Timoma canino associado à miastenia gravis / Canine thymoma associated to myasthenia gravis

Background: Thymomas are epithelial neoplasms of the thymus, although lymphocyte infiltration is common. Histological features are not sufficient to define its biological behaviour, which is dependent of clinical criteria of invasiveness and resectability. Myasthenia gravis may happen as a paraneoplastic syndrome in up to 47% of canine thymomas. This article aims at reporting a case of thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis in a dog, emphasizing the morphological, phenotypical and therapeutical aspects.Case: A 7-year-old, male Labrador, was presented with a history of acute dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The physical examination revealed a “red-brick” mucousa, tachycardia and cardiac and pulmonar hypofonese. Chest radiographs revealed an area of increased radiopacity in the cranial mediastinum without a plane of separation to the heart. The eccodopplercardiogram exam identified a poorly delimited mass adjacent to the base of the heart, measuring 9.5x6.8cm. Computed tomography demonstrated it as an expansive neoformation (9.5x6.5x7.8cm). Mass was removed through intercostal thoracotomy and the removed tissue was submitted to histopathology with a diagnosis compatible with type AB thymoma (mixed). Immunohistochemistry was positive for AE1/AE3 citokeratin in 90% of epithelial cells, confirming tumour origin. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were positive for CD79a (70%) and CD3 (20%). The proliferation index (Ki-67 imunolabeling) was 60%. About 45 days after surgery the patient was presented with generalized muscle weakness and regurgitation, with confirmed megaesophagus on chest X-ray. Treatment with pyridostigmine was initiated because of suspected myasthenia gravis, and complete remission of the neurological signs occurred within a month. A chemotherapeutic protocol with carboplatin was then instituted. After four sessions, a new thoracic radiograph revealed tumour recurrence in the cranial mediastinum.[...]

Timoma canino associado à miastenia gravis / Canine thymoma associated to myasthenia gravis

Background: Thymomas are epithelial neoplasms of the thymus, although lymphocyte infiltration is common. Histological features are not sufficient to define its biological behaviour, which is dependent of clinical criteria of invasiveness and resectability. Myasthenia gravis may happen as a paraneoplastic syndrome in up to 47% of canine thymomas. This article aims at reporting a case of thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis in a dog, emphasizing the morphological, phenotypical and therapeutical aspects.Case: A 7-year-old, male Labrador, was presented with a history of acute dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The physical examination revealed a “red-brick” mucousa, tachycardia and cardiac and pulmonar hypofonese. Chest radiographs revealed an area of increased radiopacity in the cranial mediastinum without a plane of separation to the heart. The eccodopplercardiogram exam identified a poorly delimited mass adjacent to the base of the heart, measuring 9.5x6.8cm. Computed tomography demonstrated it as an expansive neoformation (9.5x6.5x7.8cm). Mass was removed through intercostal thoracotomy and the removed tissue was submitted to histopathology with a diagnosis compatible with type AB thymoma (mixed). Immunohistochemistry was positive for AE1/AE3 citokeratin in 90% of epithelial cells, confirming tumour origin. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were positive for CD79a (70%) and CD3 (20%). The proliferation index (Ki-67 imunolabeling) was 60%. About 45 days after surgery the patient was presented with generalized muscle weakness and regurgitation, with confirmed megaesophagus on chest X-ray. Treatment with pyridostigmine was initiated because of suspected myasthenia gravis, and complete remission of the neurological signs occurred within a month. A chemotherapeutic protocol with carboplatin was then instituted. After four sessions, a new thoracic radiograph revealed tumour recurrence in the cranial mediastinum.[...](AU)

Renal injury in female dogs with pyometra / a

Pyometra is a common disease in intact female dogs and can cause glomerulopathy and tubular injury. This study aimed to evaluate kidney injury in female dogs with pyometra, as well as progression of the injury during treatment and the markers of this condition. This study analyzed 20 intact female dogs with both clinical and sonographic diagnosis of pyometra. Dogs were treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and an ovariohysterectomy was performed. The following parameters were assessed at eight separate time points: blood pressure; serum creatinine, phosphorus, and urea levels; urinalysis and urinary biochemical parameters [urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR)]; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); and urine output. All dogs showed some degree of kidney injury at the time of pyometra diagnosis. This was transient in most animals, resolving with treatment of the pyometra. Measurement of uGGT and UPCR identified renal parenchymal injury, helping to determine the prognosis of the animals analyzed in the present study.

A piometra é afecção frequente em cadelas e pode causar glomerulopatias e lesões tubulares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar injúria renal em cadelas com piometra, sua progressão ao longo do tratamento e o uso de marcadores dessa alteração. Participaram 20 cadelas com diagnóstico clínico e ultrassonográfico de piometra, submetidas à fluidoterapia, antibioticoterapia e ovariohisterectomia. Foram avaliados pressão arterial, concentração sérica de creatinina, fósforo e ureia; urinálise e bioquímica urinária (gama-glutamiltransferase urinária e razão proteína/creatinina urinárias), taxa de filtração glomerular e débito urinário, em oito tempos. Todas as cadelas apresentaram algum grau de injúria renal no momento do diagnóstico da piometra, sendo transitória na maioria dos animais após o tratamento. O uso de marcadores de injúria renal identificou lesão de parênquima renal, contribuindo com o prognóstico dos animais estudados.

Renal injury in female dogs with pyometra / a

Pyometra is a common disease in intact female dogs and can cause glomerulopathy and tubular injury. This study aimed to evaluate kidney injury in female dogs with pyometra, as well as progression of the injury during treatment and the markers of this condition. This study analyzed 20 intact female dogs with both clinical and sonographic diagnosis of pyometra. Dogs were treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and an ovariohysterectomy was performed. The following parameters were assessed at eight separate time points: blood pressure; serum creatinine, phosphorus, and urea levels; urinalysis and urinary biochemical parameters [urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR)]; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); and urine output. All dogs showed some degree of kidney injury at the time of pyometra diagnosis. This was transient in most animals, resolving with treatment of the pyometra. Measurement of uGGT and UPCR identified renal parenchymal injury, helping to determine the prognosis of the animals analyzed in the present study.(AU)

A piometra é afecção frequente em cadelas e pode causar glomerulopatias e lesões tubulares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar injúria renal em cadelas com piometra, sua progressão ao longo do tratamento e o uso de marcadores dessa alteração. Participaram 20 cadelas com diagnóstico clínico e ultrassonográfico de piometra, submetidas à fluidoterapia, antibioticoterapia e ovariohisterectomia. Foram avaliados pressão arterial, concentração sérica de creatinina, fósforo e ureia; urinálise e bioquímica urinária (gama-glutamiltransferase urinária e razão proteína/creatinina urinárias), taxa de filtração glomerular e débito urinário, em oito tempos. Todas as cadelas apresentaram algum grau de injúria renal no momento do diagnóstico da piometra, sendo transitória na maioria dos animais após o tratamento. O uso de marcadores de injúria renal identificou lesão de parênquima renal, contribuindo com o prognóstico dos animais estudados.(AU)

Fisiopatologia da dor em pequenos animais revisão de literatura / Pathophysiology of pain in sm all anim als - review

A dor é conceituada como uma sensação ou experiência emocional desagradável associada a uma lesão tecidualreal ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. A nocicepção, compreende a transdução, transmissão,modulação e projeção do estímulo nocivo a nível periférico e central com conseqüências autonômicas ecomportamentais mas que não incluem, necessariamente, a experiência dolorosa. A dor vai além da sensaçãonociceptiva, pois envolve componentes emocionais e cognitivos variáveis conforme a experiência de cadaindivíduo. Embora negligenciada por muito tempo na Medicina Veterinária, a dor é uma condição clínicaimportante que resulta em sofrimento, redução da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar do paciente, além deprovocar efeitos deletérios multissistêmicos graves. Esse artigo tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicosda dor em pequenos animais, abordando a nocicpeçpção, percepção e modulação do estímulonociceptivo, até os efeitos sistêmicos da dor, o fenômeno de hipersensibilização e finalmente a classificação dador, com destaque para o impacto dessa condição para a saúde e bem-estar desses pacientes.(AU)

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Nociception comprises transduction, transmission,modulation and projection of noxious stimuli at peripheral and central level with autonomic and behavioralconsequences that does not necessarily include a painful experience. The pain goes beyond thenociceptive sensation, because it involves emotional and cognitive components according to individualexperience. Although long neglected in veterinary medicine, pain is an important clinical condition thatresults in suffering, reduction of patients quality of life and welfare. Besides, it can cause severe multisystemicdeleterious effects. This article aims to describe the pathophysiology of pain in small animalsby approaching nociception, perception and modulation of noxious stimuli, the systemic effects of pain,the phenomenon of sensitization and finally the current classification of pain, emphasizing the impactof this condition to the health and well-being of these patients.(AU)

Fisiopatologia da dor em pequenos animais – revisão de literatura / Pathophysiology of pain in sm all anim als - review

A dor é conceituada como uma sensação ou experiência emocional desagradável associada a uma lesão tecidualreal ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. A nocicepção, compreende a transdução, transmissão,modulação e projeção do estímulo nocivo a nível periférico e central com conseqüências autonômicas ecomportamentais mas que não incluem, necessariamente, a experiência dolorosa. A dor vai além da sensaçãonociceptiva, pois envolve componentes emocionais e cognitivos variáveis conforme a experiência de cadaindivíduo. Embora negligenciada por muito tempo na Medicina Veterinária, a dor é uma condição clínicaimportante que resulta em sofrimento, redução da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar do paciente, além deprovocar efeitos deletérios multissistêmicos graves. Esse artigo tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicosda dor em pequenos animais, abordando a nocicpeçpção, percepção e modulação do estímulonociceptivo, até os efeitos sistêmicos da dor, o fenômeno de hipersensibilização e finalmente a classificação dador, com destaque para o impacto dessa condição para a saúde e bem-estar desses pacientes.

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Nociception comprises transduction, transmission,modulation and projection of noxious stimuli at peripheral and central level with autonomic and behavioralconsequences that does not necessarily include a painful experience. The pain goes beyond thenociceptive sensation, because it involves emotional and cognitive components according to individualexperience. Although long neglected in veterinary medicine, pain is an important clinical condition thatresults in suffering, reduction of patient’s quality of life and welfare. Besides, it can cause severe multisystemicdeleterious effects. This article aims to describe the pathophysiology of pain in small animalsby approaching nociception, perception and modulation of noxious stimuli, the systemic effects of pain,the phenomenon of sensitization and finally the current classification of pain, emphasizing the impactof this condition to the health and well-being of these patients.