Morphological and molecular characterization of Haemoproteus coatneyi and Haemoproteus erythrogravidus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) in Passeriformes in Brazils Atlantic Forest / Caracterização morfológica e molecular de Haemoproteus coatneyi e Haemoproteus erythrogravidus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) em Passeriformes da Mata Atlântica, Brasil

Haemoproteus spp. are protozoan parasites found in birds around the world. These parasites are identified through the morphology of gametocytes, phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial cytb gene, and the parasites geographic distribution. The absence of erythrocytic merogony, high intraspecific genetic variation and low parasitemia in wild birds makes it essential to use integrative approaches that assist in the identification of these parasites. Thus, microscopic and molecular analyses, combined with spatial distribution, were carried out to verify the presence of Haemoproteus spp. in wild birds in Brazil. Light microscopy revealed one Tangara sayaca bird was parasitized by Haemoproteus coatneyi and, two specimens of Zonotrichia capensis presented Haemoproteus erythrogravidus. The morphology of the gametocytes of these two parasitic species showed high similarity. The molecular analysis revealed the presence of one lineage of H. coatneyi and two lineages of H. erythrogravidus, one of which is considered a new lineage. These lineages were grouped phylogenetically in separate clades, with low genetic divergence, and the H. erythrogravidus lineage emerged as an internal group of the lineages of H. coatneyi. The geographic distribution demonstrated that the two species occur in the American continent. This is the first report of H. erythrogravidus in Brazil.(AU)

Haemoproteus spp. são protozoários parasitos encontrados em aves de todo o mundo. A identificação desses parasitos é realizada por meio da morfologia dos gametócitos, da análise filogenética, baseada no gene mitoncodrial cytb e na distribuição geográfica do parasito. A ausência de merogonia eritrocítica, a alta variação genética intraespecífica e a baixa parasitemia em aves silvestres, tornam essencial a utilização de abordagens integrativas que auxiliem na identificação desses parasitos. Assim, análises microscópicas e moleculares, aliadas à distribuição espacial, foram realizadas para verificar a presença de Haemoproteus spp. em aves silvestres no Brasil. A microscopia óptica demonstrou que uma ave Tangara sayaca estava parasitada por Haemoproteus coatneyi, e dois espécimes de Zonotrichia capensis apresentavam Haemoproteus erythrogravidus, cujas morfologias dos gametócitos apresentaram alta similaridade. A análise molecular recuperou uma linhagem de H. coatneyi e duas linhagens de H. erythrogravidus, sendo uma dessas considerada nova linhagem. Essas linhagens se agruparam filogeneticamente em clados separados, apresentando baixa divergência genética, sendo que as linhagens de H. erythrogravidus emergiram como grupo interno às linhagens de H. coatneyi. A distribuição geográfica demonstrou que as duas espécies estão ocorrendo no continente americano. Este é o primeiro relato de H. erythrogravidus no Brasil.(AU)

Morphological and morphometric characterization of trypanosomes in Leptodactylus lineatus and Osteocephalus sp. (Anura) from Brazilian Midwest / Caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos tripanossomas de anuros do Centro-Oeste brasileiro

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o parasitismo causado por tripanossomas em anuros naturalmente infectados do Centro-Oeste brasileiro e realizar a caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos tripanossomas. Os anuros foram capturados às margens do Rio Guaporé, na transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica. Amostras de sangue de 16 espécies de anuros foram obtidas por punção cardíaca e analisadas para a presença de hemoparasitos. Tripanossomas foram encontrados infectando duas espécies de anuros, Leptodactylus lineatus (Leptodactylidae) e Osteocephalus sp. (Hylidae). Foi observada alta prevalência dos tripanossomas (100%; N = 3 hospedeiros) em L. lineatus, com intensidade da infecção calculada em 9.9 x 102 parasitos/ml. Em Osteocephalus sp., a prevalência foi comparativamente menor (36%; N = 4 hospedeiros infectados de 11 analisados), no entanto, a intensidade de infecção foi maior 2.16 x 103 parasitos/ml. Variações morfológicas relacionadas ao comprimento e largura do corpo foram observadas entre as diferentes espécies de hospedeiros e também em indivíduos da mesma espécie. Os tripanossomas polimórficos foram separados em morfotipos classificados como corpo alongado ou curto. Os tripanossomas que infectam L. lineatus possuem o corpo alongado que pode ser delgado ou largo e aqueles que infectam Osteocephalus sp. apresentam o corpo curto com a extremidade posterior alargada. A análise parasitológica e a caracterização morfológica apresentada neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da diversidade dos tripanossomas de anuros neotropicais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate parasitism caused by trypanosomes in naturally infected anurans from Brazilian Midwest and characterize trypanosomes by morphology and morphometry. Anurans were captured from margins of the Guaporé River in transition areas between Cerrado and Rain Forest. Blood samples of 16 anurans species were obtained by cardiac puncture and analyzed for the presence of hemoparasites. Trypanosomes were found infecting two anuran species, Leptodactylus lineatus (Leptodactylidae) and Osteocephalus sp. (Hylidae). It was observed high prevalence of trypanosomes (100%; N = 3) in L. lineatus, with intensity of infection of 9.9 × 102 parasites/ml. In Osteocephalus sp. the prevalence of trypanosomes was comparatively lower (36%; N = 4 from 11), however, the intensity of infection was higher 2.16 × 103 parasites/ml. Morphological variation related to body length and width of bloodstream trypomastigotes were observed in different host species and between individual hosts of the same species. Polymorphic trypanosomes were separated into morphotypes and classified as elongated or short trypanosomes. Trypanosomes infecting L. lineatus are elongated with slender or broad body and trypanosomes infecting Osteocephalus sp. presented a short body with broad posterior extremity. The parasitological analyses and morphological characterizations presented in this study contribute to the knowledge of diversity of trypanosomes from neotropical anurans.(AU)

Distribuição vertical dos oligoquetos terrestres em diferentes ambientes fitofisionômicos do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca-MG

The vertical distribution of five species of Rhinodrilus Perrier, 1872 (R. curtus Stephenson, 1931; R. senckenbergi Michaelsen, 1931; R. hoeflingae Righi, 1980; R. garbei Michaelsen, 1926 e R. fafner Michaelsen, 1918) were studied in four phytophysiognomic environments (gallery forest, campo rupestre strictu sense seasonal montane semideciduous forest and woody-gramineous fields) in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca ((21o 4230/21o 4010 NS e 43o 52/43o 54W) (MG), fortnightly from april 1993 to may 1994 and monthly from october 1995 to january 1997. In the gallery forest environment the five species have been found between 0 and 5cm whereas R. curtus, R. senckenbergi e R. garbei have been found between 5 and 10cm and R. fafner at 25cm. The species R. garbei have been found in the campo rupestre strictu sense and seasonal montane semidecidous forest phytophysiognomic environments between 0 and 2cm and 10 and 15cm, respectively. In the woody-gramineous fields, R. hoeflingae was found at 2 cm. The species Rhinodrilus show differentiated vertical distribution in the various phytophysiognomic environments of Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca and are found between 0 and 25cm in the substrate.

Avaliação do comportamento de escape e migração de ciliados Isotriquidae no sistema rúmem-retículo de bovinos

The protozoa were the first microorganisms identified in the rumen, but their importance to the animals has not been well defined yet. Some authors consider them as a protein source for the host, as they are digested in the stomach cavity. Such observation is, however, argued by other authors who have observed the existence of the retention of entodinomorphids ciliates in the rumen and the escapebehaviour of isotrichids ciliates to the walls of the reticulum moments after the digestion. The present work had the objective of presenting evidences about the escape behaviour of isotrichids in the rumen-reticulum system of bovines evaluating the relation between this genus and the population types found. 45 ml of rumen and reticulum content from 30 animals killed in Além Paraíba MG, were collected. Temperature and pH were measured during sampling and later the samples were analysed in a laboratory. The results show that the rumen and reticulum environments are rather stable with an average temperature ranging from 36 to 37ºC and pH 6.5. It also demonstrate a predominance of entodinomorphids not only in the rumen but also in the reticulum. A minor difference has been observed in the Isotrichidae when considering the reticulum. In respect to the escape of Isotrichidae, the data strengthen this idea, since there was a remarkable increase of Isotrichidae in the reticulum when compared t

Ocupação ambiental dos oligoquetos terrestres em diferentes ambientes fitofisionômicos do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca-MG

Five species of Rhinodrilus Perrier, 1872 (R. curtus Stephenson, 1931; R. senckenbergi Michaelsen, 1931; R. hoeflingae Righi, 1980; R. garbei Michaelsen, 1926 e R.fafner Michaelsen, 1918) have been found in four phytophysiognomic environments (gallery forest, campo rupestre strictu sense, seasonal montane semi-decidous forest and woody-gramineous fields) in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (21o 4230/21o 4010 NS e 43o 52/43o 54 W) (MG). The species were collected fortnightly from april 1993 to may 1994 and monthly from october 1995 to january 1997. Rhinodrilus. curtus, R. senckenbergi e R. fafner were found only in the gallery forest. Rhinodrilus hoeglingae was found in na open formation environment (woodygramineous fields) and in the gallery forest. Rhinodrilus garbei predominated in the closed formation (seasonal montane semidecidous forest) though it can also occur in the open formation environment (campo rupestrestrictu sense). The five species show a preference of occurrence in certains specific environments.

Ocupação ambiental dos oligoquetos terrestres em diferentes ambientes fitofisionômicos do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca-MG

Five species of Rhinodrilus Perrier, 1872 (R. curtus Stephenson, 1931; R. senckenbergi Michaelsen, 1931; R. hoeflingae Righi, 1980; R. garbei Michaelsen, 1926 e R.fafner Michaelsen, 1918) have been found in four phytophysiognomic environments (gallery forest, campo rupestre strictu sense, seasonal montane semi-decidous forest and woody-gramineous fields) in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (21o 4230/21o 4010 NS e 43o 52/43o 54 W) (MG). The species were collected fortnightly from april 1993 to may 1994 and monthly from october 1995 to january 1997. Rhinodrilus. curtus, R. senckenbergi e R. fafner were found only in the gallery forest. Rhinodrilus hoeglingae was found in na open formation environment (woodygramineous fields) and in the gallery forest. Rhinodrilus garbei predominated in the closed formation (seasonal montane semidecidous forest) though it can also occur in the open formation environment (campo rupestrestrictu sense). The five species show a preference of occurrence in certains specific environments.

Avaliação do comportamento de escape e migração de ciliados Isotriquidae no sistema rúmem-retículo de bovinos

The protozoa were the first microorganisms identified in the rumen, but their importance to the animals has not been well defined yet. Some authors consider them as a protein source for the host, as they are digested in the stomach cavity. Such observation is, however, argued by other authors who have observed the existence of the retention of entodinomorphids ciliates in the rumen and the escapebehaviour of isotrichids ciliates to the walls of the reticulum moments after the digestion. The present work had the objective of presenting evidences about the escape behaviour of isotrichids in the rumen-reticulum system of bovines evaluating the relation between this genus and the population types found. 45 ml of rumen and reticulum content from 30 animals killed in Além Paraíba MG, were collected. Temperature and pH were measured during sampling and later the samples were analysed in a laboratory. The results show that the rumen and reticulum environments are rather stable with an average temperature ranging from 36 to 37ºC and pH 6.5. It also demonstrate a predominance of entodinomorphids not only in the rumen but also in the reticulum. A minor difference has been observed in the Isotrichidae when considering the reticulum. In respect to the escape of Isotrichidae, the data strengthen this idea, since there was a remarkable increase of Isotrichidae in the reticulum when compared t

Distribuição vertical dos oligoquetos terrestres em diferentes ambientes fitofisionômicos do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca-MG

The vertical distribution of five species of Rhinodrilus Perrier, 1872 (R. curtus Stephenson, 1931; R. senckenbergi Michaelsen, 1931; R. hoeflingae Righi, 1980; R. garbei Michaelsen, 1926 e R. fafner Michaelsen, 1918) were studied in four phytophysiognomic environments (gallery forest, campo rupestre strictu sense seasonal montane semideciduous forest and woody-gramineous fields) in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca ((21o 4230/21o 4010 NS e 43o 52/43o 54W) (MG), fortnightly from april 1993 to may 1994 and monthly from october 1995 to january 1997. In the gallery forest environment the five species have been found between 0 and 5cm whereas R. curtus, R. senckenbergi e R. garbei have been found between 5 and 10cm and R. fafner at 25cm. The species R. garbei have been found in the campo rupestre strictu sense and seasonal montane semidecidous forest phytophysiognomic environments between 0 and 2cm and 10 and 15cm, respectively. In the woody-gramineous fields, R. hoeflingae was found at 2 cm. The species Rhinodrilus show differentiated vertical distribution in the various phytophysiognomic environments of Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca and are found between 0 and 25cm in the substrate.

Caracterização das populações de ciliados (Protista, Ciliophora) do rúmen de bovinos de corte no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Aiming at contributing to the knowledge of the relationships between bovines and rumen ciliates that naturally occur in Brazilian beef cattle, this paper presents a survey of these ciliate populations in bovines killed in Juiz de Fora Municipal Slaughterhouse, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Material samplings were carried out monthly from August 1996 to May 1997, totalizing 100 bovines. All rumen contents samples were obtained from recentlyslaughtered animals, cross-bred holstein friesianzebu, kept in Brachiaria decumbens grass. The ciliates were quantified in a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. The ciliate genus found and the corresponding total and average numbers, relative composition in the population and prevalence were the following: Entodinium (5.163.200; 51.632; 50,48; 100), Diplodinium (572.000; 5.837; 5,59; 98), Eudiplodinium (706.400; 7.283; 6,91; 97), Ostracodinium (989.599; 10.417; 9,68; 95), Isotricha (424.400; 4.563; 4,15; 93), Dasytricha (338.800; 3.643; 3,31; 93), Metadinium (312.800; 3.476; 3,06; 90), Eremoplastron (756.000; 8.690; 7,39; 87), Epidinium (543.200; 7441; 5,31; 73),Charonina (136.400; 2.099; 1,33; 65), Eodinium (152.400 2.583; 1,49; 59), Diploplastron (90.000; 3.750; 0,88; 24), Elytroplastron (36.400; 2.275; 0,36; 16), Polyplastron (3.600 1.200; 0,04; 03) e Buetschlia (2.000; 2.000; 0,02; 01). The populations are characterized as type B in 94% of samples.

Caracterização das populações de ciliados (Protista, Ciliophora) do rúmen de bovinos de corte no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Aiming at contributing to the knowledge of the relationships between bovines and rumen ciliates that naturally occur in Brazilian beef cattle, this paper presents a survey of these ciliate populations in bovines killed in Juiz de Fora Municipal Slaughterhouse, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Material samplings were carried out monthly from August 1996 to May 1997, totalizing 100 bovines. All rumen contents samples were obtained from recentlyslaughtered animals, cross-bred holstein friesianzebu, kept in Brachiaria decumbens grass. The ciliates were quantified in a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. The ciliate genus found and the corresponding total and average numbers, relative composition in the population and prevalence were the following: Entodinium (5.163.200; 51.632; 50,48; 100), Diplodinium (572.000; 5.837; 5,59; 98), Eudiplodinium (706.400; 7.283; 6,91; 97), Ostracodinium (989.599; 10.417; 9,68; 95), Isotricha (424.400; 4.563; 4,15; 93), Dasytricha (338.800; 3.643; 3,31; 93), Metadinium (312.800; 3.476; 3,06; 90), Eremoplastron (756.000; 8.690; 7,39; 87), Epidinium (543.200; 7441; 5,31; 73),Charonina (136.400; 2.099; 1,33; 65), Eodinium (152.400 2.583; 1,49; 59), Diploplastron (90.000; 3.750; 0,88; 24), Elytroplastron (36.400; 2.275; 0,36; 16), Polyplastron (3.600 1.200; 0,04; 03) e Buetschlia (2.000; 2.000; 0,02; 01). The populations are characterized as type B in 94% of samples.

Sítios de localização de ectoparasitos em Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of ectoparasites on Gallus gallus L., 1758, in freerange chickens from June to October 2001, biweekly collections were accomplished on 25 adult fowls at the farm Boa Vista, district of Santa Bárbara of Tugúrio, state of Minas Gerais. The species identified once their most common sites of distribution were: Ornithonyssus bursa on the legs (59,22%); Menopon gallinae on the breast (52,07%) and thighs (19,92%); Goniocotes gallinae on the breast (60,72%) and thighs (18,26%); Goniodesgigas on the breast (76,29%) and back (21,02%); Lipeurus caponis exclusively on the feathers of the neck, wing and tail, and nymphs of Amblyomma cajennense on the crest and around the eyes (98,03%).

Sítios de localização de ectoparasitos em Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of ectoparasites on Gallus gallus L., 1758, in freerange chickens from June to October 2001, biweekly collections were accomplished on 25 adult fowls at the farm Boa Vista, district of Santa Bárbara of Tugúrio, state of Minas Gerais. The species identified once their most common sites of distribution were: Ornithonyssus bursa on the legs (59,22%); Menopon gallinae on the breast (52,07%) and thighs (19,92%); Goniocotes gallinae on the breast (60,72%) and thighs (18,26%); Goniodesgigas on the breast (76,29%) and back (21,02%); Lipeurus caponis exclusively on the feathers of the neck, wing and tail, and nymphs of Amblyomma cajennense on the crest and around the eyes (98,03%).