Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.(AU)

Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals’ food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.

Methods of body composition estimative of growing goats / Métodos de estimativa da composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento

The objective of this study was to compare methods for estimative of body composition of goats based on tritiated water space technique (TOH), specific gravity (SG) of carcass and 9-11th ribs. Ten Toggenburg x Alpine intact male goat kids, from 5.3±0.4 to 25.9±1.3 kg of body weight (BW), were used to estimate body composition by: 1) direct method, 2) TOH method, 3) SG of the carcass and 4) SG of the 9-11th whole ribs. In addition, update linear equations for predicting body composition were developed using data from direct method. The TOH space overestimated water body composition on average 31%. The SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs underestimated water empty body composition (%) on average 21 and 12%, respectively. In spite of its overestimate, the determination of TOH space can be used as a reliable field technique to study relative changes in body composition of growing goats. Specific gravity is practicable in most circumstances and does not require expensive equipment. However, the SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs has not a valid equation to predict body composition of growing goats.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar métodos para estimar a composição corporal de caprinos, baseando-se em água tritiada (AT) e gravidade específica (GE) da carcaça e da 9 à 11ª costela. Dez cabritos Toggenburg x Alpine machos não castrados, de 5,3 ± 0,4 para 25,9 ± 1,3 kg de peso corporal (PC), foram utilizados para estimar a composição corporal por: 1) método direto; 2) espaço de AT; 3) GE da carcaça e 4) GE da 9 à 11ª costela. Além disso, equações lineares para predizer a composição corporal foram desenvolvidas, usando dados do método direto. O espaço AT superestimou a composição corporal em água em 31%, em média. A GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela subestimaram a composição corporal percentual de água (%), em média, em 21 e 12%, respectivamente. Apesar da sua superestimativa, a determinação do espaço AT pode ser usado como uma técnica de campo viável para estudar alterações relativas na composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento. O uso da GE é possível na maioria das circunstâncias e não requer equipamentos caros. No entanto, a GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela ainda não possuem uma equação de predição válida para estimar adequadamente a composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento.(AU)

Methods of body composition estimative of growing goats / Métodos de estimativa da composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento

The objective of this study was to compare methods for estimative of body composition of goats based on tritiated water space technique (TOH), specific gravity (SG) of carcass and 9-11th ribs. Ten Toggenburg x Alpine intact male goat kids, from 5.3±0.4 to 25.9±1.3 kg of body weight (BW), were used to estimate body composition by: 1) direct method, 2) TOH method, 3) SG of the carcass and 4) SG of the 9-11th whole ribs. In addition, update linear equations for predicting body composition were developed using data from direct method. The TOH space overestimated water body composition on average 31%. The SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs underestimated water empty body composition (%) on average 21 and 12%, respectively. In spite of its overestimate, the determination of TOH space can be used as a reliable field technique to study relative changes in body composition of growing goats. Specific gravity is practicable in most circumstances and does not require expensive equipment. However, the SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs has not a valid equation to predict body composition of growing goats.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar métodos para estimar a composição corporal de caprinos, baseando-se em água tritiada (AT) e gravidade específica (GE) da carcaça e da 9 à 11ª costela. Dez cabritos Toggenburg x Alpine machos não castrados, de 5,3 ± 0,4 para 25,9 ± 1,3 kg de peso corporal (PC), foram utilizados para estimar a composição corporal por: 1) método direto; 2) espaço de AT; 3) GE da carcaça e 4) GE da 9 à 11ª costela. Além disso, equações lineares para predizer a composição corporal foram desenvolvidas, usando dados do método direto. O espaço AT superestimou a composição corporal em água em 31%, em média. A GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela subestimaram a composição corporal percentual de água (%), em média, em 21 e 12%, respectivamente. Apesar da sua superestimativa, a determinação do espaço AT pode ser usado como uma técnica de campo viável para estudar alterações relativas na composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento. O uso da GE é possível na maioria das circunstâncias e não requer equipamentos caros. No entanto, a GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela ainda não possuem uma equação de predição válida para estimar adequadamente a composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento.

Composição corporal e exigências nutricionais em proteína, energia e macrominerais de cabritos com constituição genética 34 Boer e 14 Saanen

Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar as exigências nutricionais e desenvolver equações para predizer a composição química do corpo e da carcaça. Trinta e quatro cabritos Boer o Saanen, não castrados, foram utilizados, dos quais sete foram abatidos no início do experimento, com 21,2 kg PV. Outros seis foram abatidos ao atingirem 28,2 kg PV. Os 21 restantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete grupos de três animais. Os tratamentos foram definidos por três níveis de consumo de matéria seca (CMS): à vontade e restrição de 30 ou 60% do CMS. Cada grupo foi abatido quando o animal do tratamento à vontade atingiu 35 kg de PV. Foi utilizado o método da abate comparativo para o cálculo das exigências. A exigência líquida (EL) diária de energia e proteína para mantença foram estimadas em 78,2 kcal/kg0,75 de peso do corpo vazio (PCV) e 2,4 g/kg0,75 PCV. Com relação aos macrominerais, a EL diária para mantença foi estimada em 32,3 mg Ca; 30,8 mg P; 1,31 mg Mg; 8,41 mg K e 5,14 mg Na por kg de PCV. A EL para ganho de energia, para animais pesando entre 20 a 35 kg PV, variou entre 2,5 a 3,0 Mcal/kg ganho PCV (GPCV); a de proteína variou entre 178,8 e 185,2 g/kg GPCV e a de macrominerais variou de 6,5 a 7,0 g Ca; 5,3 a 5,4 g P; 0,29 a 0,31 g Mg; 0,67 a 0,62 g Na e 1,18 a 1,05 g K por kg GPCV. A composição química (CQ) do corpo e da carcaça foram melhores estimadas por meio da CQ dos componentes não carcaça e das costelas, respectivamente

Meat production of goats has become an important livestock enterprise in several parts of the world. Nonetheless, energy and protein requirements of meat goats have not been defined thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth and to develop equations to predict the chemical composition of body and carcass using chemical composition of body components of Boer and oSaanen crossbred, intact male kids. In the first trial, 34 Boer and oSaanen crossbred, intact male kids were used. The baseline group (BL) was comprised of seven randomly selected kids, averaging 21.2 l 0.36 kg of BW. An intermediate group consisted of six randomly selected kids that were slaughtered when they reached 28.2 l 0.39 kg BW. The remaining kids (n = 21) were allocated randomly to three levels of DMI (treatments: ad libitum and restricted to 30 or 60% of the ad libitum intake) within seven slaughter groups. A slaughter group consisted of one kid from each treatment and was slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid reached 35 kg BW. Individual body components were weighed, ground, mixed, and subsampled for chemical analyses. The calculated daily NEm requirement was 78.2 kcal/kg0.75 of empty BW (EBW). A value of 2.44 g of net protein/kg0.75 of EBW for daily maintenance was determined. Net energy and protein (NPg) requirements for growth ranged from 2.55 to 3.0 Mcal/kg of empty weight gain (EWG) and 178.8 to 185.2 g/kg of EWG for 20 and 35 kg of BW, respectively. The daily net requirement of macrominerals for maintenance was 32.3 mg of Ca; 30.8 mg of P; 1.31 mg of Mg; 8.41 of K and 5.14 mg of Na per kg of EBW. Net macrominerals requirements for growth ranged from 6.5 to 7.0 g of Ca; 5.3 to 5.4 g of P; 0.29 to 0.31 g of Mg; 0.67 to 0.62 g of Na and 1.18 to 1.05 g of K per kg of EWG. The chemical composition of the non-carcass components