dos parâmetros clínicos, foi avaliada a sedação medindo-se a altura de cabeça em relação ao solo antes (M0) e após a administração dos tratamentos (M1), assim como durante o procedimento odontológico através de uma escala adaptada para procedimentos odontológicos. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, aplicando-se One Way RM ANOVA seguido por Dunnet para comparação em relação ao M0, teste de t e Mann-Whitney entre grupos (p ≤ 0,05). A FC reduziu 20% no M2 e M3 em relação ao M0 somente no GD, já a PAS aumentou 35% nos mesmos momentos em relação ao M0 no GD e no M1, M2 e M3 do GDL também houve um aumento de 27%, 42% e 27%, respectivamente, em relação ao M0. A motilidade intestinal reduziu 75% em todos os momentos em relação ao M0 em ambos os grupos. A altura da cabeça diminuiu 67% no GD e 60% no GDL, sem diferença entre os grupos. Os escores de sedação fornecidos pela escala não diferiram entre os grupos, sendo este no M2 de 1 [0 ­ 3], no GD, e 3 [0 ­ 4], no GDL, e no M3, no GD 1 [0 ­ 3], e 1 [1,5 ­ 3], no GDL. Conclui-se que a sedação ofertada pela associação de detomidina e lidocaína reduziu a dose de detomidina pela metade, oferecendo sedação similar para procedimentos odontológicos.(AU)

Eletrocardiografia em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total / Electrocardiogram in bitches submitted to unilateral total mastectomy

Background: The frequency of oncological diseases in companion animals has increased in recent years, mainly due tothe longer longevity of dogs. The neoplasms are not only open by the presence of the tumor and its location, but also byparaneoplastic syndromes, which are disorders that occur due to the production of substances by the tumor that cause.In addition to causing local changes and damages, oncological diseases may also result in injuries at distant sites, suchas paraneoplastic syndromes, which, if untreated, may result in death of animals. The present study aimed to investigatewhether female dogs with mammary tumors demonstrate electrocardiographic changes, and if so, to investigate whetherthese cease after removal of the tumor, and to relate the type of tumor with the occurrence of arrhythmias.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs, aged between 4 and 14 years, underwent electrocardiogram 24 hprior to undergoing a total unilateral mastectomy. After removal of the tumor, electrocardiograms were again performed 24(M24), 48 (M48), and 72 (M72), as well as 14 days (M14d) after surgery. Histological analysis of the neoplasms showedthat 55% of the tumors were benign, with predominance of adenoma (38%), and 45% were malignant, with predominanceof adenocarcinoma (22%). The following rhythms and arrhythmias were observed: normal sinus rhythm (37.2%), sinusarrhythmia (62.8%), wandering pacemaker (26%), 1st degree atrioventricular block (AVB; 5%), premature ventricularcomplex (PVC; 10%), and T-wave > 25% of R-wave (25%); more than one change could occur simultaneously. Out of theevaluated electrocardiographic parameters, a significant difference was observed in the QT interval between the followingtimepoints: M24 (204 ± 18), M48 (204 ± 22), and M72 (203 ± 23), as well as Mbasal (192 ± 15) and M14d (178 ± 43).Discussion: Regarding the observed rhythms, arrhythmias, and changes, respiratory sinus arrhythmia was the normal predominant... (AU)

Eletrocardiografia em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total / Electrocardiogram in bitches submitted to unilateral total mastectomy

Background: The frequency of oncological diseases in companion animals has increased in recent years, mainly due tothe longer longevity of dogs. The neoplasms are not only open by the presence of the tumor and its location, but also byparaneoplastic syndromes, which are disorders that occur due to the production of substances by the tumor that cause.In addition to causing local changes and damages, oncological diseases may also result in injuries at distant sites, suchas paraneoplastic syndromes, which, if untreated, may result in death of animals. The present study aimed to investigatewhether female dogs with mammary tumors demonstrate electrocardiographic changes, and if so, to investigate whetherthese cease after removal of the tumor, and to relate the type of tumor with the occurrence of arrhythmias.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs, aged between 4 and 14 years, underwent electrocardiogram 24 hprior to undergoing a total unilateral mastectomy. After removal of the tumor, electrocardiograms were again performed 24(M24), 48 (M48), and 72 (M72), as well as 14 days (M14d) after surgery. Histological analysis of the neoplasms showedthat 55% of the tumors were benign, with predominance of adenoma (38%), and 45% were malignant, with predominanceof adenocarcinoma (22%). The following rhythms and arrhythmias were observed: normal sinus rhythm (37.2%), sinusarrhythmia (62.8%), wandering pacemaker (26%), 1st degree atrioventricular block (AVB; 5%), premature ventricularcomplex (PVC; 10%), and T-wave > 25% of R-wave (25%); more than one change could occur simultaneously. Out of theevaluated electrocardiographic parameters, a significant difference was observed in the QT interval between the followingtimepoints: M24 (204 ± 18), M48 (204 ± 22), and M72 (203 ± 23), as well as Mbasal (192 ± 15) and M14d (178 ± 43).Discussion: Regarding the observed rhythms, arrhythmias, and changes, respiratory sinus arrhythmia was the normal predominant...

Dreno de sucção fechado em mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas / Closed suction drain in total unilateral mastectomy in bitches

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de dreno de sucção fechado em feridas cirúrgicas de mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas com peso médio de 14,87±9,29kg, idade média 9,34±2,68 anos, provenientes da rotina hospitalar, as quais foram selecionadas por meio de avaliação clínica e oncológica. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Convencional (GC, n=9) que foram submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia unilateral total, sem colocação de dreno e grupo Dreno (GD, n=9) que foram submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total com colocação do dreno de sucção fechado (Biovácuo?), sendo o diâmetro do dreno determinado conforme peso do animal. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações durante o período pós-operatório: avaliação clínica diária dos animais através da frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), coloração de mucosas, tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), grau de desidratação, hemograma, perfil bioquímico (ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicérides e glicose); avaliação qualitativa do dreno; avaliação qualitativa da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta também realizada em 14 e 30 dias quanto à presença ou não de exsudato, edema, integridade da pele, deiscência, necrose e fibrose cicatricial; avaliação quantitativa do fluido drenado e avaliação qualitativa do fluido drenado, quanto à celularidade, tipo e morfologia celular. Houve aumento dos valores médios de densidade, neutrófilos, linfócitos, e aumento do valor de mediana de fibrinogênio do fluido drenado em 72 horas em relação às 24 horas no grupo GD. Ocorreu aumento do exsudato em 24, 48 e 72 horas no GD quando comparado ao GC. Houve aumento do volume de fluido drenado em 60 e 72 horas em relação às 12 horas no grupo GD. Houve redução do valor médio de eritrócitos em 72 horas em relação ao basal no grupo GD. Observou-se aumento nos valores médios de hemoglobina e hematócrito em 24 horas no grupo GC quando comparado ao GD. Houve aumento no valor médio de neutrófilos segmentados no basal no GD quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que a técnica de colocação de dreno de sucção fechado apresenta maior teor de exsudato. Recomenda-se que o vácuo do dreno seja refeito de 12 em 12 horas, sendo inicialmentrealizado 6 horas após o término da cirurgia. O dreno de sucção fechado não gera desconforto adicional ao paciente; recomenda-se que o mesmo seja removido 72 horas após o término da cirurgia, quando a produção de fluido diminui, porém mesmo assim alguns indivíduos podem apresentar formação de seroma no pós-operatório tardio.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of closed suction drain in surgical wounds of total unilateral mastectomy in dogs. Eighteen dogs were used with an average weight of 14.87±9.29kg, average age 9.34±2.68 years, from the hospital routine, which were selected through clinical and oncological evaluation. The animals were divided into two groups: Conventional (CG, n=9) which underwent total unilateral mastectomy surgery without drain and Drain group (DG, n=9) which underwent complete unilateral mastectomy with placement closed suction drain (Biovácuo?). The diameter of the drain was determined according to the animal weight. Five evaluations were performed during the postoperative period: clinical evaluation of the animals daily through the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), color of mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT), degree of dehydration, blood count, chemistry profile (urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose); qualitative assessment of the drain; qualitative assessment of the surgical wound, is also being held on 14 and 30 days for the presence or absence of exudate, edema, skin integrity, dehiscence, necrosis and scarring; quantitative evaluation of the drained fluid; qualitative assessment of fluid drained, as the cellularity type and cell morphology. Surgical time was recorded in both groups. There were an increase in average values of density, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and increased fibrinogen median value of drained fluid in 72 hours compared to 24 hours in DG group. There was an increase of exudate within 24, 48 and 72 hours in DG when compared to GC. There was an increase in the volume of drained fluid in 60 and 72 hours compared to 12 hours in DG. There was a reduction in the average value of red blood cells within 72 hours from baseline in DG group. There was an increase in average hemoglobin and hematocrit in 24 hours in the control group compared to the DG. There was an increase in the average value of neutrophils targeted at baseline in DG when compared to CG. It follows that, the closed suction drain placement technique presents more exudate. It is recommended that the drain vacuum is redone 12 in 12 hours, initially being performed 6 hours after surgery. The closed suction drain does not generate additional discomfort to the patient; it is recommended that it be removed 72 hours after the surgery, when the fluid production decreases, but even so some individuals may present seroma formation in the late postoperative.(AU)

Dreno de sucção fechado em mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas / Closed suction drain in total unilateral mastectomy in bitches

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de dreno de sucção fechado em feridas cirúrgicas de mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas com peso médio de 14,87±9,29kg, idade média 9,34±2,68 anos, provenientes da rotina hospitalar, as quais foram selecionadas por meio de avaliação clínica e oncológica. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Convencional (GC, n=9) que foram submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia unilateral total, sem colocação de dreno e grupo Dreno (GD, n=9) que foram submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total com colocação do dreno de sucção fechado (Biovácuo?), sendo o diâmetro do dreno determinado conforme peso do animal. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações durante o período pós-operatório: avaliação clínica diária dos animais através da frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), coloração de mucosas, tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), grau de desidratação, hemograma, perfil bioquímico (ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicérides e glicose); avaliação qualitativa do dreno; avaliação qualitativa da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta também realizada em 14 e 30 dias quanto à presença ou não de exsudato, edema, integridade da pele, deiscência, necrose e fibrose cicatricial; avaliação quantitativa do fluido drenado e avaliação qualitativa do fluido drenado, quanto à celularidade, tipo e morfologia celular. Houve aumento dos valores médios de densidade, neutrófilos, linfócitos, e aumento do valor de mediana de fibrinogênio do fluido drenado em 72 horas em relação às 24 horas no grupo GD. Ocorreu aumento do exsudato em 24, 48 e 72 horas no GD quando comparado ao GC. Houve aumento do volume de fluido drenado em 60 e 72 horas em relação às 12 horas no grupo GD. Houve redução do valor médio de eritrócitos em 72 horas em relação ao basal no grupo GD. Observou-se aumento nos valores médios de hemoglobina e hematócrito em 24 horas no grupo GC quando comparado ao GD... (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of closed suction drain in surgical wounds of total unilateral mastectomy in dogs. Eighteen dogs were used with an average weight of 14.87±9.29kg, average age 9.34±2.68 years, from the hospital routine, which were selected through clinical and oncological evaluation. The animals were divided into two groups: Conventional (CG, n=9) which underwent total unilateral mastectomy surgery without drain and Drain group (DG, n=9) which underwent complete unilateral mastectomy with placement closed suction drain (Biovácuo?). The diameter of the drain was determined according to the animal weight. Five evaluations were performed during the postoperative period: clinical evaluation of the animals daily through the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), color of mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT), degree of dehydration, blood count, chemistry profile (urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose); qualitative assessment of the drain; qualitative assessment of the surgical wound, is also being held on 14 and 30 days for the presence or absence of exudate, edema, skin integrity, dehiscence, necrosis and scarring; quantitative evaluation of the drained fluid; qualitative assessment of fluid drained, as the cellularity type and cell morphology. Surgical time was recorded in both groups. There were an increase in average values of density, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and increased fibrinogen median value of drained fluid in 72 hours compared to 24 hours in DG group. There was an increase of exudate within 24, 48 and 72 hours in DG when compared to GC. There was an increase in the volume of drained fluid in 60 and 72 hours compared to 12 hours in DG. There was a reduction in the average value of red blood cells within 72 hours from baseline in DG group. There was an increase in average hemoglobin and hematocrit in...(AU)

Echocardiographic evaluation of dogs subjected to different protocols of anesthetic induction

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic changes during anesthesia induction in dogs sedated with acepromazine (0.05mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3mg/kg) (AB). Twenty-four male dogs, with a mean weight of 12.40kg±3.1kg, were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=6). Fifteen minutes after administering pre-anesthetic medication, anesthesia with diazepam (0.5mg/kg) and etomidate (1mg/kg) (group DE); diazepam (0.5mg/kg) and ketamine (3mg/kg) (group CD); propofol (4mg/kg) (group P); or ketamine (1mg/kg) and propofol (3mg/kg) (group CP) was administered to the 6 dogs in each group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured and echocardiography was performed immediately prior to the application of the sedation protocol (baseline), 15 minutes after sedation (M1), and immediately after anesthesia induction (M2). No significant differences were observed in SBP and in hemodynamic variables such as cardiac index, shortening fraction, and ejection fraction, between groups at all time points (M0, M1, and M2) evaluated. The SBP was significantly reduced after anesthetic induction in the dogs of the DE and CP groups. It can be concluded that the protocols DE and CP reduce similarly to SPB in dogs medicated with CD and P to SBP remain stable after anesthetic induction. All anesthetic induction protocols maintained a stable IC in premedicated dogs. None of the protocols evaluated promoted significant echocardiographic changes. Furthermore, the ketamine and diazepam combination had a negative impact on myocardial relaxation.

RESUMO: O aumento crescente da expectativa de vida dos cães, faz com que muitos animais cardiopatas necessitem de um procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico. Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar as alterações ecocardiográficas de protocolos de indução anestésica, em cães sedados com acepromazina (0,05mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,3mg/kg) (AB). Foram utilizados 24 cães, machos, SRD, com peso médio de 12,40±3,1kg, os quais foram alocados aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=6). Após 15 minutos da medicação pré-anestésica, foi realizada indução anestésica com diazepam (0,5mg/kg)/etomidato (1mg/kg) (DE), ou diazepam (0,5mg/kg)/cetamina (3mg/kg) (CD), oupropofol (4mg/kg) (P) ou cetamina (1mg/kg)/propofol (3mg/kg) (CP). Aferiu-se a PAS e ecocardiografia imediatamente antes da aplicação do protocolo de sedação (basal), 15 minutos após a sedação (M1) e imediatamente após a indução anestésica (M2). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na PAS e nas variáveis hemodinâmicas como índice cardíaco, fração de encurtamento, fração de ejeção, entre os grupos, em todos os momentos avaliados. A PAS reduziu significativamente, após indução anestésica, nos cães do grupo DE e CP. A FC reduziu, após indução, em relação aos valores pós sedação, somente no grupo CD, mantendo-se estável nos demais grupos estudados. Conclui-se que os protocolos DE e CP reduzem de maneira semelhante a PAS, nos cães medicados com CD e P a PAS mantêm-se estável, após indução anestésica. Todos os protocolos de indução anestésica mantém estáveis o IC em cães pré-medicados. Nenhum dos protocolos avaliados promove alterações ecocardiográficas significativas. Aassociação cetamina/diazepam tem um impacto negativo no relaxamento miocárdico.

Echocardiographic evaluation of dogs subjected to different protocols of anesthetic induction / Avaliação ecocardiográfica de cães submetidos a diferentes protocolos de indução anestésica

The objective of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic changes during anesthesia induction in dogs sedated with acepromazine (0.05mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3mg/kg) (AB). Twenty-four male dogs, with a mean weight of 12.40kg±3.1kg, were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=6). Fifteen minutes after administering pre-anesthetic medication, anesthesia with diazepam (0.5mg/kg) and etomidate (1mg/kg) (group DE); diazepam (0.5mg/kg) and ketamine (3mg/kg) (group CD); propofol (4mg/kg) (group P); or ketamine (1mg/kg) and propofol (3mg/kg) (group CP) was administered to the 6 dogs in each group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured and echocardiography was performed immediately prior to the application of the sedation protocol (baseline), 15 minutes after sedation (M1), and immediately after anesthesia induction (M2). No significant differences were observed in SBP and in hemodynamic variables such as cardiac index, shortening fraction, and ejection fraction, between groups at all time points (M0, M1, and M2) evaluated. The SBP was significantly reduced after anesthetic induction in the dogs of the DE and CP groups. It can be concluded that the protocols DE and CP reduce similarly to SPB in dogs medicated with CD and P to SBP remain stable after anesthetic induction. All anesthetic induction protocols maintained a stable IC in premedicated dogs. None of the protocols evaluated promoted significant echocardiographic changes. Furthermore, the ketamine and diazepam combination had a negative impact on myocardial relaxation.(AU)

O aumento crescente da expectativa de vida dos cães, faz com que muitos animais cardiopatas necessitem de um procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico. Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar as alterações ecocardiográficas de protocolos de indução anestésica, em cães sedados com acepromazina (0,05mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,3mg/kg) (AB). Foram utilizados 24 cães, machos, SRD, com peso médio de 12,40±3,1kg, os quais foram alocados aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=6). Após 15 minutos da medicação pré-anestésica, foi realizada indução anestésica com diazepam (0,5mg/kg)/etomidato (1mg/kg) (DE), ou diazepam (0,5mg/kg)/cetamina (3mg/kg) (CD), oupropofol (4mg/kg) (P) ou cetamina (1mg/kg)/propofol (3mg/kg) (CP). Aferiu-se a PAS e ecocardiografia imediatamente antes da aplicação do protocolo de sedação (basal), 15 minutos após a sedação (M1) e imediatamente após a indução anestésica (M2). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na PAS e nas variáveis hemodinâmicas como índice cardíaco, fração de encurtamento, fração de ejeção, entre os grupos, em todos os momentos avaliados. A PAS reduziu significativamente, após indução anestésica, nos cães do grupo DE e CP. A FC reduziu, após indução, em relação aos valores pós sedação, somente no grupo CD, mantendo-se estável nos demais grupos estudados. Conclui-se que os protocolos DE e CP reduzem de maneira semelhante a PAS, nos cães medicados com CD e P a PAS mantêm-se estável, após indução anestésica. Todos os protocolos de indução anestésica mantém estáveis o IC em cães pré-medicados. Nenhum dos protocolos avaliados promove alterações ecocardiográficas significativas. Aassociação cetamina/diazepam tem um impacto negativo no relaxamento miocárdico.(AU)

Dreno de sucção fechado em mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of closed suction drain in surgical wounds of total unilateral mastectomy in dogs. Eighteen dogs were used with an average weight of 14.87±9.29kg, average age 9.34±2.68 years, from the hospital routine, which were selected through clinical and oncological evaluation. The animals were divided into two groups: Conventional (CG, n=9) which underwent total unilateral mastectomy surgery without drain and Drain group (DG, n=9) which underwent complete unilateral mastectomy with placement closed suction drain (Biovácuo?). The diameter of the drain was determined according to the animal weight. Five evaluations were performed during the postoperative period: clinical evaluation of the animals daily through the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), color of mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT), degree of dehydration, blood count, chemistry profile (urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose); qualitative assessment of the drain; qualitative assessment of the surgical wound, is also being held on 14 and 30 days for the presence or absence of exudate, edema, skin integrity, dehiscence, necrosis and scarring; quantitative evaluation of the drained fluid; qualitative assessment of fluid drained, as the cellularity type and cell morphology. Surgical time was recorded in both groups. There were an increase in average values of density, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and increased fibrinogen median value of drained fluid in 72 hours compared to 24 hours in DG group. There was an increase of exudate within 24, 48 and 72 hours in DG when compared to GC. There was an increase in the volume of drained fluid in 60 and 72 hours compared to 12 hours in DG. There was a reduction in the average value of red blood cells within 72 hours from baseline in DG group. There was an increase in average hemoglobin and hematocrit in 24 hours in the control group compared to the DG. There was an increase in the average value of neutrophils targeted at baseline in DG when compared to CG. It follows that, the closed suction drain placement technique presents more exudate. It is recommended that the drain vacuum is redone 12 in 12 hours, initially being performed 6 hours after surgery. The closed suction drain does not generate additional discomfort to the patient; it is recommended that it be removed 72 hours after the surgery, when the fluid production decreases, but even so some individuals may present seroma formation in the late postoperative.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de dreno de sucção fechado em feridas cirúrgicas de mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas com peso médio de 14,87±9,29kg, idade média 9,34±2,68 anos, provenientes da rotina hospitalar, as quais foram selecionadas por meio de avaliação clínica e oncológica. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Convencional (GC, n=9) que foram submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia unilateral total, sem colocação de dreno e grupo Dreno (GD, n=9) que foram submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total com colocação do dreno de sucção fechado (Biovácuo?), sendo o diâmetro do dreno determinado conforme peso do animal. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações durante o período pós-operatório: avaliação clínica diária dos animais através da frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), coloração de mucosas, tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), grau de desidratação, hemograma, perfil bioquímico (ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicérides e glicose); avaliação qualitativa do dreno; avaliação qualitativa da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta também realizada em 14 e 30 dias quanto à presença ou não de exsudato, edema, integridade da pele, deiscência, necrose e fibrose cicatricial; avaliação quantitativa do fluido drenado e avaliação qualitativa do fluido drenado, quanto à celularidade, tipo e morfologia celular. Houve aumento dos valores médios de densidade, neutrófilos, linfócitos, e aumento do valor de mediana de fibrinogênio do fluido drenado em 72 horas em relação às 24 horas no grupo GD. Ocorreu aumento do exsudato em 24, 48 e 72 horas no GD quando comparado ao GC. Houve aumento do volume de fluido drenado em 60 e 72 horas em relação às 12 horas no grupo GD. Houve redução do valor médio de eritrócitos em 72 horas em relação ao basal no grupo GD. Observou-se aumento nos valores médios de hemoglobina e hematócrito em 24 horas no grupo GC quando comparado ao GD. Houve aumento no valor médio de neutrófilos segmentados no basal no GD quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que a técnica de colocação de dreno de sucção fechado apresenta maior teor de exsudato. Recomenda-se que o vácuo do dreno seja refeito de 12 em 12 horas, sendo inicialmentrealizado 6 horas após o término da cirurgia. O dreno de sucção fechado não gera desconforto adicional ao paciente; recomenda-se que o mesmo seja removido 72 horas após o término da cirurgia, quando a produção de fluido diminui, porém mesmo assim alguns indivíduos podem apresentar formação de seroma no pós-operatório tardio.

Arterial, mixed venous or central venous hemogasometry and end tidal CO2 in dogs under different hemodynamic states

Background: Hemogasometric analysis is used in the interpretation of acid-base balance (ABB) and to access pulmonary ventilation. Already mixed venous oxygen saturation obtained at pulmonary artery correlates with tissue oxygenation. However, both samples can be difficult to access because of the difficulties in arterial and pulmonary catheterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the arterial and mixed venous bloods, the end tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (EtCO2 ) and central venous blood in the analysis of pulmonary ventilation, tissue oxygenation and ABB in dogs under different hemodynamic states. Material, Methods & Results: Nine dogs were used with an average weight of 19.6 ± 1.3 kg, anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% diluted on oxygen 60% (Baseline), and subsequently undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and the hypodinamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 50 mmHg and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) by dobutamine infusion at 5 μg/kg/min and with MAP 30% higher than baseline. For each time allowed a 15 min of stabilization by each hemodynamic status. Simultaneously were collected samples of 0.6 mL of arterial blood by metatarsal artery, mixed and central venous blood by pulmonary artery and right atrium for hemogasometric analysis. To access lung function we correlated and compared the EtCO2 values obtained by gas analyzer with expired carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood (PaCO2 ), mixed venous blood (PmvCO2 ) and central venous blood (PcvCO2 ). For the interpretation of tissue oxygenation we correlated and compared the values of mixed (SmvO2 ) and central (ScvO2 ) venous oxygen saturation. For the acid-base balance we used the correlation of potencial hydrogen (pH); carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2 ); bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); base excess (BE); […](AU)

Tramadol ou butorfanol: modelo analgésico pós osteossíntese experimental de úmero em galos ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) / Tramadol or butorphanol: analgesic model of post experimental osteosynthesis of humerus in roosters ( Gallus gallus domesticus )

O tramadol é um fármaco opioide amplamente utilizado em medicina veterinária, porém seu uso e eficácia analgésica pós-cirúrgica não foi investigado em aves. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do tramadol ou butorfanol em galos submetidos à ostessíntese de úmero. Foram utilizados 12 galos (Gallus gallus domesticus), os quais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo tramadol (GT) que recebeu como medicação pré anestésica (MPA) 5mg.Kg-1 de tramadol e o grupo butorfanol (GB) que recebeu como MPA 1mg.kg-1 de butorfanol, ambos pela via intramuscular. Em seguida a indução ocorreu com a administração do agente anestésico inalatório, isoflurano 3V% e a manutenção anestésica com o mesmo agente 1,3 V%. Avaliaram-se a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f) e temperatura corporal (TC). As avaliações foram realizadas: antes da MPA (M0); 15 minutos após MPA (M1); após indução anestésica (M2) e em diferentes momentos cirúrgicos (M3, M4, M5 e M6). A analgesia pós-operatória foi avaliada através da escala adaptada de dor em aves por dois avaliadores cegos aos tratamentos nos momentos: basal, e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 horas pós-operatórias; sendo o resgate analgésico realizado quando uma pontuação maior ou igual a seis pontos de um total de 24 fosse observada. Observou-se redução da FC, f e da TC entre os momentos M2 e M6 em relação ao momento basal em ambos os grupos, sendo que no GB períodos de apneia foram observados entre M2 e M6, e entre grupos valores maiores na f no GT foram observados no momento M5 em relação ao GB. Houve diminuição da PAS apenas no momento M3 em relação ao momento basal no grupo GT. No pós-operatório apenas um animal do GT necessitou resgate analgésico observando-se pontuação maior no GT entre M1 e M8 e no GB entre M1 e M12 em relação ao momento basal, e entre grupos apenas T12 foi maior em GB quando comparado ao GT. Através da utilização da escala de dor em pombos submetidos à osteossíntese em membro pélvico e adaptada para avaliação álgica em galos, conclui-se que o tramadol e o butorfanol podem ser utilizados como analgésicos eficientes para o controle de dor pós-operatória em galos.(AU)

Tramadol is an opioid drug widely used in veterinary medicine, but their use and postoperative analgesic efficacy has not been investigated in birds. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol or butorphanol roosters submitted to osteosynthesis of humerus. Twelve roosters (Gallus gallus domesticus) randomly into two groups were used: Tramadol group (TG) received as premedication 5mg.kg-1 of tramadol and butorphanol group (GB) as premedicated with 1mg.kg-1 of butorphanol. Then the induction occurred with the administration of inhalational anesthetic, isoflurane 3V% and anesthetic maintenance with the same agent 1.3V%. We evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and body temperature (BT). The evaluations were performed: before MPA (M0); 15 minutes after MPA (M1); after induction (M2) and different surgical times (M3, M4, M5 and M6). Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the modified scale of pain in birds by 2 reviewers blinded to the treatments in times: baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively; being the analgesic rescue perfomed when a higher sore than or equal to six points of a total of 24 were observed. Observed reduction in HR, RR and BT between M2 and M6 moments compared to baseline in both groups, and in GB periods of apnea were observed between M2 and M6, and between groups at higher values f in GT were M5 observed when compared to GB. SBP decreased only when M3 relative to baseline in the TG group. Postoperatively only a GT animal needed analgesic rescue with a higher score on the GT between M1 and M8 and GB between M1 and M12 compared to baseline, and between groups only T12 was higher in GB when compared to the GT. It was concluded that through the evaluation scale used analgesic, butorphanol, and tramadol showed satisfactory analgesia and may be used to control pain roosters subjected to fixation of the humerus.(AU)

Arterial, mixed venous or central venous hemogasometry and end tidal CO2 in dogs under different hemodynamic states

Background: Hemogasometric analysis is used in the interpretation of acid-base balance (ABB) and to access pulmonary ventilation. Already mixed venous oxygen saturation obtained at pulmonary artery correlates with tissue oxygenation. However, both samples can be difficult to access because of the difficulties in arterial and pulmonary catheterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the arterial and mixed venous bloods, the end tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (EtCO2 ) and central venous blood in the analysis of pulmonary ventilation, tissue oxygenation and ABB in dogs under different hemodynamic states. Material, Methods & Results: Nine dogs were used with an average weight of 19.6 ± 1.3 kg, anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% diluted on oxygen 60% (Baseline), and subsequently undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and the hypodinamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 50 mmHg and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) by dobutamine infusion at 5 μg/kg/min and with MAP 30% higher than baseline. For each time allowed a 15 min of stabilization by each hemodynamic status. Simultaneously were collected samples of 0.6 mL of arterial blood by metatarsal artery, mixed and central venous blood by pulmonary artery and right atrium for hemogasometric analysis. To access lung function we correlated and compared the EtCO2 values obtained by gas analyzer with expired carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood (PaCO2 ), mixed venous blood (PmvCO2 ) and central venous blood (PcvCO2 ). For the interpretation of tissue oxygenation we correlated and compared the values of mixed (SmvO2 ) and central (ScvO2 ) venous oxygen saturation. For the acid-base balance we used the correlation of potencial hydrogen (pH); carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2 ); bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); base excess (BE); […]

Avaliação da concentração sérica de troponina I e do traçado eletrocardiográfico em cães submetidos a sedação prolongada durante 24 horas / Seric concentration of troponin I and electrocardiographic tracing in dogs submitted to long-term sedation during 24 hours

Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI) of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg/h) and fentanyl (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg/h) or ketamine and morphine group (GKM), in which the animals received a bolus and CRI of ketamine (1 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg/h) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg/h). Both groups also received propofol as a bolus and CRI (3 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/ kg/min) over 24 h. The ECG and cTnI parameters were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 h during CRI (M6, M12, and M24) and 12 and 24 h after the end of infusion (T12 and T24). The hemodynamic parameters RVSWI, LVSWI, and Qs/Qt were evaluated every 2 h until the end of CRI.[...]

Arterial, Mixed Venous or Central Venous Hemogasometry and End Tidal CO2 in Dogs under Different Hemodynamic States

Background: Hemogasometric analysis is used in the interpretation of acid-base balance (ABB) and to access pulmonary ventilation. Already mixed venous oxygen saturation obtained at pulmonary artery correlates with tissue oxygenation. However, both samples can be difficult to access because of the difficulties in arterial and pulmonary catheterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the arterial and mixed venous bloods, the end tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and central venous blood in the analysis of pulmonary ventilation, tissue oxygenation and ABB in dogs under different hemodynamic states.Material, Methods & Results: Nine dogs were used with an average weight of 19.6 ± 1.3 kg, anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% diluted on oxygen 60% (Baseline), and subsequently undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and the hypodinamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 50 mmHg and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) by dobutamine infusion at 5 g/kg/min and with MAP 30% higher than baseline. For each time allowed a 15 min of stabilization by each hemodynamic status. Simultaneously were collected samples of 0.6 mL of arterial blood by metatarsal artery, mixed and central venous blood by pulmonary artery and right atrium for hemogasometric analysis. To access lung function we correlated and compared th

Seric Concentration of Troponin I and Electrocardiographic Tracing in Dogs Submitted to Long-Term Sedation during 24 Hours

Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI)

Avaliação da concentração sérica de troponina I e do traçado eletrocardiográfico em cães submetidos a sedação prolongada durante 24 horas / Seric concentration of troponin I and electrocardiographic tracing in dogs submitted to long-term sedation during 24 hours

Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI) of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg/h) and fentanyl (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg/h) or ketamine and morphine group (GKM), in which the animals received a bolus and CRI of ketamine (1 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg/h) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg/h). Both groups also received propofol as a bolus and CRI (3 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/ kg/min) over 24 h. The ECG and cTnI parameters were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 h during CRI (M6, M12, and M24) and 12 and 24 h after the end of infusion (T12 and T24). The hemodynamic parameters RVSWI, LVSWI, and Qs/Qt were evaluated every 2 h until the end of CRI.[...](AU)

Tramadol ou butorfanol: modelo analgésico pós osteossíntese experimental de úmero em galos ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) / Tramadol or butorphanol: analgesic model of post experimental osteosynthesis of humerus in roosters ( Gallus gallus domesticus )

O tramadol é um fármaco opioide amplamente utilizado em medicina veterinária, porém seu uso e eficácia analgésica pós-cirúrgica não foi investigado em aves. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do tramadol ou butorfanol em galos submetidos à ostessíntese de úmero. Foram utilizados 12 galos (Gallus gallus domesticus), os quais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo tramadol (GT) que recebeu como medicação pré anestésica (MPA) 5mg.Kg-1 de tramadol e o grupo butorfanol (GB) que recebeu como MPA 1mg.kg-1 de butorfanol, ambos pela via intramuscular. Em seguida a indução ocorreu com a administração do agente anestésico inalatório, isoflurano 3V% e a manutenção anestésica com o mesmo agente 1,3 V%. Avaliaram-se a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f) e temperatura corporal (TC). As avaliações foram realizadas: antes da MPA (M0); 15 minutos após MPA (M1); após indução anestésica (M2) e em diferentes momentos cirúrgicos (M3, M4, M5 e M6). A analgesia pós-operatória foi avaliada através da escala adaptada de dor em aves por dois avaliadores cegos aos tratamentos nos momentos: basal, e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 horas pós-operatórias; sendo o resgate analgésico realizado quando uma pontuação maior ou igual a seis pontos de um total de 24 fosse observada. Observou-se redução da FC, f e da TC entre os momentos M2 e M6 em relação ao momento basal em ambos os grupos, sendo que no GB períodos de apneia foram observados entre M2 e M6, e entre grupos valores maiores na f no GT foram observados no momento M5 em relação ao GB. Houve diminuição da PAS apenas no momento M3 em relação ao momento basal no grupo GT. No pós-operatório apenas um animal do GT necessitou resgate analgésico observando-se pontuação maior no GT entre M1 e M8 e no GB entre M1 e M12 em relação ao momento basal, e entre grupos apenas T12 foi maior em GB quando comparado ao GT. Através da utilização da escala de dor em pombos submetidos à osteossíntese em membro pélvico e adaptada para avaliação álgica em galos, conclui-se que o tramadol e o butorfanol podem ser utilizados como analgésicos eficientes para o controle de dor pós-operatória em galos.(AU)

Tramadol is an opioid drug widely used in veterinary medicine, but their use and postoperative analgesic efficacy has not been investigated in birds. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol or butorphanol roosters submitted to osteosynthesis of humerus. Twelve roosters (Gallus gallus domesticus) randomly into two groups were used: Tramadol group (TG) received as premedication 5mg.kg-1 of tramadol and butorphanol group (GB) as premedicated with 1mg.kg-1 of butorphanol. Then the induction occurred with the administration of inhalational anesthetic, isoflurane 3V% and anesthetic maintenance with the same agent 1.3V%. We evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and body temperature (BT). The evaluations were performed: before MPA (M0); 15 minutes after MPA (M1); after induction (M2) and different surgical times (M3, M4, M5 and M6). Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the modified scale of pain in birds by 2 reviewers blinded to the treatments in times: baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively; being the analgesic rescue perfomed when a higher sore than or equal to six points of a total of 24 were observed. Observed reduction in HR, RR and BT between M2 and M6 moments compared to baseline in both groups, and in GB periods of apnea were observed between M2 and M6, and between groups at higher values f in GT were M5 observed when compared to GB. SBP decreased only when M3 relative to baseline in the TG group. Postoperatively only a GT animal needed analgesic rescue with a higher score on the GT between M1 and M8 and GB between M1 and M12 compared to baseline, and between groups only T12 was higher in GB when compared to the GT. It was concluded that through the evaluation scale used analgesic, butorphanol, and tramadol showed satisfactory analgesia and may be used to control pain roosters subjected to fixation of the humerus.(AU)

Tramadol ou butorfanol: modelo analgésico pós osteossíntese experimental de úmero em galos ( Gallus gallus domesticus )

ABSTRACT: Tramadol is an opioid drug widely used in veterinary medicine, but their use and postoperative analgesic efficacy has not been investigated in birds. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol or butorphanol roosters submitted to osteosynthesis of humerus. Twelve roosters (Gallus gallus domesticus) randomly into two groups were used: Tramadol group (TG) received as premedication 5mg.kg-1 of tramadol and butorphanol group (GB) as premedicated with 1mg.kg-1 of butorphanol. Then the induction occurred with the administration of inhalational anesthetic, isoflurane 3V% and anesthetic maintenance with the same agent 1.3V%. We evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and body temperature (BT). The evaluations were performed: before MPA (M0); 15 minutes after MPA (M1); after induction (M2) and different surgical times (M3, M4, M5 and M6). Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the modified scale of pain in birds by 2 reviewers blinded to the treatments in times: baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively; being the analgesic rescue perfomed when a higher sore than or equal to six points of a total of 24 were observed. Observed reduction in HR, RR and BT between M2 and M6 moments compared to baseline in both groups, and in GB periods of apnea were observed between M2 and M6, and between groups at higher values f in GT were M5 observed when compared to GB. SBP decreased only when M3 relative to baseline in the TG group. Postoperatively only a GT animal needed analgesic rescue with a higher score on the GT between M1 and M8 and GB between M1 and M12 compared to baseline, and between groups only T12 was higher in GB when compared to the GT. It was concluded that through the evaluation scale used analgesic, butorphanol, and tramadol showed satisfactory analgesia and may be used to control pain roosters subjected to fixation of the humerus.

RESUMO: O tramadol é um fármaco opioide amplamente utilizado em medicina veterinária, porém seu uso e eficácia analgésica pós-cirúrgica não foi investigado em aves. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do tramadol ou butorfanol em galos submetidos à ostessíntese de úmero. Foram utilizados 12 galos (Gallus gallus domesticus), os quais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo tramadol (GT) que recebeu como medicação pré anestésica (MPA) 5mg.Kg-1 de tramadol e o grupo butorfanol (GB) que recebeu como MPA 1mg.kg-1 de butorfanol, ambos pela via intramuscular. Em seguida a indução ocorreu com a administração do agente anestésico inalatório, isoflurano 3V% e a manutenção anestésica com o mesmo agente 1,3 V%. Avaliaram-se a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f) e temperatura corporal (TC). As avaliações foram realizadas: antes da MPA (M0); 15 minutos após MPA (M1); após indução anestésica (M2) e em diferentes momentos cirúrgicos (M3, M4, M5 e M6). A analgesia pós-operatória foi avaliada através da escala adaptada de dor em aves por dois avaliadores cegos aos tratamentos nos momentos: basal, e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 horas pós-operatórias; sendo o resgate analgésico realizado quando uma pontuação maior ou igual a seis pontos de um total de 24 fosse observada. Observou-se redução da FC, f e da TC entre os momentos M2 e M6 em relação ao momento basal em ambos os grupos, sendo que no GB períodos de apneia foram observados entre M2 e M6, e entre grupos valores maiores na f no GT foram observados no momento M5 em relação ao GB. Houve diminuição da PAS apenas no momento M3 em relação ao momento basal no grupo GT. No pós-operatório apenas um animal do GT necessitou resgate analgésico observando-se pontuação maior no GT entre M1 e M8 e no GB entre M1 e M12 em relação ao momento basal, e entre grupos apenas T12 foi maior em GB quando comparado ao GT. Através da utilização da escala de dor em pombos submetidos à osteossíntese em membro pélvico e adaptada para avaliação álgica em galos, conclui-se que o tramadol e o butorfanol podem ser utilizados como analgésicos eficientes para o controle de dor pós-operatória em galos.

Infusão contínua de propofol à taxa variada tempo dependente em gatos / Continuous infusion of propofol at variable rates in a time dependent in cats

Os felinos biotransformam o propofol lentamente, desenvolvendo efeito cumulativo. Neste sentido, objetivou-se desenvolver um esquema de infusão contínua de propofol a taxa variada tempo dependente em gatos. Foram utilizadas 16 gatas hígidas as quais foram submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva e receberam como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) dexmedetomidina (2,5?g/kg), metadona (0,5mg/kg) e cetamina (0,5mg/kg) por via intramuscular. Após 15 minutos, os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Taxa Fixa (GTF), que receberam propofol 4mg/kg, seguido de infusão contínua (IC) na taxa de 0,3mg/kg/min durante 60 minutos; e Taxa Variada (GTV) que receberam o mesmo protocolo de indução com as taxas de IC iniciando em 0,3mg/kg/min durante 10 minutos, 0,25mg/kg/min até 25 minutos, 0,2 mg/kg/min até 45 minutos e 0,15mg/kg/min até 60 minutos de infusão baseado no software de simulação STAMPUMP®. Avaliaram-se as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a manutenção do plano anestésico durante 60 minutos de infusão, bem como, os tempos para extubação, para decúbito esternal e de recuperação total. Observou-se plano anestésico similar em ambos os grupos, porém no GTV utilizou-se 30% menos propofol para manutenção da anestesia. Houve redução da FC e f em ambos os grupos após a indução, sendo que um animal do GTF apresentou apnéia durante todos...(AU)

Felines biotransforms propofol slowly developing cumulative effect. The aim this study was to develop a scheme of continuous infusion of propofol at time dependent variable rate in cats. Sixteen healthy female cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy and received as premedication dexmedetomidine (2.5 ?g/kg), methadone (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) administrated at intramuscular rote. After 15 minutes , the animals were allocated into two groups : Fixed Rate (GFR), which received propofol 4mg/kg, followed by continuous infusion (CI ) at the rate of 0.3 mg/kg/min for 60 minutes; and Variable Rate (GVR) receiving the same induction protocol exchange with the IC starting at 0.3 mg/ kg/min for 10 minutes, 0.25 mg/kg/min up to 25 minutes, 0.2 mg/ kg/min up to 45 minutes and 0.15 mg/kg /min to 60 min of infusion based on simulation STAMPUMP®. We evaluated the cardiac frequency (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and maintenance of anesthesia during 60 minutes of infusion , as well as time to extubation, sternal recumbency and to full recovery. We observed similar anesthesia in both groups, but the GVR was used propofol least 30% for maintenance anesthesia. There was a reduction of HR and f in both groups after induction, with one animal the GFR developed apnea during all periods evaluated . Decreased SBP in GFR at all times in relation to the baseline...(AU)

Analgesic and sedative evaluation of two protocols in swine underwent orchiectomy / Avaliação analgésica e sedativa de dois protocolos em suínos submetidos à orquiectomia

Introduction: Sedation and analgesia are essential in chemical restraint in pigs for various procedures. Analgesia allows theanimal to be free of the deleterious effects of pain, which are related to stress and weight loss. In this sense, the aim of this studywas evaluate two sedation protocols in pigs undergoing elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods and Results: There were used 22 pigs with three months old, with an average weight of 19.05 ± 2.46 kg.The food was withheld for 12 h and water for 6 h. After fasting period, they were mask-induced with isofl urane, for surgicalpreparation and than they were recovered from anesthesia. After 30 min, the animals were allocated in two groups: ketamine/midazolam /Tramadol (CMT, n = 11) who received 5 mg kg-1 of ketamine, 1 mg kg,-1 of midazolam and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol,and azaperone/tramadol (AT, n = 11) which received 6 mg kg-1 of azaperone and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol, both treatments administered intramuscularly. The parameters evaluated were: heart rate (HR) through the stethoscope, respiratory frequency (f) by themovement of the rib cage, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) trougha catheter in femoral artery, rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer, arterial blood gas analysis, with an blood gasanalyzer, and blood count and biochemical profi le. The moments of evaluation were: baseline, and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min aftertreatments, corresponding to M0, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. Score of sedation, muscle relaxation, response to stimuli,time to sternal recumbency, time to deambulation, time to full recovery and quality of recovery were also evaluated. The meansbetween groups in the same time were analyzed by Students t test and the means between times, in the same group by analysisof variance followed by Student Newmann Keuls test (P  0.05). Non parametrical data were analyzed with Mann Whitney rank...(AU)