Kinetic vitrification: concepts and perspectives in animal sperm cryopreservation

Sperm cryopreservation is an important tool for genetic diversity management programs and the conservation of endangered breeds and species. The most widely used method of sperm conservation is slow freezing, however, during the process, sperm cells suffer from cryoinjury, which reduces their viability and fertility rates. One of the alternatives to slow freezing is vitrification, that consist on rapid freezing, in which viable cells undergo glass-like solidification. This technology requires large concentrations of permeable cryoprotectants (P- CPA's) which increase the viscosity of the medium to prevent intracellular ice formation during cooling and warming, obtaining successful results in vitrification of oocytes and embryos. Unfortunately, this technology failed when applied to vitrification of sperm due to its higher sensitivity to increasing concentrations of P-CPAs. Alternatively, a technique termed 'kinetic sperm vitrification' has been used and consists in a technique of permeant cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation by direct plunging of a sperm suspension into liquid nitrogen. Some of the advantages of kinetic vitrification are the speed of execution and no rate-controlled equipment required. This technique has been used successfully and with better results for motility in human (50-70% motility recovery), dog (42%), fish (82%) and donkey (21.7%). However, more studies are required to improve sperm viability after devitrification, especially when it comes to motility recovery. The objective of this review is to present the principles of kinetic vitrification, the main findings in the literature, and the perspectives for the utilization of this technique as a cryopreservation method.(AU)

Eletrocussão em Preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - abordagem clínica e cirúrgica / Electrocution in a sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - clinical and surgical approach

Background: High voltage electric shock causes serious injury to the body, which can lead to a fatal condition. Sloths are commonly the target of this type of accident and factors such as the degree of tissue impairment and late medical care can contribute to the death of the animal or the indication of euthanasia. In this way, the present study aims to describe the treatment strategies in Choloepus didactylus victim of high voltage electrocution. Case: A female sloth weighing 6.15 kg was treated at the Wild Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital (HV-SAS) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) victim of high voltage electric shock with burn on the right side face, stomatitis, glossitis, lesions extensive and bullous lesions in the thoracic and pelvic limbs, in addition to an open fracture in the radioulnar joint of the left limb with signs of necrosis. After patient stabilization (fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, pain control, cleaning and wound dressing), the patient was transfered to the impatient room. The main treatment strategies adopted were surgery, drug therapy, food and occupational therapy. The day after the patient's arrival, the amputation of the left thoracic limb was performed. On the third day of hospitalization, the right thoracic and pelvic limbs were also amputated, and on the tenth day, debridement of the right lateral face was performed. As for drug therapy, the following drugs were used postoperatively: ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg, BID, for 47 days), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, BID, for 4 days), silymarin (15 mg/kg, BID, for 30 days), morphine (0.4 mg/kg, BID, for 14 days; 0.8 mg/kg, SID, for 22 days) and dressing wounds on the lateral face and surgical stumps with ointment of collagenase with chloramphenicol. In food management, the animal had good acceptance of a mixture of fruits, vegetables and animal protein in a pasty presentation. The treatment by occupational therapy included basic care such as exercising, sunbathing, and desensitizing the surgical stumps (massage therapy). In conclusion, after five months, the therapeutic protocol implemented resulted in the clinical improvement of the animal, as it allowed the complete healing of the lesions on the face and surgical stumps. In addition, the care taken with the surgical stumps allowed the animal to use them as support for its locomotion. Discussion: Amputation and debridement surgeries were effective in treating electrocuted patients and should be considered when tissue is compromised, which justifies the surgical protocol adopted in this study. They were based on reports in humans, since in wild animals, although many are victims of this type of trauma, little is known about the appropriate therapeutic approach for each species. Surgical interventions associated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone were efficient for controlling the infection, since this antibiotic has a broad spectrum of activity, being used mainly in skin and soft tissue and/or bone infections, which justified its use in that patient. As for nutritional therapy, supplementation with animal protein may have contributed to the clinical improvement of the animal, since they are excellent components for tissue recovery in patients who suffered losses from burns caused by electric shocks. Stump desensitization is indicated as a treatment for neuropathic pain in amputees, and in the present study, it was essential for the animal to use the limb for locomotion. The exercises in a grassy area associated with sunbathing added as a stimulus to the patient's movement.

Hydronephrosis in a bitch with ovarian remnant syndrome - postsurgical complications

Background: Elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) is minimally invasive, but when performed incorrectly, it can lead to postsurgical complications, such as stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome and foci of adhesion generated by tissue reactions to threads and materials used in vessel hemostasis. The formation of adhesions and successive surgeries predisposes patients to other diseases, such as ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Thus, we reported a case of hydronephrosis in a bitch submitted to conventional OH, followed by ovariectomy (OV) due to ovarian remnant syndrome and consequent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by successive surgical interventions. Case: A 11-year-old mixed breed medium size bitch with a history of stump pyometra and ovarian remnant syndrome (SOR) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital-HV of UFPA after 2 previous surgeries. It had been spayed using conventional OH and underwent ovariectomy OV approximately 4 years ago, as it showed signs of estrus after the first surgery, characterizing SOR. On physical examination, its abdomen was distended especially in the left hemiabdomen, with no palpable pain. Ultrasonography showed a cavity in the topographic area of the left kidney, with anechoic content, thin walls, and defined contour. There were nonvascularized tubular structures, suggesting hydroureter and severe hydronephrosis. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, showing the intense presence of abdominal adhesions, followed by an incision in the abdominal midline from the xiphoid process in a caudal direction to the pubis, thereby showing the left kidney. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule only was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, renal parenchymal atrophy and preservation of the renal capsule only was adopted. Discussion: The choice of the conventional OH technique, followed by the failure to perform, favored the formation of adhesions only diagnosed late. Less invasive alternatives achieved less long-term damage. Excessive intracavitary manipulation and reaction to the nylon suture thread favored the development of these adhesions, and consequently, unilateral obstruction of the left ureter, hydroureter, hypertrophy, and destruction of the renal parenchyma, led the patient to undergo a third surgery, namely, unilateral nephrectomy. In this case, no changes were observed in serum levels, leaving only a subtle abdominal enlargement with hydronephrosis installed silently. There was no possibility of carrying out initial surgical planning, as the affected kidney, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes.

Birds of prey pellet analysis: morphometry and consumption interval of captive Accipitridae species / Análise de pelotas de aves de rapina: morfometria e intervalo de consumoem espécies da família Accipitridae em cativeiro

Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.

Birds of prey pellet analysis: morphometry and consumption interval of captive Accipitridae species / Análise de pelotas de aves de rapina: morfometria e intervalo de consumoem espécies da família Accipitridae em cativeiro

Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.(AU)

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.(AU)

Estudo preliminar da morfometria da cabeça espermática do macaco-de-cheiro de vida livre / Preliminary study of the spermatic head morphometry of free living Ecuadorian Squirrel Monkey

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the head morphometry of normal and pathological sperm from Saimiri macrodon. In the morphological analysis, 39% of the sperm had normal morphology, and 61% had major or minor defects, with pathology in the tails being the most frequent with 47% (38% curled tail, 7% folded tail and 2% strongly folded tail). Among the evaluated head morphometry parameters, area (A), width (L) and ellipticity (E) showed statistical difference (p>0.05) between normal and pathological sperm. The average head area and width was lower in normal sperm (p=0,01 e p=0,04, respectively), and the mean ellipticity was higher (p=0,038), when compared to pathological sperm. This definition of the sperm morphometric parameters of S. macrodon is important for the samples selection destined to reproduction biotechnologies and for the clarification of taxonomic and evolutionary issues in the genus Saimiri.

Utilização de curativo a vácuo de baixo custo para cicatrização de fratura de casco com ruptura de cavidade celomática em um Chelonia carbonaria / Use of cost-effective vacuum-assisted closure technique for shell fracture Repair and coelomic cavity rupture healing in a Chelonia carbonaria

Background: The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy system has been used as a noninvasive wound managementtechnique for shell damage in Chelonians. These animals are excellent candidates for VAC therapy because of their uniqueshell anatomy consists of dermal bones, which make bandage placement easier. Beyond that, they are suited for this technique behaviorally, because they are not inclined to remove the vacuum system intentionally. Considering the possibilityof Testudines shell repair with the use of less invasive techniques, that result no additional dermal bone lesions, the objective of the present study is to describe the adaptation of a vacuum dressing protocol using low-cost and easily accessiblematerials for post-traumatic shell healing of a specimen of Chelonoidis carbonaria.Case: A specimen of tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria), a male, weighing 630 g, approximately 3-year-old, was received atthe Veterinary Hospital - Wild Animals Sector in the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) after of being run over by a vehicle.On physical examination, fractures of the dermal plaques and underlying bone structures were found, with rupture of thecoelomic cavity. In addition, there was exposure and incarceration of an intestinal loop, with the presence of bleeding.According to the findings of the physical screening examination, the patient’s prognosis was defined as good, as describedin the literature that specifically focused on chelonian shell injuries. The animal was sent to the diagnostic imaging sector.Then, drug therapy was provided for pain control, vitamins were administered for nutritional support, and antibiotics andanti-inflammatory drugs were instituted. For the closure of the shell and coelomic cavity, a bandage was used with theVAC therapy system adapted as described for Chelonians in previous reports. After a complete osteosynthesis and closureof the coelomic cavity, repair of the integumentary component of the shell was...

Utilização de curativo a vácuo de baixo custo para cicatrização de fratura de casco com ruptura de cavidade celomática em um Chelonia carbonaria / Use of cost-effective vacuum-assisted closure technique for shell fracture Repair and coelomic cavity rupture healing in a Chelonia carbonaria

Background: The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy system has been used as a noninvasive wound managementtechnique for shell damage in Chelonians. These animals are excellent candidates for VAC therapy because of their uniqueshell anatomy consists of dermal bones, which make bandage placement easier. Beyond that, they are suited for this technique behaviorally, because they are not inclined to remove the vacuum system intentionally. Considering the possibilityof Testudines shell repair with the use of less invasive techniques, that result no additional dermal bone lesions, the objective of the present study is to describe the adaptation of a vacuum dressing protocol using low-cost and easily accessiblematerials for post-traumatic shell healing of a specimen of Chelonoidis carbonaria.Case: A specimen of tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria), a male, weighing 630 g, approximately 3-year-old, was received atthe Veterinary Hospital - Wild Animals Sector in the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) after of being run over by a vehicle.On physical examination, fractures of the dermal plaques and underlying bone structures were found, with rupture of thecoelomic cavity. In addition, there was exposure and incarceration of an intestinal loop, with the presence of bleeding.According to the findings of the physical screening examination, the patients prognosis was defined as good, as describedin the literature that specifically focused on chelonian shell injuries. The animal was sent to the diagnostic imaging sector.Then, drug therapy was provided for pain control, vitamins were administered for nutritional support, and antibiotics andanti-inflammatory drugs were instituted. For the closure of the shell and coelomic cavity, a bandage was used with theVAC therapy system adapted as described for Chelonians in previous reports. After a complete osteosynthesis and closureof the coelomic cavity, repair of the integumentary component of the shell was...(AU)

Biotecnologias da reprodução sob a perspectiva dos machos de primatas neotropicais: contribuições para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção / Reproduction biotechnologies for neotropical primate males and contributions to the conservation of endangered species

As biotecnologias da reprodução animal são uma alternativa para a conservação ex situ de espécies de primatas neotropicais ameaçados de extinção, e também podem ser utilizadas como uma ferramenta para o estudo da sua biologia reprodutiva. O entendimento dos mecanismos pré/pós copulatórios e pós-fertilização em primatas neotropicais podem auxiliar no sucesso do estabelecimento de protocolos de criopreservação seminal, visto que são necessários estudos de acordo com as especificidades fisiológicas de cada espécie. No intuito de realizar uma reflexão a acerca do papel do macho no tocante as biotecnologias da reprodução, esta revisão busca destacar os avanços e perspectivas a esse respeito, bem como as principais particularidades no tocante a manipulação do sêmen desses animais, visando uma reflexão acerca de melhorias de protocolos já estabelecidos, e fornecer uma referência para estudos futuros em primatas neotropicais.

The biotechnologies of animal reproduction are an alternative for the ex situ conservation of neotropical primates in some degree threatened with extinction, and could also be used as a tool for the study of reproductive biology. Understanding the pre/post copulatory and post-fertilization mechanisms in neotropical primates can help in the successful establishment of seminal cryopreservation protocols, since studies are necessary according to the physiological specificities of each species. In order to reflect on the role of the male in the reproductive biotechnologies, this review aim to highlight the advances and perspectives, as well as the main particularities with the manipulation of the semen in this animals, aiming at a reflection of improvements to already established protocols, and provide a reference for future studies in neotropical primates.

Biotecnologias da reprodução sob a perspectiva dos machos de primatas neotropicais: contribuições para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção / Reproduction biotechnologies for neotropical primate males and contributions to the conservation of endangered species

As biotecnologias da reprodução animal são uma alternativa para a conservação ex situ de espécies de primatas neotropicais ameaçados de extinção, e também podem ser utilizadas como uma ferramenta para o estudo da sua biologia reprodutiva. O entendimento dos mecanismos pré/pós copulatórios e pós-fertilização em primatas neotropicais podem auxiliar no sucesso do estabelecimento de protocolos de criopreservação seminal, visto que são necessários estudos de acordo com as especificidades fisiológicas de cada espécie. No intuito de realizar uma reflexão a acerca do papel do macho no tocante as biotecnologias da reprodução, esta revisão busca destacar os avanços e perspectivas a esse respeito, bem como as principais particularidades no tocante a manipulação do sêmen desses animais, visando uma reflexão acerca de melhorias de protocolos já estabelecidos, e fornecer uma referência para estudos futuros em primatas neotropicais.(AU)

The biotechnologies of animal reproduction are an alternative for the ex situ conservation of neotropical primates in some degree threatened with extinction, and could also be used as a tool for the study of reproductive biology. Understanding the pre/post copulatory and post-fertilization mechanisms in neotropical primates can help in the successful establishment of seminal cryopreservation protocols, since studies are necessary according to the physiological specificities of each species. In order to reflect on the role of the male in the reproductive biotechnologies, this review aim to highlight the advances and perspectives, as well as the main particularities with the manipulation of the semen in this animals, aiming at a reflection of improvements to already established protocols, and provide a reference for future studies in neotropical primates.(AU)

Análise morfométrica da cabeça espermática em Saimiri cassiquiarensis / Morphometric analysis of the sperm head in Saimiri cassiquiarensis

The objective was to evaluate the sperm morphometry between normal and pathological cells in Saimiri cassiquiarensis aiming at the future use of data in CASA (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis). Semen was collected from a male (S. cassiquiarensis) by electroejaculation. After collection, a smear in the proportion of 1:1 (semen and eosin-nigrosin stain) was performed, and 100 sperm were measured and morphologically classified as normal and pathological defects (major and minor). Of the total sperm analyzed, 48% were classified as normal and 52% pathological. Of the pathologies, the most frequent was a folded tail (40%), followed by a strongly folded tail (5%), curled tail (2%) and isolated head (5%). The morphometric data showed no statistical difference (p<0.05) between normal and pathological defects. This is the first description for the sperm morphometry in Saimiri cassiquiarensis, therefore, from this database, future assessments at CASA can be conducted for this species.

Efeitos da vitrificação na preservação morfológica do tecido testicular de gato doméstico / Vitrification effects during morphological preservation of testicular tissue from domestic cat

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of domestic cats (Felis Catus) testicular parenchyma vitrification by Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem and conventional straw. Three (n=3) adult cats were submitted to routine orchiectomy. For the vitrification, the samples were exposed to equilibrium solution composed by RPMI, containing 20% of ethylene glycol (EG) and 0,1M of sucrose at 20 °C, for 3 minutes. Subsequently, exposed to vitrification solution, containing RPMI added to 40% of EG and 0,1 M of sucrose at 20 °C, for 2 minutes. After devitrification, 10 seminiferous tubules of each treatment were analyzed by histology assay. The viability of spermatic and Sertolicells were analysed with light histology, as well as the seminiferous tubules morphometry. The vitrified groups were inferior to the control group in the morphologically integral cells analysis. However, the OTC was superior to straw in terms of morphological preservation of the germinative cells. Nevertheless, in morphometric analysis there was no statistical difference between the treatments (control, OTC and straw). Therefore, the vitrification in OTC method showed better results than vitrification in straw based on histological evaluation of germ and Sertoli cells of domestic cats.

Successful emergency treatment in Bradypus variegatus following non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock

Background: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) occurs from the Nicaragua to Brazil. In brazilian amazonian,these animals are rescued with illnesses caused by anthropic actions. Emergencial treatment of sloths is complex becauseis a lack of specie-specific information allied to a particularly physiology. They have low metabolism and physiologicalparameters during resting time is 4-7 breaths/min, 40-100 heartbeats/min and temperature between 32-35ºC. They arealso folivores, predisposing cases of dehydration and even hypovolemic shock. This study aimed to report the emergencytreatment performed on a specimen of Bradypus variegatus affected by hypovolemic shock due to dehydration.Case: A male sloth weighing 2.7 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital-Wild Animals Sector of the Federal Universityof Pará (HVSAS-UFPA), victim of untreated hypovolemic shock due three days of forced eating with inadequate food,which resulted in dehydration, non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock, and severe apathy. Physiological parameters were 8breaths/min, heart rate 90/min and rectal temperature of 33°C. Treatment begun with fluid therapy taking account of 10%of body dehydration (270 mL Ringer lactate, 8 mL vitamin complex and 2 mL glucose), for respiratory decompensationnebulization was conducted with epinephrine (0.5 mL/kg), and intramuscular administration of vitamin B complex (1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg), ranitidine (0.5 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) to metabolic stimulation improvement. Physiological parameters were monitored every 10 min for the first 12 h of hospitalization. The managementwere gradually established as the clinical conditions were improved, including forced feeding, daily walks, and enclosureadapted for the minimal behavioral and biological requirements. After 14 days of intensive treatment, the animal wasconsidered ready for release...

Análise morfométrica da cabeça espermática em Saimiri cassiquiarensis / Morphometric analysis of the sperm head in Saimiri cassiquiarensis

The objective was to evaluate the sperm morphometry between normal and pathological cells in Saimiri cassiquiarensis aiming at the future use of data in CASA (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis). Semen was collected from a male (S. cassiquiarensis) by electroejaculation. After collection, a smear in the proportion of 1:1 (semen and eosin-nigrosin stain) was performed, and 100 sperm were measured and morphologically classified as normal and pathological defects (major and minor). Of the total sperm analyzed, 48% were classified as normal and 52% pathological. Of the pathologies, the most frequent was a folded tail (40%), followed by a strongly folded tail (5%), curled tail (2%) and isolated head (5%). The morphometric data showed no statistical difference (p<0.05) between normal and pathological defects. This is the first description for the sperm morphometry in Saimiri cassiquiarensis, therefore, from this database, future assessments at CASA can be conducted for this species.(AU)

Efeitos da vitrificação na preservação morfológica do tecido testicular de gato doméstico / Vitrification effects during morphological preservation of testicular tissue from domestic cat

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of domestic cats (Felis Catus) testicular parenchyma vitrification by Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem and conventional straw. Three (n=3) adult cats were submitted to routine orchiectomy. For the vitrification, the samples were exposed to equilibrium solution composed by RPMI, containing 20% of ethylene glycol (EG) and 0,1M of sucrose at 20 °C, for 3 minutes. Subsequently, exposed to vitrification solution, containing RPMI added to 40% of EG and 0,1 M of sucrose at 20 °C, for 2 minutes. After devitrification, 10 seminiferous tubules of each treatment were analyzed by histology assay. The viability of spermatic and Sertolicells were analysed with light histology, as well as the seminiferous tubules morphometry. The vitrified groups were inferior to the control group in the morphologically integral cells analysis. However, the OTC was superior to straw in terms of morphological preservation of the germinative cells. Nevertheless, in morphometric analysis there was no statistical difference between the treatments (control, OTC and straw). Therefore, the vitrification in OTC method showed better results than vitrification in straw based on histological evaluation of germ and Sertoli cells of domestic cats.(AU)

Successful emergency treatment in Bradypus variegatus following non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock

Background: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) occurs from the Nicaragua to Brazil. In brazilian amazonian,these animals are rescued with illnesses caused by anthropic actions. Emergencial treatment of sloths is complex becauseis a lack of specie-specific information allied to a particularly physiology. They have low metabolism and physiologicalparameters during resting time is 4-7 breaths/min, 40-100 heartbeats/min and temperature between 32-35ºC. They arealso folivores, predisposing cases of dehydration and even hypovolemic shock. This study aimed to report the emergencytreatment performed on a specimen of Bradypus variegatus affected by hypovolemic shock due to dehydration.Case: A male sloth weighing 2.7 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital-Wild Animals Sector of the Federal Universityof Pará (HVSAS-UFPA), victim of untreated hypovolemic shock due three days of forced eating with inadequate food,which resulted in dehydration, non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock, and severe apathy. Physiological parameters were 8breaths/min, heart rate 90/min and rectal temperature of 33°C. Treatment begun with fluid therapy taking account of 10%of body dehydration (270 mL Ringer lactate, 8 mL vitamin complex and 2 mL glucose), for respiratory decompensationnebulization was conducted with epinephrine (0.5 mL/kg), and intramuscular administration of vitamin B complex (1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg), ranitidine (0.5 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) to metabolic stimulation improvement. Physiological parameters were monitored every 10 min for the first 12 h of hospitalization. The managementwere gradually established as the clinical conditions were improved, including forced feeding, daily walks, and enclosureadapted for the minimal behavioral and biological requirements. After 14 days of intensive treatment, the animal wasconsidered ready for release...(AU)

Efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Tris-citrato na congelação com etilenoglicol ou glicerol de espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico (Felis catus) / Effect of different osmolarities of Tris-citrate extender on freezing epididymal sperm from domestic cat (Felis catus)with ethyleneglycol or glycerol

Objetivou-se com o estudo investigar o efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Triscitrato em espermatozóides epididimários de gatos domésticos (Feliscatus) e a congelação com glicerol ou etilenoglicol. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com 10 gatos. No Experimento 1, avaliou-se a manutenção dos parâmetros espermáticos em diluidor tris-citrato com osmolaridades 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 e 525mOsm, nos tempos (T0= 0, T1= 30 e T2= 60 min). No Experimento 2 a congelação foi realizada utilizando as osmolaridades 325 e 375 do glicerol a 4% ou etilenoglicol a 3%, 6%. Dentre as osmolaridades, quanto à motilidade a 325 mOsm não diferiu estatisticamente com o fluido epidídimal (controle) nos três tempos e a 375 mOsm no T0 e T1, e ambas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si e entre os tempos em todos os parâmetros espermáticos. O uso de 4% de glicerol em diluidor com 375 mOsm foi superior, apresentando motilidade de 25% ± 6, vigor 4, integridade de membrana plasmática de 48% ± 9, sem diferenças estatísticas com o resfriamento e na morfologia não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as duas osmolaridades. Portanto, o Tris-citrato com 325 e 375 mOsm entre as osmolaridades testadas e pós congelação com 375 mOsm e glicerol 4% manteve os parâmetros espermáticos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different osmotic potentials of Tris-citrate extender in epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats (Felis catus), frozen with glycerol or ethyleneglycol. Two experiments were carried out, with ten cats. In the first experiment, the influence of extender with the osmolarityof 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 and 525 mOsm on sperm parameters were evaluated. In the second experiment, slow freezing was performed using glycerol at 4% or ethyleneglycolat 3% and 6% added to extender with 325and 375 mOsm. Among the osmolarities, the motilityat 325 mOsm did not differ statistically with epididymal fluid (control) at all times evaluated and at 375 mOsmat T0 and T1, and both showed no statistical differences between each other and between the times in all sperm parameters. Glycerol 4% added to extender with 475 mOsm was superior, presenting motilityof 25% ± 6, vigor 4, plasma membrane integrity of 48% ± 9, without statistical differences with cooling and in morphology, no statistical differences were found between the two osmolarities. Therefore, 325 and 375 mOsm Triscitrate between the osmolarities tested and after freezing with 375 mOsm and 4%, glycerol maintained the sperm parameters.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Tris-citrato na congelação com etilenoglicol ou glicerol de espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico (Felis catus) / Effect of different osmolarities of Tris-citrate extender on freezing epididymal sperm from domestic cat (Felis catus)with ethyleneglycol or glycerol

Objetivou-se com o estudo investigar o efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Triscitrato em espermatozóides epididimários de gatos domésticos (Feliscatus) e a congelação com glicerol ou etilenoglicol. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com 10 gatos. No Experimento 1, avaliou-se a manutenção dos parâmetros espermáticos em diluidor tris-citrato com osmolaridades 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 e 525mOsm, nos tempos (T0= 0, T1= 30 e T2= 60 min). No Experimento 2 a congelação foi realizada utilizando as osmolaridades 325 e 375 do glicerol a 4% ou etilenoglicol a 3%, 6%. Dentre as osmolaridades, quanto à motilidade a 325 mOsm não diferiu estatisticamente com o fluido epidídimal (controle) nos três tempos e a 375 mOsm no T0 e T1, e ambas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si e entre os tempos em todos os parâmetros espermáticos. O uso de 4% de glicerol em diluidor com 375 mOsm foi superior, apresentando motilidade de 25% ± 6, vigor 4, integridade de membrana plasmática de 48% ± 9, sem diferenças estatísticas com o resfriamento e na morfologia não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as duas osmolaridades. Portanto, o Tris-citrato com 325 e 375 mOsm entre as osmolaridades testadas e pós congelação com 375 mOsm e glicerol 4% manteve os parâmetros espermáticos.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different osmotic potentials of Tris-citrate extender in epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats (Felis catus), frozen with glycerol or ethyleneglycol. Two experiments were carried out, with ten cats. In the first experiment, the influence of extender with the osmolarityof 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 and 525 mOsm on sperm parameters were evaluated. In the second experiment, slow freezing was performed using glycerol at 4% or ethyleneglycolat 3% and 6% added to extender with 325and 375 mOsm. Among the osmolarities, the motilityat 325 mOsm did not differ statistically with epididymal fluid (control) at all times evaluated and at 375 mOsmat T0 and T1, and both showed no statistical differences between each other and between the times in all sperm parameters. Glycerol 4% added to extender with 475 mOsm was superior, presenting motilityof 25% ± 6, vigor 4, plasma membrane integrity of 48% ± 9, without statistical differences with cooling and in morphology, no statistical differences were found between the two osmolarities. Therefore, 325 and 375 mOsm Triscitrate between the osmolarities tested and after freezing with 375 mOsm and 4%, glycerol maintained the sperm parameters.

O coágulo seminal de primatas neotropicais sob diferentes abordagens biológicas / The seminal coagulum of neotropical primates under different biological approaches

Após a ejaculação o sêmen de primatas pode coagular em consistência variável, dependendo da espécie. Tanto em termos biológicos quanto em aspectos relacionados à manipulação in vitro para fins de desenvolvimento de biotécnicas reprodutivas, a coagulação seminal é tratada por muitos pesquisadores como um evento intrigante, no qual muitas questões básicas que envolvem a constituição e função do coágulo seminal na reprodução neste grupo de mamíferos, incluindo os primatas neotropicais, ainda permanece em aberto. A fim de reunir informações até hoje divulgadas sobre conceito, mecanismos fisiológicos, grupamentos moleculares e aspectos evolutivos relacionados à coagulação seminal, este texto-base busca destacar o progresso e as lacunas nas pesquisas a esse respeito, bem como as particularidades relacionadas aos símios da Amazônia.(AU)

After ejaculation, the semen of primates can coagulate in variable consistency, depending on the species. Both in biological terms and in aspects related to in vitro manipulation for the purpose of developing reproductive biotechniques, seminal coagulation is treated by many researchers as an intriguing event in which many basic issues involving the constitution and function of the seminal coagulum in reproduction in this group of mammals, including the neotropical primates, still remains open. In order to gather information to date on concepts, physiological mechanisms, molecular clusters and evolutionary aspects related to seminal coagulation, this basic text seeks to highlight progress and gaps in research in this regard, as well as the particularities related to Amazonian monkeys.(AU)

O coágulo seminal de primatas neotropicais sob diferentes abordagens biológicas / The seminal coagulum of neotropical primates under different biological approaches

Após a ejaculação o sêmen de primatas pode coagular em consistência variável, dependendo da espécie. Tanto em termos biológicos quanto em aspectos relacionados à manipulação in vitro para fins de desenvolvimento de biotécnicas reprodutivas, a coagulação seminal é tratada por muitos pesquisadores como um evento intrigante, no qual muitas questões básicas que envolvem a constituição e função do coágulo seminal na reprodução neste grupo de mamíferos, incluindo os primatas neotropicais, ainda permanece em aberto. A fim de reunir informações até hoje divulgadas sobre conceito, mecanismos fisiológicos, grupamentos moleculares e aspectos evolutivos relacionados à coagulação seminal, este texto-base busca destacar o progresso e as lacunas nas pesquisas a esse respeito, bem como as particularidades relacionadas aos símios da Amazônia.

After ejaculation, the semen of primates can coagulate in variable consistency, depending on the species. Both in biological terms and in aspects related to in vitro manipulation for the purpose of developing reproductive biotechniques, seminal coagulation is treated by many researchers as an intriguing event in which many basic issues involving the constitution and function of the seminal coagulum in reproduction in this group of mammals, including the neotropical primates, still remains open. In order to gather information to date on concepts, physiological mechanisms, molecular clusters and evolutionary aspects related to seminal coagulation, this basic text seeks to highlight progress and gaps in research in this regard, as well as the particularities related to Amazonian monkeys.