Impact of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on skeletal muscle energy metabolism of beef calves / Impacto da suplementação proteica materna durante o terço médio ou terço final da gestação sobre o metabolismo energético do tecido muscular de bezerros de corte

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on energy metabolism of the skeletal muscle of beef calves. Sixteen pregnant cows were divided into 3 groups: CTRL (not supplemented); MID (supplemented from 30 to 180 days of gestation); and LATE (supplemented from 181 to 281 days of gestation). The supplement contained 30% crude protein. Thirty days after birth, blood and muscle samples of the calves were collected for analyses of gene expression, proteins, and metabolites. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) in birth weight, performance at weaning, or muscle expression of the genes evaluated (P ≥ 0.21) were observed. Calves born to CTRL cows had a lower ratio (P = 0.03) of p-AMPK/AMPK protein in the skeletal muscle. Calves born to MID cows had lower (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than those born to LATE cows. Changes in p-AMPK/AMPK protein, indicated a possible metabolic inflexibility in the skeletal muscle of calves born to CTRL cows. These results indicated that lack of protein supplementation in pregnant cows alter the energy metabolism of their calves and reflect in a metabolic inflexibility.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteica materna sobre o metabolismo energético do músculo esquelético de bezerros de corte. Dezesseis matrizes gestantes foram divididas em três grupos: CONTROLE (não suplementado); MÉDIO (suplementados entre 30 e 180 dias de gestação); e FINAL (suplementado entre 181 e 281 dias de gestação). O suplemento continha 30% de proteína bruta e foi fornecido em quantidades totais iguais aos tratamentos. Trinta dias após o nascimento, amostras de sangue e músculo dos bezerros foram coletadas para análises de expressão gênica, abundância de proteínas e metabólitos. Não foram observadas diferenças (P ≥ 0,15) no peso ao nascimento ou parâmetros de desempenho ao desmame, bem como na expressão dos genes avaliados (P ≥ 0,21). Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento CONTROLE apresentaram menor proporção (P = 0,03) de proteína p-AMPK/AMPK no músculo esquelético. Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento MÉDIO apresentaram concentração de glicose menor (P = 0,04) do que aqueles nascidos de matrizes do tratamento FINAL. Os resultados observados indicam que a ausência de suplementação proteica em matrizes gestantes pode alterar o metabolismo energético da progênie e refletir em uma inflexibilidade metabólica, a qual pode ocasionar limitações quanto à eficiência energética do tecido muscular esquelético e consequentemente, limitar o desempenho da progênie ao longo da fase pós-natal.

Reference gene selection for quantitative PCR in liver, skeletal muscle, and jejunum of Bos indicus cattle

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes and select the genes that can be used for normalizing realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the liver, skeletal muscle, and jejunum tissues of Nellore or Nellore × Angus steers fed different diets. Fourteen purebred and 14 crossbred steers were used, in which half of the animals of each genetic group received a diet containing whole shelled corn (WSC) and the other half whole shelled corn and sugarcane bagasse (WSCB). Stability was analyzed by the RefFinder program. To validate the selection of candidate reference genes, the expression of target genes was evaluated using the different groups of reference genes. The most stable genes were 18S, ACTB, and CASC3 for skeletal muscle; HMBS, ACTB, and 18S for the liver; and GAPDH, ACTB, and CASC3 for the jejunum, regardless of breed and diet provided. Possible errors caused in data analyses were clarified comparing the more and less stable genes as reference for normalization of the target genes FASN, ACOX, SCD1, MGAM, and SLC2A1. The use of the more stable and less stable sets of reference genes may lead to different conclusions in respect to the expression profile of the target studied gene. The selection of more suitable reference genes for each experiment is of utmost importance to ensure the reliability of gene expression studies so that they can be applied in practice.(AU)

Depicting latent variables considering different pig genetics and nutritional plans in crossbred pigs

We aimed to reduce the dimensionality of quantitative traits in pigs applying factor analysis. Quantitative variables were collected, and the factor analysis extracted five factors with biological meaning related to performance, carcass quality, carcass yield, meat quality, and initial pH. These factors were posteriorly used as dependent variable to evaluate the effects of genetic groups (Piau, Duroc, and Pietrain crossbreds), nutritional plans (low, medium and high lysine levels) and sex. An interaction effect between genetic group and sex was observed in performance, in which Duroc crossbred showed the greatest scores. The Pietrain genetic group showed greater values of carcass quality compared with Duroc and Piau, while Piau crossbred pigs had greater values for meat quality compared with Pietrain and Duroc. A greater carcass yield was observed in Pietrain crossbred compared with Duroc pigs. Pigs fed under low lysine level had the lowest performance values. Carcass yield was affected by nutritional plans, in which the medium lysine level showed the greatest values. Meat quality was improved by the nutritional plan with high lysine level compared with the low lysine level. Initial pH showed increased means when using nutritional plans with low and medium lysine levels in diet composition. With regard to sex effects, a greater carcass quality was found for gilts compared with barrows. The reduction of the data dimensionality allowed the joint evaluation of genetic group, nutritional plan, and sex based on new latent variables that represented the original dataset under easier framework based on factors' biological interpretation.(AU)

Prenatal origins of productivity and quality of beef

The productive traits of beef cattle are orchestrated by their genetics, postnatal environmental conditions, and also by the intrauterine background. Both under- or overnutrition, as specific dietary components, are able to promote persistent effects on the offspring. This occurs because dietary factors act not only affecting the availability of substrates for fetal anabolism and oxidative metabolism, but also as signals that regulate several events toward fetal development. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the gestational nutrition effects on the offspring performance and meat quality in a long term. Overall, studies have shown that many of these alterations are under the control of epigenetic mechanisms, as DNA methylation, histones modification, and non-coding RNA. The current knowledge has indicated that the fetal programming responses are dependent on the window of fetal development in which the dietary treatment is applied, the intensity of maternal nutritional stimuli, and the treatment application length. Collectively, studies demonstrated that muscle cell hyperplasia is impaired when maternal requirements were not achieved in the second third of gestation, which limits the formation of a greater number of muscle fibers and the offspring growth potential in a long term. Changes in muscle fibers metabolism and in collagen content were also reported as consequence of a dietary perturbation during pregnancy. In contrast, a maternal overnutrition during the late pregnancy has been associated with beneficial responses on meat quality. In summary, ensuring an adequate maternal environment during the fetal development is crucial to enhance the productive responses in beef cattle operations.(AU)

Capsaicinoids affect intestinal mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress in broilers

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with capsaicinoids on the performance and gene expression of broilers. At 18 days of age, 120 male broilers chickens (Cobb 500) were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments, eight replicates, and five birds per experimental unit. The treatments were a basal diet or basal diet with the addition of 1 or 2 mg of capsaicinoids/kg of diet. The birds had free access to water and feed throughout the experimental period (18 to 26 days of age). Broiler performance was evaluated at 26 days of age, and one bird per experimental unit was selected to collect serum and jejunum samples. Jejunum samples were used to analyze the mRNA content. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the means were compared with Tukey's test at a significance of 0.05. There was no effect of capsaicinoid supplementation on performance, serum metabolites, or the expression of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in the jejunum of broilers. However, broilers supplemented with capsaicinoids showed a higher mRNA expression of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and a reduced mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB in the jejunum. Supplementation with 1 and 2 mg/kg capsaicinoids did not improve the performance of broilers from 18 to 26 days of age but increased the mRNA expression of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and reduced the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB in the jejunum of broilers.(AU)

Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on growth performance and molecular mechanisms of lean mass gain in nursery pigs / Suplementação de ácido guanidinoacético no desempenho e mecanismo moleculares de ganho de massa magra em leitões

The objective with the present study was to evaluate the effect of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on the growth performance of nursery piglets as well as a possible molecular mechanism of action on lean mass gain. Seventy-two pigs, weaned at 21 d, weighing 6.80 ± 1.2 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design into one of three dietary treatments (control, control + 1.2 g/kg GAA or control + 2.4 g/kg GAA) and 8 replicates per treatment. The control diet was an animal protein-free diet based on corn and soybean meal. Body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency were evaluated at 35, 49, and 56 days. At the end of the experiment, one animal per pen was slaughtered and samples of the vastus lateralis muscle were collected for RT-qPCR and protein abundance analysis. Overall (from 21 to 56 d), GAA supplementation improved feed efficiency (P 0.03). Skeletal muscle of pigs fed with GAA diet had greater mRNA expression of Akt (P 0.04) and RPS6KB2 (P 0.01). In conclusion, supplementation with 2.4 g/kg GAA to nursery piglets improves feed efficiency and activates molecular mechanisms important to lean mass gain.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ácido guanidinoacético (GAA) no desempenho de leitões, bem como um possível mecanismo de ação molecular no ganho de massa magra. Setenta e dois leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias, pesando 6,80 ± 1,2 kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos dietéticos (controle, controle + 1,2 g / kg ou controle + 2,4 g / kg GAA) e 8 repetições por tratamento. A dieta controle não continha proteína animal e foi formulada a base de milho e farelo de soja. O desempenho dos animais foi avaliado aos 35, 49 e 56 dias. Ao final do experimento, um animal por unidade experimental foi abatido e amostras do músculo Vastus lateralis foram coletadas para análise de RT-qPCR e abundância de proteínas. A suplementação com GAA melhorou a eficiência alimentar (P 0,03) aos 56 dias. O músculo dos leitões suplementados apresentou maior expressão de mRNA de Akt (P 0,04) e RPS6KB2 (P 0,01). Em conclusão, a suplementação de 2,4 g / kg de GAA em leitões (21 a 56 d) melhora a eficiência alimentar e ativa mecanismos moleculares importantes para o ganho de massa magra.(AU)

The optimal number of partial least squares components in genomic selection for pork pH / Número ótimo de componentes nos quadrados mínimos parciais aplicados à seleção genômica para pH da carne suína

The main application of genomic selection (GS) is the early identification of genetically superior animals for traits difficult-to-measure or lately evaluated, such as meat pH (measured after slaughter). Because the number of markers in GS is generally larger than the number of genotyped animals and these markers are highly correlated owing to linkage disequilibrium, statistical methods based on dimensionality reduction have been proposed. Among them, the partial least squares (PLS) technique stands out, because of its simplicity and high predictive accuracy. However, choosing the optimal number of components remains a relevant issue for PLS applications. Thus, we applied PLS (and principal component and traditional multiple regression) techniques to GS for pork pH traits (with pH measured at 45min and 24h after slaughter) and also identified the optimal number of PLS components based on the degree-of-freedom (DoF) and cross-validation (CV) methods. The PLS method out performs the principal component and traditional multiple regression techniques, enabling satisfactory predictions for pork pH traits using only genotypic data (low-density SNP panel). Furthermore, the SNP marker estimates from PLS revealed a relevant region on chromosome 4, which may affect these traits. The DoF and CV methods showed similar results for determining the optimal number of components in PLS analysis; thus, from the statistical viewpoint, the DoF method should be preferred because of its theoretical background (based on the "statistical information theory"), whereas CV is an empirical method based on computational effort.

A principal contribuição da seleção genômica (SG) é a identificação de animais geneticamente superiores para características de difícil mensuração e/ou avaliadas tardiamente nos animais, tal como o pH da carne suína. Na SG, uma vez que o número de marcadores é geralmente maior que o número de animais genotipados, e tais marcadores são altamente correlacionados (devido ao desequilíbrio de ligação), métodos estatísticos baseados na redução de dimensionalidade têm sido propostos. Dentre estes, destaca-se o Quadrados Mínimos Parciais (PLS) pela simplicidade e alta acurácia de predição. Porém, a determinação do número ótimo de componentes a ser utilizado no PLS ainda se caracteriza como um desafio para a aplicação do método. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar o PLS (e também regressões em componentes principais e a múltipla tradicional) na SG para pH da carne suína (medido aos 45min e às 24 horas após o abate), bem como identificar o número ótimo de componentes por meio dos métodos do grau de liberdade (GL) e validação cruzada (VC). O primeiro é baseado na Teoria de Informação Estatística e VC é empírica e fundamentada em amostras independentes do arquivo original. O PLS superou os demais métodos de regressão, fornecendo predições satisfatórias quando utilizadas apenas informações genotípicas (painel de SNP de baixa densidade). Além disso, os efeitos dos SNPs estimados via PLS possibilitaram identificar uma região relevante no cromossomo 4 que pode influenciar as características estudadas. Os métodos GL e VC foram similares quanto à determinação do número ótimo de componentes na análise PLS, porém o método GL pode ser recomendado devido a sua maior fundamentação estatística.

The optimal number of partial least squares components in genomic selection for pork pH / Número ótimo de componentes nos quadrados mínimos parciais aplicados à seleção genômica para pH da carne suína

The main application of genomic selection (GS) is the early identification of genetically superior animals for traits difficult-to-measure or lately evaluated, such as meat pH (measured after slaughter). Because the number of markers in GS is generally larger than the number of genotyped animals and these markers are highly correlated owing to linkage disequilibrium, statistical methods based on dimensionality reduction have been proposed. Among them, the partial least squares (PLS) technique stands out, because of its simplicity and high predictive accuracy. However, choosing the optimal number of components remains a relevant issue for PLS applications. Thus, we applied PLS (and principal component and traditional multiple regression) techniques to GS for pork pH traits (with pH measured at 45min and 24h after slaughter) and also identified the optimal number of PLS components based on the degree-of-freedom (DoF) and cross-validation (CV) methods. The PLS method out performs the principal component and traditional multiple regression techniques, enabling satisfactory predictions for pork pH traits using only genotypic data (low-density SNP panel). Furthermore, the SNP marker estimates from PLS revealed a relevant region on chromosome 4, which may affect these traits. The DoF and CV methods showed similar results for determining the optimal number of components in PLS analysis; thus, from the statistical viewpoint, the DoF method should be preferred because of its theoretical background (based on the "statistical information theory"), whereas CV is an empirical method based on computational effort.(AU)

A principal contribuição da seleção genômica (SG) é a identificação de animais geneticamente superiores para características de difícil mensuração e/ou avaliadas tardiamente nos animais, tal como o pH da carne suína. Na SG, uma vez que o número de marcadores é geralmente maior que o número de animais genotipados, e tais marcadores são altamente correlacionados (devido ao desequilíbrio de ligação), métodos estatísticos baseados na redução de dimensionalidade têm sido propostos. Dentre estes, destaca-se o Quadrados Mínimos Parciais (PLS) pela simplicidade e alta acurácia de predição. Porém, a determinação do número ótimo de componentes a ser utilizado no PLS ainda se caracteriza como um desafio para a aplicação do método. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar o PLS (e também regressões em componentes principais e a múltipla tradicional) na SG para pH da carne suína (medido aos 45min e às 24 horas após o abate), bem como identificar o número ótimo de componentes por meio dos métodos do grau de liberdade (GL) e validação cruzada (VC). O primeiro é baseado na Teoria de Informação Estatística e VC é empírica e fundamentada em amostras independentes do arquivo original. O PLS superou os demais métodos de regressão, fornecendo predições satisfatórias quando utilizadas apenas informações genotípicas (painel de SNP de baixa densidade). Além disso, os efeitos dos SNPs estimados via PLS possibilitaram identificar uma região relevante no cromossomo 4 que pode influenciar as características estudadas. Os métodos GL e VC foram similares quanto à determinação do número ótimo de componentes na análise PLS, porém o método GL pode ser recomendado devido a sua maior fundamentação estatística.(AU)