Resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico / Metabolic response to surgical trauma

Os efeitos do trauma cirúrgico no organismo, os quais são amplamente estudados pela medicina humana e veterinária, resultam em uma complexa resposta neuroendócrina e imunológica, desencadeadas para restabelecer a homeostase e preservar a vida. A resposta metabólica ao trauma é caracterizada pelo aumento da secreção de hormônios hipofisários, ativação do sistema nervoso simpático e secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Essa resposta tem por objetivo manter a perfusão tecidual, controlar a proliferação de microrganismos e mobilizar substratos para garantir a integridade das funções celulares e promover reparação tecidual. Diferentes fatores podem influenciar a intensidade da resposta do organismo ao trauma, incluindo magnitude e duração dos estímulos, enfermidades ou eventos traumáticos pré-existentes, protocolos anestésicos e técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas. Respostas metabólicas exacerbadas ocasionam complicações pós-operatórias, tempo prolongado de recuperação dos pacientes e óbito. Através da identificação dos principais eventos relacionados à resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, é possível atuar de forma a reduzir os danos associados, melhorando a qualidade e minimizando os riscos do período pós-operatório. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão descrevendo a fisiopatologia e as consequências da resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, em suas diferentes formas e origens, no período perioperatório.

The effects of surgical trauma on the organism, which are widely studied by human and veterinary medicine, result in a complex neuroendocrine and immune responses triggered to restore homeostasis and preserve life. The metabolic response to trauma is characterized by increased secretion of hypophyseal hormones, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This response aims to maintain tissue perfusion, control the proliferation of microorganisms, and mobilize substrates to ensure the integrity of cellular functions and promote tissue repair. Different factors can influence the intensity of the organism's response to trauma, including magnitude and duration of stimuli, pre-existing infirmities or traumas, anaesthetic protocols, and surgical techniques applied. Exacerbated metabolic responses can cause post-operative complications, prolonged recovery time, and death. By identifying the main events related to the metabolic response to surgical trauma, it is possible to act to reduce the associated damages, improving quality and minimizing the risks of the postoperative period. Thus, the present paper aims to present a review describing the physiopathology and the consequences of the metabolic response to surgical trauma, in its different forms and origins, in the perioperative period.

Comparison of two different vinblastine dosages for treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumor in dogs

Background: Mast cell tumors (MCT) are among the most common malignant cutaneous neoplasm in dogs with variable biologic behavior and remain a therapeutic challenge in high-grade cases. Surgery remains the primary treatment for canine MCT; however, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are commonly used to treat aggressive cases. The combination of vinblastine (VBL) at a dose of 2 mg/m² and prednisone is the classically described protocol for MCT treatment. Studies have shown the safety of higher VBL doses for dogs with MCT, but there is a lack of information regarding dose intensity and outcome as a goal after chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a higher dose of VBL on MCT treatment outcome. Materials, Methods & Results: This was an observational and comparative study conducted in two different Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Client-owned dogs with histopathological diagnosis of grade II or III MCT were selected and underwent at least four chemotherapy sessions with VBL and prednisone. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 18 dogs that received a dose of 3 mg/m² VBL treated in one institution. The control group (CG) included 31 dogs that received a dose of 2 mg/m² VBL treated at the other institution. All dogs treated in both groups had a clinical and complete blood count (CBC) evaluation performed previous the start of chemotherapy (T0) and before each weekly treatment (T1, T2, T3, and T4). After treatment, dogs in both groups were followed-up for the recurrence rate and overall survival time after diagnosis. There was no significant difference in clinical variables between EG and CG. During treatment, dogs of EG showed a significant reduction in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values between T0 and T1, T2, T3, and T4 (P < 0.001). Comparatively, the CG showed significant reduction in hemoglobin (P = 0.02) and total leucocytes (P = 0.001) values in the same period. Despite these findings, these hematological...

Electrochemotherapy associated with calcium electroporation in metastatic feline cutaneous malignant melanoma

Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel therapeutic treatment that has been studied for cancer due to itsselective killing cancer cells by necrosis and danger signals. Besides that, electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment that involves the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by delivery of electrical pulses to thetumor. The combination with ECT and CaEP has been reported in literature suggesting that additional response of immunesystem could have been enhanced by electroporation with calcium. This case, report on the successful treatment with CaEPcombined with ECT for treatment of a regional metastasis in a feline model of malignant melanoma.Case: A 9-year-old, mixed breed cat was referred to the veterinary clinic with a 2-month history of cutaneous peripalpebralplaque lesion (0.19 cm³) and a submandibular lymph node enlargement (0.5 cm³). Incisional biopsy of the cutaneous lesionand fine-needle aspiration of submandibular lymph node confirmed a cutaneous melanoma with submandibular lymph nodemetastasis. Tumor staging was set in T1N1M0 according to WHO staging criteria. ECT for the primary lesion and lymphnode metastasis was proposed. For the ECT, bleomycin (15,000 UI/m²) application was performed intravenous followedby electroporation (8 pulses of 100 μs at 1000 V/cm, and 1 Hz) using a needle array electrode consisted of two parallelrows with six needles in each row. At 28-day post-ECT complete remission of the primary tumor and metastatic foci wasachieved. However, 120 days after ECT, recurrence was observed in submandibular and retropharyngeal...

Electrochemotherapy associated with calcium electroporation in metastatic feline cutaneous malignant melanoma

Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel therapeutic treatment that has been studied for cancer due to itsselective killing cancer cells by necrosis and danger signals. Besides that, electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment that involves the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by delivery of electrical pulses to thetumor. The combination with ECT and CaEP has been reported in literature suggesting that additional response of immunesystem could have been enhanced by electroporation with calcium. This case, report on the successful treatment with CaEPcombined with ECT for treatment of a regional metastasis in a feline model of malignant melanoma.Case: A 9-year-old, mixed breed cat was referred to the veterinary clinic with a 2-month history of cutaneous peripalpebralplaque lesion (0.19 cm³) and a submandibular lymph node enlargement (0.5 cm³). Incisional biopsy of the cutaneous lesionand fine-needle aspiration of submandibular lymph node confirmed a cutaneous melanoma with submandibular lymph nodemetastasis. Tumor staging was set in T1N1M0 according to WHO staging criteria. ECT for the primary lesion and lymphnode metastasis was proposed. For the ECT, bleomycin (15,000 UI/m²) application was performed intravenous followedby electroporation (8 pulses of 100 μs at 1000 V/cm, and 1 Hz) using a needle array electrode consisted of two parallelrows with six needles in each row. At 28-day post-ECT complete remission of the primary tumor and metastatic foci wasachieved. However, 120 days after ECT, recurrence was observed in submandibular and retropharyngeal...(AU)

Cranioplasty using autologous fasciae latae graft for nasal bone fracture repair in a dog

Background: In facial reconstruction, several kinds of grafts can be used, like bone grafting, cutaneous grafting, biological membranes, fasciae latae, biomaterials, and others. The advantage of using fasciae latae in the tissue reparation is the need of little blood supply, making it a viable option in the restoration of biological functions. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a female poodle, 12-year-old, and with subcutaneous emphysema due to fracture of the nasal bone, submitted to cranioplasty using fasciae latae. Case: It was attended a 12-year-old female poodle due to a traumatic brain injury. At physical examination, the animal had presented facial swelling and respiratory distress with inspiratory effort. Additionally, were verified subcutaneous emphysema and a depression in the nasal plane region with crepitus on palpation. Radiographic examinations revealed nasal bone and maxilla fractures. The animal was submitted to cranioplasty for nasal bone fracture repair. To access the nasal bone and frontal sinus was performed an incision in the dorsal midline from the level of medial orbital rim to the nasal plane. The subcutaneous tissue was divulsioned to allow the exposure of the nasal bone fracture, whose small fragments prevented the internal fixation. The bone defect was then repaired using free autologous fasciae latae of 2 cm wide x 3 cm long, sutured to the periosteum. Subcutaneous emphysema gradually decreased until its resolution at three days postoperatively. The surgical wound had complete healing at 10 days after surgery without concomitant complications. Discussion: The choice of the reconstructive technique is based on the operative planning and the surgeons experience. In the present case we opted for the autologous fasciae latae graft since its ready availability and lesser predisposition to immunogenic sensibilization and rejection.[…](AU)

Cranioplasty using autologous fasciae latae graft for nasal bone fracture repair in a dog

Background: In facial reconstruction, several kinds of grafts can be used, like bone grafting, cutaneous grafting, biological membranes, fasciae latae, biomaterials, and others. The advantage of using fasciae latae in the tissue reparation is the need of little blood supply, making it a viable option in the restoration of biological functions. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a female poodle, 12-year-old, and with subcutaneous emphysema due to fracture of the nasal bone, submitted to cranioplasty using fasciae latae. Case: It was attended a 12-year-old female poodle due to a traumatic brain injury. At physical examination, the animal had presented facial swelling and respiratory distress with inspiratory effort. Additionally, were verified subcutaneous emphysema and a depression in the nasal plane region with crepitus on palpation. Radiographic examinations revealed nasal bone and maxilla fractures. The animal was submitted to cranioplasty for nasal bone fracture repair. To access the nasal bone and frontal sinus was performed an incision in the dorsal midline from the level of medial orbital rim to the nasal plane. The subcutaneous tissue was divulsioned to allow the exposure of the nasal bone fracture, whose small fragments prevented the internal fixation. The bone defect was then repaired using free autologous fasciae latae of 2 cm wide x 3 cm long, sutured to the periosteum. Subcutaneous emphysema gradually decreased until its resolution at three days postoperatively. The surgical wound had complete healing at 10 days after surgery without concomitant complications. Discussion: The choice of the reconstructive technique is based on the operative planning and the surgeon’s experience. In the present case we opted for the autologous fasciae latae graft since its ready availability and lesser predisposition to immunogenic sensibilization and rejection.[…]

Intermuscular Lipoma in Dogs

Background: Lipoma is a benign tumor composed of mature adipose tissue commonly found in subcutaneous tissues. However, eventually, lipomas may be located between the muscle fasciae being classified as intermuscular lipomas. Complete surgical resection of the tumor mass is indicated as a treatment of affected patients.This report describes five cases of intermuscular lipoma in dogs, due to the scarcity of data in the literature and lipoma relative importance in the clinical and surgical routine. Case: Five dogs were presented with a history of a large volume in the limbs with progressive growth, suggesting the presence of neoplasia. The first step was to conduct anamnesis, when the owner reported slow growth, absence of pain, limping and licking of site. No other change was observed upon physical examination. Complete blood count (CBC) as well as liver assessment (FA) and renal (creatinine) were performed in all patients, and the results showed no changes. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed and showed cells from adipose tissue, followed by histopathological examination of the lesions. Histopathological examination after incisional biopsy of the tumors showed malignancy-free tissue, composed of adipocytes without atypia, interspersed with fibrovascular stroma, confirming the lipoma diagnosis. Intermuscular lipomas were diagnosed in five dogs with a history of a [...]

Intermuscular Lipoma in Dogs

Background: Lipoma is a benign tumor composed of mature adipose tissue commonly found in subcutaneous tissues. However, eventually, lipomas may be located between the muscle fasciae being classified as intermuscular lipomas. Complete surgical resection of the tumor mass is indicated as a treatment of affected patients.This report describes five cases of intermuscular lipoma in dogs, due to the scarcity of data in the literature and lipoma relative importance in the clinical and surgical routine. Case: Five dogs were presented with a history of a large volume in the limbs with progressive growth, suggesting the presence of neoplasia. The first step was to conduct anamnesis, when the owner reported slow growth, absence of pain, limping and licking of site. No other change was observed upon physical examination. Complete blood count (CBC) as well as liver assessment (FA) and renal (creatinine) were performed in all patients, and the results showed no changes. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed and showed cells from adipose tissue, followed by histopathological examination of the lesions. Histopathological examination after incisional biopsy of the tumors showed malignancy-free tissue, composed of adipocytes without atypia, interspersed with fibrovascular stroma, confirming the lipoma diagnosis. Intermuscular lipomas were diagnosed in five dogs with a history of a [...](AU)

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...](AU)

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...]

Gastropatia pilórica hipertrófica crônica secundária à gastrite linfoplasmocitária em cão: relato de caso / Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy secundary to lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in a dog: case report / Gastropatía pilórica hipertrófica crónica secundaria a gastritis linfoplasmocitária en un perro: reporte de caso

A gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica é o termo que se refere à hipertrofia pilórica sem especificar se a camada mucosa e/ou muscular estão envolvidas. O presente trabalho relata um caso de gastropatia hipertrófica crônica secundária à gastrite linfoplasmocitária em um cão. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através de celiotomia exploratória e análise histopatológica e o tratamento instituído através de piloroplastia, bem como terapia imunosupressora foram fundamentais para a melhora clínica significativa do paciente.

The gastropathy chronic hypertrophic pyloric is a term that refers to hypertrophic pyloric without specifying the mucous layer and / or muscle are involved. This paper reports a case of hypertrophic gastropathy secondary to chronic lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in a dog. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and histopathological analysis and the treatment by pyloroplasty, as well as immunosuppressive therapy have been fundamental to the clinical improvement of the patient.

La gastropatía hipertrófica del píloro crónica es un término que se refiere a hipertrofia pilórica sin especificar la capa mucosa y / o músculos que esten involucrados. Se presenta el caso de gastropatía hipertrófica secundaria a gastritis crónica linfoplasmacítica en un perro. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por el análisis exploratorio de laparotomía y histopatológico y el tratamiento por piloroplastia, así como la terapia inmunosupresora han sido fundamental para la mejoría clínica del paciente.

T-cell lymphoma in the tongue of a dog with cutaneous and striated forelimb muscle involvement / Linfoma de células T em língua de cão com envolvimento cutâneo e de musculatura estriada de membro torácico

Background: Primary tongue tumors rarely affect dogs and correspond to 4% of tumors involving the oropharynx. Until now, primary tongue lymphoma had not been reported. However, lymphoma involvement in the skeletal muscle, although quite unusual, was described in the literature in four cases. Cutaneous lymphoma is another rare extranodal manifestation. The objective of this report is to describe a case of T immunophenotype lymphoma occurrence, whose manifestation is atypical, not only because it is situated in the tongue muscle but also because of the subsequent involvement of the striated musculature of the left forelimb and the skin, which showed unfavorable evolution. Case: A female seven-year-old mongrel was seen showing a regular lump in the base of the tongue, 3 cm in diameter, not ulcerated and of firm consistency, with halitosis as the only clinical sign of the disease. Incisional biopsy of the lump was performed and histopathology verified that it was large cell lymphoma. The material was sent for immunohistochemical evaluation and was characterized as T immunophenotype lymphoma by positive CD3 and negative CD79a marking. The CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) chemotherapy protocol was established as treatment and after the first chemotherapy session there was partial remission of the mass, measuring 2 cm in diameter. The lump, however...(AU)

Associação entre a imunoterapia intravesical e quimioterapia antineoplásica no tratamento de carcinoma urotelial em vesícula urinária de cão / Association between intravesical immunotherapy and antineoplastic chemotherapy in treatment of the urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dog / Asociación entre inmunoterapia intravesical y quimioterapia antineoplásica en tratamiento del carcinoma urotelial de vejiga urinaria en perro

O carcinoma urotelial, embora de ocorrência rara, é a neoplasia mais comum da vesícula urinária de cães. A terapia intravesical com o Bacilo de Calmette-Guérin, BCG é utilizada em carcinomas vesicais humanos com boa resposta, porém é pouco descrita em cães. O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma cadela, sem raça definida, com 10 anos de idade, portadora de carcinoma urotelial em vesícula urinária tratada com associação de quimioterapia antineoplásica, inibidor de COX-2 e BCG intravesical. O uso da imunoterapia proporcionou resultados satisfatórios, pois, enquanto administrado na paciente, interrompeu a progressão tumoral e o desenvolvimento de metástases. Trata-se, portanto, de uma modalidade promissora no controle de neoplasias.

The urothelial carcinoma although rare, is the most common neoplasm of the urinary bladder in dogs. Local therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin, BCG, is used in human bladder carcinomas with a good response, but is rarely described in dogs. This work reports a case of a mixed breed bitch, 10 years old, with an urothelial carcinoma treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy, COX-2 inhibitors and intravesical BCG. The use of immunotherapy showed satisfactory results in the patient, then stopped tumor progression and metastasis. It is, therefore, a promising method for the control of neoplasms.

El carcinoma urotelial aunque raro, es la neoplasia más frecuente de la vejiga urinaria en los perros. La terapia intravesical con bacilo Calmette-Guerin, BCG, se utiliza en los carcinomas de vejiga humanos, con buenos resultados, pero es algo poco descrito en perros. Este estudio reporta el caso de un perro, mestizo, de 10 años, que sufre de carcinoma urotelial de vejiga urinaria tratada en asociación con la quimioterapia antineoplásica, la COX 2-y BCG. El uso de la inmunoterapia ha generado resultados satisfactorios, ya que, como se administra en el paciente, interrumpe la progresión tumoral y la metástasis. Por lo tanto, es un método promisor para el control de neoplasias.

T-cell lymphoma in the tongue of a dog with cutaneous and striated forelimb muscle involvement / Linfoma de células T em língua de cão com envolvimento cutâneo e de musculatura estriada de membro torácico

Background: Primary tongue tumors rarely affect dogs and correspond to 4% of tumors involving the oropharynx. Until now, primary tongue lymphoma had not been reported. However, lymphoma involvement in the skeletal muscle, although quite unusual, was described in the literature in four cases. Cutaneous lymphoma is another rare extranodal manifestation. The objective of this report is to describe a case of T immunophenotype lymphoma occurrence, whose manifestation is atypical, not only because it is situated in the tongue muscle but also because of the subsequent involvement of the striated musculature of the left forelimb and the skin, which showed unfavorable evolution. Case: A female seven-year-old mongrel was seen showing a regular lump in the base of the tongue, 3 cm in diameter, not ulcerated and of firm consistency, with halitosis as the only clinical sign of the disease. Incisional biopsy of the lump was performed and histopathology verified that it was large cell lymphoma. The material was sent for immunohistochemical evaluation and was characterized as T immunophenotype lymphoma by positive CD3 and negative CD79a marking. The CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) chemotherapy protocol was established as treatment and after the first chemotherapy session there was partial remission of the mass, measuring 2 cm in diameter. The lump, however...

Utilização de retalho de padrão subdérmico para correção de extensa lesão em face de cão: relato de caso / Pattem flap subdermal used in extensive lesion correction in dog face - case report / Subdérmico colgajo la extensa corrección de la lesión en la cara de perro - presentación de un caso

Feridas são caracterizadas pela interrupção da continuidade normal de um tecido orgânico. O fechamento e a reconstrução da ferida devem objetivar o retorno do paciente à sua atividade normal o mais rapidamente possível. As técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutivas incluem os enxertos e os retalhos de padrão subdérmico e axial. O objetivo deste artigo foi o de relatar a utilização de um retalho de padrão subdérmico para correção de uma extensa lesão em face de cão, estimulando os cirurgiões veterinários a se especializarem para utilizar as técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutiva em sua prática clínica, minimizando o tempo de pós-operatório. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário, um cão da raça Poodle, macho, 13 anos, 7 kg, atacado a menos de uma hora por um cão da raça Rottweiller. Devido à gravidade, extensão e ao pouco tempo do acontecimento da lesão, foi decidido pela correção da ferida naquele momento. O retalho utilizado para a reconstrução da lesão foi o de padrão subdérmico, sendo realizada a transposição do mesmo a partir da região cervical do lado direito. Após sete dias do procedimento, a extremidade do retalho apresentou-se com coloração enegrecida, porém, sem secreção purulenta. O processo de necrose se estendeu por mais cinco dias sendo então o paciente submetido a um novo procedimento cirúrgico para debridamento da ferida. Com a remoção da crosta iniciou o tratamento da ferida aberta com sulfadiazina de prata a 2,5% até a formação de tecido de granulação e início da retração das bordas, sendo neste momento substituída por outra a base de Aloe Vera e Propólis, que foi mantida até o término do fechamento da lesão. As trocas de bandagens compressivas foram realizadas a cada 12 horas durante 35 dias. Conclui-se que a técnica de correção utilizando o retalho de padrão subdérmico foi efetiva, porém por ser um modelo subdérmico sem presença de artéria e veia na sua constituição [...] (AU)

Wounds are characterized by disruption of the normal continuity of an organic tissue. The closure and wound reconstruction must objectify the patient's return to normal activity as soon as possible. Reconstructive surgery techniques include grafts and flaps standard the subdermal and axial. The aim of this article was to report the use of a standard retail subdermal to correct an extensive injury in dog face, encouraging veterinary surgeons to specialize to use the techniques of reconstructive surgery in clinical practice, minimizing the time postoperative. It was the Veterinary Hospital, a dog of the Poodle, male, 13, 7 kg, wholesale less than an hour for a Rottweiller dog race. Due to the severity, extent and soon after the event of injury, it was decided by the wound correction at the time. The flap used for the reconstruction of the lesion was the subdermal standard, being held transposition of the same from the cervical region of the right side. After seven days of the procedure, the end of the flap presented with blackish color, but without purulent discharge. The necrotic process was extended by another five days and then the patient undergoing a new surgical procedure for wound debridement. With the crust removal began the treatment of open wound with silver sulphadiazine 2.5% by the formation of granulation tissue and contraction of the top edges, and this time replaced with another base Aloe Vera and propolis, which was maintained until the end of the closing of the injury. Exchanges of compressive bandages was done each 12 hours for 35 days. It is concluded that the correction technique using the standard retail subdermal was effective, but to be a subdermal model without the presence of artery and vein in its constitution presented to post-surgical complications, so it is recommended in such cases to institute alternative treatment open wounds.(AU)

Las heridas se caracterizan por la ruptura de la continuidad normal de un tejido orgánico. El cierre de la herida y la reconstrucción debe objetivar el retorno del paciente a sus actividades normales tan pronto como sea posible. Las técnicas de cirugía reconstructiva incluyen injertos y colgajos estándar de la subdérmico y axial. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el uso de un subdérmico de venta estándar para corregir una lesión extensa en la cara del perro, el fomento de los veterinarios a especializarse para utilizar las técnicas de cirugía reconstructiva en la práctica clínica, minimizando el tiempo después de la operación. Fue el Hospital Veterinario, un perro del caniche, de sexo masculino, 13,7 kg, venta al por menor de una hora para un perro de raza Rottweiller. Debido a la gravedad, alcance y poco después del evento de la lesión, se decidió por la corrección de la herida en el momento. El colgajo se utiliza para la reconstrucción de la lesión era el estándar subdérmica, que se celebra la transposición de la misma de la región cervical del lado derecho. Después de siete días del procedimiento, el extremo de la aleta presenta con color negruzco, pero sin descarga purulenta. El proceso necrótico fue ampliado por otros cinco días y luego el paciente sometido a una nueva intervención quirúrgica para el desbridamiento de heridas. Con la eliminación corteza comenzó el tratamiento de la herida abierta con la plata sulfadiazina de 2,5% en la formación de tejido de granulación y la contracción de los bordes superiores, y esta vez reemplazado con otra base de Aloe Vera y propóleos, que era mantenido hasta el final del cierre de la lesión. Los intercambios de vendajes compresivos se tomaron cada 12 horas durante 35 días. Se concluye que la técnica de corrección utilizando la menor subdérmico norma era eficaz, pero para ser un modelo subdérmico sin la presencia de arteria y vena en su [...] (AU)

Utilização de retalho de padrão subdérmico para correção de extensa lesão em face de cão: relato de caso / Pattem flap subdermal used in extensive lesion correction in dog face - case report / Subdérmico colgajo la extensa corrección de la lesión en la cara de perro - presentación de un caso

Feridas são caracterizadas pela interrupção da continuidade normal de um tecido orgânico. O fechamento e a reconstrução da ferida devem objetivar o retorno do paciente à sua atividade normal o mais rapidamente possível. As técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutivas incluem os enxertos e os retalhos de padrão subdérmico e axial. O objetivo deste artigo foi o de relatar a utilização de um retalho de padrão subdérmico para correção de uma extensa lesão em face de cão, estimulando os cirurgiões veterinários a se especializarem para utilizar as técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutiva em sua prática clínica, minimizando o tempo de pós-operatório. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário, um cão da raça Poodle, macho, 13 anos, 7 kg, atacado a menos de uma hora por um cão da raça Rottweiller. Devido à gravidade, extensão e ao pouco tempo do acontecimento da lesão, foi decidido pela correção da ferida naquele momento. O retalho utilizado para a reconstrução da lesão foi o de padrão subdérmico, sendo realizada a transposição do mesmo a partir da região cervical do lado direito. Após sete dias do procedimento, a extremidade do retalho apresentou-se com coloração enegrecida, porém, sem secreção purulenta. O processo de necrose se estendeu por mais cinco dias sendo então o paciente submetido a um novo procedimento cirúrgico para debridamento da ferida. Com a remoção da crosta iniciou o tratamento da ferida aberta com sulfadiazina de prata a 2,5% até a formação de tecido de granulação e início da retração das bordas, sendo neste momento substituída por outra a base de Aloe Vera e Propólis, que foi mantida até o término do fechamento da lesão. As trocas de bandagens compressivas foram realizadas a cada 12 horas durante 35 dias. Conclui-se que a técnica de correção utilizando o retalho de padrão subdérmico foi efetiva, porém por ser um modelo subdérmico sem presença de artéria e veia na sua constituição [...]

Wounds are characterized by disruption of the normal continuity of an organic tissue. The closure and wound reconstruction must objectify the patient's return to normal activity as soon as possible. Reconstructive surgery techniques include grafts and flaps standard the subdermal and axial. The aim of this article was to report the use of a standard retail subdermal to correct an extensive injury in dog face, encouraging veterinary surgeons to specialize to use the techniques of reconstructive surgery in clinical practice, minimizing the time postoperative. It was the Veterinary Hospital, a dog of the Poodle, male, 13, 7 kg, wholesale less than an hour for a Rottweiller dog race. Due to the severity, extent and soon after the event of injury, it was decided by the wound correction at the time. The flap used for the reconstruction of the lesion was the subdermal standard, being held transposition of the same from the cervical region of the right side. After seven days of the procedure, the end of the flap presented with blackish color, but without purulent discharge. The necrotic process was extended by another five days and then the patient undergoing a new surgical procedure for wound debridement. With the crust removal began the treatment of open wound with silver sulphadiazine 2.5% by the formation of granulation tissue and contraction of the top edges, and this time replaced with another base Aloe Vera and propolis, which was maintained until the end of the closing of the injury. Exchanges of compressive bandages was done each 12 hours for 35 days. It is concluded that the correction technique using the standard retail subdermal was effective, but to be a subdermal model without the presence of artery and vein in its constitution presented to post-surgical complications, so it is recommended in such cases to institute alternative treatment open wounds.

Las heridas se caracterizan por la ruptura de la continuidad normal de un tejido orgánico. El cierre de la herida y la reconstrucción debe objetivar el retorno del paciente a sus actividades normales tan pronto como sea posible. Las técnicas de cirugía reconstructiva incluyen injertos y colgajos estándar de la subdérmico y axial. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el uso de un subdérmico de venta estándar para corregir una lesión extensa en la cara del perro, el fomento de los veterinarios a especializarse para utilizar las técnicas de cirugía reconstructiva en la práctica clínica, minimizando el tiempo después de la operación. Fue el Hospital Veterinario, un perro del caniche, de sexo masculino, 13,7 kg, venta al por menor de una hora para un perro de raza Rottweiller. Debido a la gravedad, alcance y poco después del evento de la lesión, se decidió por la corrección de la herida en el momento. El colgajo se utiliza para la reconstrucción de la lesión era el estándar subdérmica, que se celebra la transposición de la misma de la región cervical del lado derecho. Después de siete días del procedimiento, el extremo de la aleta presenta con color negruzco, pero sin descarga purulenta. El proceso necrótico fue ampliado por otros cinco días y luego el paciente sometido a una nueva intervención quirúrgica para el desbridamiento de heridas. Con la eliminación corteza comenzó el tratamiento de la herida abierta con la plata sulfadiazina de 2,5% en la formación de tejido de granulación y la contracción de los bordes superiores, y esta vez reemplazado con otra base de Aloe Vera y propóleos, que era mantenido hasta el final del cierre de la lesión. Los intercambios de vendajes compresivos se tomaron cada 12 horas durante 35 días. Se concluye que la técnica de corrección utilizando la menor subdérmico norma era eficaz, pero para ser un modelo subdérmico sin la presencia de arteria y vena en su [...]

Emprego de plasma rico em plaquetas em retalho de padrão axial da artéria genicular medial em cão: relato de caso / Use of platelet rich plasma in axial pattern flap of medial genicular artery in dog: case report / El uso de plasma rico en plaquetas en la solapa de la arteria geniculado medial en un perro: un informe de caso

As feridas de pele apresentam alta prevalência no atendimento clínico de pequenos animais, incluindo lesões provenientes de traumatismo, além de defeitos extensos decorrentes da ressecção de neoplasias. Porém problemas relacionados com a neovascularização em procedimentos cirúrgicos como presença de necrose podem estar presentes. Deste modo, o emprego do plasma rico em plaquetas em cirurgias reconstrutivas é indicado por favorecer a integração do retalho no leito receptor por meio da estimulação da angiogênese, bem como a reduzir a necrose na extremidade dos retalhos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de emprego de plasma rico em plaquetas em retalho de padrão axial da artéria genicular medial na correção de defeitos extenso proveniente da ressecção de neoplasia em cão. Os resultados evidenciam que a utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo em cirurgia reconstrutiva favoreceu a integração do retalho no leito receptor reduzindo a ocorrência de necrose na extremidade dos retalhos.(AU)

Skin wounds present high prevalence in the clinical care of small animals, including injuries from trauma, as well as extensive defects resulting from resection of tumors. However, problems related to neovascularization in surgical procedures such as the presence of necrosis may be present. Thus, the use of platelet rich plasma in reconstructive surgeries is indicated by favoring the integration of the flap in the recipient bed by stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as reducing necrosis at the end of the flaps. This paper aims to report a case of use of platelet rich plasma in the axial pattern of the medial genicular artery in the correction of extensive defects resulting from the resection of neoplasia in dogs. The results evidenced that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma in reconstructive surgery favored the integration of the flap in the receptor bed reducing the presence of necrosis at the end of the flaps.(AU)

Las heridas de piel presentan elevada prevalencia durante la atención clínica de pequeños animales e incluyen lesiones secundarias por trauma y defectos extensos posteriores a escisión de tumores. Por lo tanto, pueden presentarse alteraciones de neovascularización y posterior presencia de necrosis tras la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos; por esta razón, se indica el uso de plasma rico en plaquetas durante la cirugía reconstructiva para favorecer la integración del colgajo con el lecho receptor estimulando la angiogénesis y reduciendo la presencia de necrosis en el extremo de los colgajos. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo relatar un caso mediante el uso de patrón axial de la arteria genicular medial asociado al uso de plasma rico en plaquetas para corregir un defecto extenso tras la resección quirúrgica de una neoplasia. Los resultados demostraron que la utilización de plasma rico en plaquetas autólogo favoreció la integración del colgajo sobre el lecho receptor, reduciendo la necrosis en el extremo distal del colgajo.(AU)

Emprego de plasma rico em plaquetas em retalho de padrão axial da artéria genicular medial em cão: relato de caso / Use of platelet rich plasma in axial pattern flap of medial genicular artery in dog: case report / El uso de plasma rico en plaquetas en la solapa de la arteria geniculado medial en un perro: un informe de caso

As feridas de pele apresentam alta prevalência no atendimento clínico de pequenos animais, incluindo lesões provenientes de traumatismo, além de defeitos extensos decorrentes da ressecção de neoplasias. Porém problemas relacionados com a neovascularização em procedimentos cirúrgicos como presença de necrose podem estar presentes. Deste modo, o emprego do plasma rico em plaquetas em cirurgias reconstrutivas é indicado por favorecer a integração do retalho no leito receptor por meio da estimulação da angiogênese, bem como a reduzir a necrose na extremidade dos retalhos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de emprego de plasma rico em plaquetas em retalho de padrão axial da artéria genicular medial na correção de defeitos extenso proveniente da ressecção de neoplasia em cão. Os resultados evidenciam que a utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo em cirurgia reconstrutiva favoreceu a integração do retalho no leito receptor reduzindo a ocorrência de necrose na extremidade dos retalhos.

Skin wounds present high prevalence in the clinical care of small animals, including injuries from trauma, as well as extensive defects resulting from resection of tumors. However, problems related to neovascularization in surgical procedures such as the presence of necrosis may be present. Thus, the use of platelet rich plasma in reconstructive surgeries is indicated by favoring the integration of the flap in the recipient bed by stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as reducing necrosis at the end of the flaps. This paper aims to report a case of use of platelet rich plasma in the axial pattern of the medial genicular artery in the correction of extensive defects resulting from the resection of neoplasia in dogs. The results evidenced that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma in reconstructive surgery favored the integration of the flap in the receptor bed reducing the presence of necrosis at the end of the flaps.

Las heridas de piel presentan elevada prevalencia durante la atención clínica de pequeños animales e incluyen lesiones secundarias por trauma y defectos extensos posteriores a escisión de tumores. Por lo tanto, pueden presentarse alteraciones de neovascularización y posterior presencia de necrosis tras la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos; por esta razón, se indica el uso de plasma rico en plaquetas durante la cirugía reconstructiva para favorecer la integración del colgajo con el lecho receptor estimulando la angiogénesis y reduciendo la presencia de necrosis en el extremo de los colgajos. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo relatar un caso mediante el uso de patrón axial de la arteria genicular medial asociado al uso de plasma rico en plaquetas para corregir un defecto extenso tras la resección quirúrgica de una neoplasia. Los resultados demostraron que la utilización de plasma rico en plaquetas autólogo favoreció la integración del colgajo sobre el lecho receptor, reduciendo la necrosis en el extremo distal del colgajo.

Neuropatia paraneoplásica associada ao mastocitoma canino / Paraneoplastic neuropathy associated with canine mast cell tumor

As síndromes paraneoplásicas compreendem um grupo diverso de alterações clínicas associadas a neoplasias e ocorrem em sítios distantes do tumor primário ou de suas metástases. As neuropatias paraneoplásicas são distúrbios raros em cães, mas representam morbidade significativa e servem como importantes indicadores diagnósticos e prognósticos. O presente trabalho relata a ocorrência de dois casos de neuropatia paraneoplásica em cães com mastocitoma, considerando a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico e as formas de tratamento utilizadas.(AU)

Paraneoplastic syndromes comprise a diverse group of clinical anomalies associated with neoplasias and occur in a location distant from the primary tumor or of your metastasis. Paraneoplastic neuropathy are rare disturbs in dogs, but represent significant morbidity and are useful as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. This work report the occurrence of two cases of paraneoplastic neuropathy in dogs with mast cell tumor, considering the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment used.(AU)

Calcinose circunscrita em um cão da raça Americam Pit Bull Terrier / Calcinosis Circumscripta in a American Pit Bull Terrier dog

A calcinose circunscrita é uma calcifi cação ou mineralização ectópica referente à deposição de saiscálcio e minerais como ferro e magnésio em tecidos moles não osteóides, órgãos parenquimatosos, vasos, pleuras e meninges. Relata-se que sua etiologia é desconhecida. Acredita-se que o depósito de cálcio pode ser distrófi co, tendo em vista que as lesões ocorrem mais frequentemente sobre os pontosde pressão ou locais de trauma anterior, como foi observado neste caso. Tendo em vista a baixa incidência deste processo patológico em pequenos animais, o presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar os principais fatores envolvidos na etiopatogenia da calcinose circunscrita, suas classifi cações, meios diagnóstico, tratamento e relatar um caso de calcinose circunscrita distrófi ca em um cão macho da raça American Pit Bull Terrier(AU)

The calcinosis circunscripta is an ectopic calcifi cation or mineralization caused by deposition of calcium salts and minerals, such as iron and magnesium in non-osteoid soft tissues, parenchymatous organs, vessels, pleurae and meninges. It has been reported to present unknown etiology. It is believed that the calcium deposits may be distrophi since the lesions occur, most commonly, on pressure points or sites of previous trauma, as observed in this case. The lesion is non-neoplastic, and recurrence is uncommom after surgical excision. Considering the low rates of this pathologic process in smallanimals, this study aims to review the main factors involved in the etiopathogeny of the calcinosiscircumscripta, its classifi cations, ways of diagnosing and treatment; and to report a case of dystrophic calcinosis circumscripta in a male American Pit Bull Terrier(AU)