Identification of pathogens in fish polyculture systems in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil / Identificação de patógenos em pisciculturas de policultivo no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Fish diseases represent a significant limiting factor in aquaculture systems. Among the many pathogens, bacteria are probably the most significant group of etiological agents. Thus, the objective of this work was to isolate and to report the incidence of streptococcosis and other possible pathogens in fish polyculture systems in the region of Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fish samples were randomly collected from seven fish polyculture systems in the region, including the following municipalities: Lavras, Itutinga, Itumirim, Nepomuceno, Carrancas, São Sebastião da Vitória, and Ingaí. The specimens analyzed were: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), Cará (Geophagus brasiliensis), Curimba (Prochilodus lineatus), Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans), and Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus). Samples of kidney, brain, liver, spleen, and intestinal tract, and skin scraping was collected and sown in a culture medium. After the incubation period, the microorganisms were identified according to the culture, morphology, dyeing, and biochemical characteristics of the bacteria. Colonies of Streptococci, Aeromonas, and Edwardsiella were identified in Tilapia, Cara, Curimba, and Surubim fish species. The results showed the identification of the bacteria in fish polyculture systems in the region of Lavras, southern Minas Gerais. Therefore, greater sanitary control and the development of other studies to treat diseases related to these pathogens are necessary.

As doenças em peixes representam um fator limitante nos sistemas de aquicultura, e as bactérias, dentre vários patógenos, provavelmente constituam o grupo de agente etiológicos economicamente mais significante. Desta forma, o objetivou-se com este trabalho, isolar e relatar a ocorrência da estreptococose e outros prováveis patógenos em pisciculturas de policultivo da região de Lavras – MG. Foram coletadas amostras aleatórias de peixes em sete criatórios de policultivo de peixes da região, que englobam os seguintes munícipios: Lavras, Itutinga, Itumirim, Nepomuceno, Carrancas, São Sebastião da Vitória e Ingaí. Exemplares de tilápia, dourado, cará, curimba, surubim e piracanjuba foram analisados. Amostras de órgãos dos peixes foram coletadas e semeadas em meio de cultura. Após o período de incubação, a identificação dos microrganismos foi realizada de acordo com as características de cultura da bactéria, morfológicas, tintoriais e bioquímicas. Foram identificadas colônias de estreptococos, aeromonas e edwardsiella, nas espécies de tilápia, cará, curimba e surubim. Os resultados demonstraram que foram identificadas as bactérias nas pisciculturas de policultivo da região de Lavras, sul de Minas Gerais. Portanto, há uma necessidade de maior controle sanitário e o desenvolvimento de outros estudos para tratamentos de doenças relacionadas a esses patógenos.

Identification of pathogens in fish polyculture systems in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil / Identificação de patógenos em pisciculturas de policultivo no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Fish diseases represent a significant limiting factor in aquaculture systems. Among the many pathogens, bacteria are probably the most significant group of etiological agents. Thus, the objective of this work was to isolate and to report the incidence of streptococcosis and other possible pathogens in fish polyculture systems in the region of Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fish samples were randomly collected from seven fish polyculture systems in the region, including the following municipalities: Lavras, Itutinga, Itumirim, Nepomuceno, Carrancas, São Sebastião da Vitória, and Ingaí. The specimens analyzed were: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), Cará (Geophagus brasiliensis), Curimba (Prochilodus lineatus), Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans), and Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus). Samples of kidney, brain, liver, spleen, and intestinal tract, and skin scraping was collected and sown in a culture medium. After the incubation period, the microorganisms were identified according to the culture, morphology, dyeing, and biochemical characteristics of the bacteria. Colonies of Streptococci, Aeromonas, and Edwardsiella were identified in Tilapia, Cara, Curimba, and Surubim fish species. The results showed the identification of the bacteria in fish polyculture systems in the region of Lavras, southern Minas Gerais. Therefore, greater sanitary control and the development of other studies to treat diseases related to these pathogens are necessary.(AU)

As doenças em peixes representam um fator limitante nos sistemas de aquicultura, e as bactérias, dentre vários patógenos, provavelmente constituam o grupo de agente etiológicos economicamente mais significante. Desta forma, o objetivou-se com este trabalho, isolar e relatar a ocorrência da estreptococose e outros prováveis patógenos em pisciculturas de policultivo da região de Lavras MG. Foram coletadas amostras aleatórias de peixes em sete criatórios de policultivo de peixes da região, que englobam os seguintes munícipios: Lavras, Itutinga, Itumirim, Nepomuceno, Carrancas, São Sebastião da Vitória e Ingaí. Exemplares de tilápia, dourado, cará, curimba, surubim e piracanjuba foram analisados. Amostras de órgãos dos peixes foram coletadas e semeadas em meio de cultura. Após o período de incubação, a identificação dos microrganismos foi realizada de acordo com as características de cultura da bactéria, morfológicas, tintoriais e bioquímicas. Foram identificadas colônias de estreptococos, aeromonas e edwardsiella, nas espécies de tilápia, cará, curimba e surubim. Os resultados demonstraram que foram identificadas as bactérias nas pisciculturas de policultivo da região de Lavras, sul de Minas Gerais. Portanto, há uma necessidade de maior controle sanitário e o desenvolvimento de outros estudos para tratamentos de doenças relacionadas a esses patógenos.(AU)

Imputation of genetic composition for missing pedigree data in Serrasalmidae using morphometric data

This study aimed to impute the genetic makeup of individual fishes of Serrasalmidae family on the basis of body weight and morphometric measurements. Eighty-three juveniles, belonging to the genetic groups Pacu, Pirapitinga, Tambaqui, Tambacu, Tambatinga, Patinga, Paqui and Piraqui, were separated into 16 water tanks in a recirculation system, with two tanks per genetic group, where they remained until they reached 495 days of age. They were then weighed and analyzed according to the following morphometric parameters: Standard Length (SL), Head Length (HL), Body Height (BH), and Body Width (BW). The identity of each fish was confirmed with two SNPs and two mitochondrial markers. Two analyses were performed: one for the validating the imputation and another for imputing a genetic composition of animals considered to be advanced hybrids (post F1). In both analyses, we used linear mixed models with a mixture of normal distributions to impute the genetic makeup of the fish based on phenotype. We applied the mixed models method, whereby the environmental effects were estimated by the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (EBLUE) and genetic effects are considered random, obtaining the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) from the general (GCA) and the specific (SCA) combining ability effects. The results showed that validation of the genetic makeup imputation based on body weight can be used because of the strong correlation between the observed and imputed genotype. The fish classified as advanced hybrids had a genetic composition with a high probability of belonging to known genotypes and there was consistency in genotype imputation according to the different characteristics used.

Imputation of genetic composition for missing pedigree data in Serrasalmidae using morphometric data

This study aimed to impute the genetic makeup of individual fishes of Serrasalmidae family on the basis of body weight and morphometric measurements. Eighty-three juveniles, belonging to the genetic groups Pacu, Pirapitinga, Tambaqui, Tambacu, Tambatinga, Patinga, Paqui and Piraqui, were separated into 16 water tanks in a recirculation system, with two tanks per genetic group, where they remained until they reached 495 days of age. They were then weighed and analyzed according to the following morphometric parameters: Standard Length (SL), Head Length (HL), Body Height (BH), and Body Width (BW). The identity of each fish was confirmed with two SNPs and two mitochondrial markers. Two analyses were performed: one for the validating the imputation and another for imputing a genetic composition of animals considered to be advanced hybrids (post F1). In both analyses, we used linear mixed models with a mixture of normal distributions to impute the genetic makeup of the fish based on phenotype. We applied the mixed models method, whereby the environmental effects were estimated by the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (EBLUE) and genetic effects are considered random, obtaining the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) from the general (GCA) and the specific (SCA) combining ability effects. The results showed that validation of the genetic makeup imputation based on body weight can be used because of the strong correlation between the observed and imputed genotype. The fish classified as advanced hybrids had a genetic composition with a high probability of belonging to known genotypes and there was consistency in genotype imputation according to the different characteristics used.(AU)

Androgênese: técnicas e suas principais aplicações / Androgenesis: technical and main applications

Os peixes oferecem vantagens técnicas em relação aos demais vertebrados por apresentarem um sistema biológico menos especializado, permitindo certas manipulações que são impraticáveis em outros. Algumas das facilidades são: fecundação externa, alta fecundidade e diferenciação sexual controlável. Desta forma o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias com o domínio da técnica de androgênese possibilita sua aplicação na conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, revitalização e no melhoramento genéticos de espécies de interesse econômico e ambiental. (AU)

Fish offer technical advantages compared to other vertebrates because they have a less specialized biological system, allowing certain manipulations that are impractical in others. Some facilities are: external fertilization, high fertility and controllable sexual differentiation. Thus the development of new technologies in the field of androgenesis technique enables its application in conservation of endangered species, revitalization and genetic improvement of species of economic and environmental interests. (AU)

Androgênese: técnicas e suas principais aplicações / Androgenesis: technical and main applications

Os peixes oferecem vantagens técnicas em relação aos demais vertebrados por apresentarem um sistema biológico menos especializado, permitindo certas manipulações que são impraticáveis em outros. Algumas das facilidades são: fecundação externa, alta fecundidade e diferenciação sexual controlável. Desta forma o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias com o domínio da técnica de androgênese possibilita sua aplicação na conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, revitalização e no melhoramento genéticos de espécies de interesse econômico e ambiental.

Fish offer technical advantages compared to other vertebrates because they have a less specialized biological system, allowing certain manipulations that are impractical in others. Some facilities are: external fertilization, high fertility and controllable sexual differentiation. Thus the development of new technologies in the field of androgenesis technique enables its application in conservation of endangered species, revitalization and genetic improvement of species of economic and environmental interests.

Determination of age and its correlation with biometric variables and seasonal reproductive indices of Leporinus obtusidens

This study determined the age and its correlation with biometric variables and reproductive indices of piapara Leporinus obtusidens caught at the Funil Reservoir. We caught 133 specimens between September 2006 and August 2007. Weight, total length, standard length, depth, height, head length and radius of the scales were measured. The sex was determined by macroscopic examination of gonads. The age of each fish was determined by analyzing the growth rings on the scales. Seasonal differences in biometric variables were tested using the NK test at 5%. The correlation of age and radius of the scales with the biometric variables and reproductive indices were analyzed using the SAEG software. Fish individuals ranging from 3 to 14 years of age were caught. In the spring and summer, smaller fish were captured compared to those caught during the fall and winter. Females tended to have higher weight and morphometric values when compared to males. Age and radius of the scales were correlated with biometric variables in L. obtusidens. It can be concluded that the biometric variables of this species can be used as an indicator of age.

Determination of age and its correlation with biometric variables and seasonal reproductive indices of Leporinus obtusidens / Determinação da idade e sua correlação com as variáveis biométricas e indíces reprodutivos sazonais de Leporinus obtusidens

This study determined the age and its correlation with biometric variables and reproductive indices of piapara Leporinus obtusidens caught at the Funil Reservoir. We caught 133 specimens between September 2006 and August 2007. Weight, total length, standard length, depth, height, head length and radius of the scales were measured. The sex was determined by macroscopic examination of gonads. The age of each fish was determined by analyzing the growth rings on the scales. Seasonal differences in biometric variables were tested using the NK test at 5%. The correlation of age and radius of the scales with the biometric variables and reproductive indices were analyzed using the SAEG software. Fish individuals ranging from 3 to 14 years of age were caught. In the spring and summer, smaller fish were captured compared to those caught during the fall and winter. Females tended to have higher weight and morphometric values when compared to males. Age and radius of the scales were correlated with biometric variables in L. obtusidens. It can be concluded that the biometric variables of this species can be used as an indicator of age.(AU)

O trabalho determinou a idade e sua correlação com as variáveis biométricas e os índices reprodutivos de L. obtusidens capturados na usina hidrelétrica do Funil. Foram capturados 133 espécimes entre setembro de 2006 e agosto de 2007. Foram medidos o peso, o comprimento total e padrão, a altura, a espessura, o comprimento da cabeça e raio da escama. O sexo foi determinado por exame macroscópico das gônadas. A idade de cada peixe foi determinada pela análise das linhas de crescimento da escama. As diferenças sazonais dos parâmetros biométricos foram determinadas usando o teste de NK a 5%. Foi verificada a correlação da idade e o raio da escama com as variáveis biométricas e índices reprodutivos por meio da correlação de Pearson, usando o programa SAEG. As piaparas capturadas tinham idade que variaram de três a 14 anos de idade. Nas estações de primavera e verão foram capturados peixes menores em relação aos capturados durante o inverno e outono. As fêmeas tendem a ter maior peso e valores morfométricos quando comparados com os machos. A idade e o raio da escama estão correlacionados com as variáveis biométricas de L. obtusidens. Concluindo que as variáveis biométricas desta espécie podem ser usadas como um indicador da idade.(AU)

Francisella sp. uma revisão

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi descrever o gênero Francisella sp. e suas consequências para a aquicultura. Francisella sp. é um patógeno emergente responsável por grandes perdas econômicas e compreende três espécies vastamente conhecidas: F. tularensis; F philomiragia e F. novicida. Há muito a ser feito para melhor compreender a provável importância da Francisella sp. como causadora de doenças em peixes. Particular atenção deve ser dada a se obter uma melhor compreensão da imunopatogênese da doença a fim de desenvolver vacinas e medidas de controle. (AU)

The aim of this review was to describe the genus Francisella sp., and its consequences to aquaculture. Francisella sp. is an emerging pathogen, which is responsible for large economic losses and it includes three widely known species: F. tularensis; F philomiragia e F. Novicida. There is plenty work to be done to further understand the likely importance of Francisella sp. as a cause of disease in fish. Particular attention should be provided to obtain a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease for the purpose of developing vaccines and control measures. (AU)

Francisella sp. – uma revisão

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi descrever o gênero Francisella sp. e suas consequências para a aquicultura. Francisella sp. é um patógeno emergente responsável por grandes perdas econômicas e compreende três espécies vastamente conhecidas: F. tularensis; F philomiragia e F. novicida. Há muito a ser feito para melhor compreender a provável importância da Francisella sp. como causadora de doenças em peixes. Particular atenção deve ser dada a se obter uma melhor compreensão da imunopatogênese da doença a fim de desenvolver vacinas e medidas de controle.

The aim of this review was to describe the genus Francisella sp., and its consequences to aquaculture. Francisella sp. is an emerging pathogen, which is responsible for large economic losses and it includes three widely known species: F. tularensis; F philomiragia e F. Novicida. There is plenty work to be done to further understand the likely importance of Francisella sp. as a cause of disease in fish. Particular attention should be provided to obtain a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease for the purpose of developing vaccines and control measures.

Genetic parameters and trends of morphometric traits of GIFT tilapia under selection for weight gain

The main factor considered in breeding programs for fish is growth, which can be assessed in terms of a gain in either weight or body measurements. This study was undertaken to evaluate the morphometric traits of GIFT strain tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) selected for weight gain. The data set used contained information on 6,650 animals. The genetic values of 8,590 animals in a relationship matrix of five generations were predicted. The following morphometric measurements were evaluated: standard length; body depth and body width. Body area and volume were also calculated. Bi-character analyses involving morphometric traits were used to estimate (co)variance components. Heritability, larval and fingerling common environmental effects were estimated for each trait, together with the genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits. Bayesian procedures were utilised by Gibbs chains, and the convergence of the chains was tested using the Heidelberger and Welch method. Genetic trends were estimated by segmented regression of the fish breeding values of the generations considered in this study. Estimates of heritability (0.28 a 0.31) had moderate to high magnitudes for all traits. Genetic correlations between traits were all above 0.8, and the genetic gains were satisfactory from the third generation onwards. From the estimates of the genetic parameters and genetic gain the morphometric traits evaluated have good potential for selection.

Stocking densities of juvenile Brycon orthotaenia: production parameters and economic benefits in net cages / Densidades de estocagem de juvenis de Brycon orthotaenia: parâmetros produtivos e benefícios econômicos em tanques-rede

Developing a rearing technology requires the determination of the optimum stocking density. This study aimed to determine the best stocking density for Brycon orthotaenia juveniles grown in net cages, during the rearing phase. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, in Felixlândia, Minas Gerais State, in the Três Marias Reservoir. 9,000 fingerlings were distributed into 12 net cages, 2 m3each, according to a completely randomized design with three replications and four different stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 fish m-3). Random samples were taken from each net cage, at the onset of the experiment and at 60 rearing days, to assess production parameters, specific growth rate and uniformity. We verified a positive linear relationship (p 0.05) for final biomass (r2 = 0.88), weight gain (r2 = 0.87), productivity (r2 = 0.86), apparent feed conversion (r2 = 0.96) and economic viability (r2 = 0.96). For survival (r2 = 0.98), the relationship was negative (p 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05) for growth parameters, uniformity and final weight. It can be concluded that the density of 300 fish m-3 is the most suitable, because it provides higher net revenue, survival, and a good feed conversion.

Para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de cultivo é necessária a determinação da densidade de estocagem ideal. Objetivou-se determinar a melhor densidade de estocagem para juvenis de Brycon orthotaenia, cultivados em tanques-rede, durante a fase de recria. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig, em Felixlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, na represa de Três Marias. Foram utilizados 9.000 alevinos, distribuídos em 12 berçários com 2 m3 em tanques-rede, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e quatro diferentes densidades de estocagem (150, 300, 450, 600 peixes m-3). Amostras aleatórias de cada tanque-rede foram coletadas para as avaliações, no início do experimento e aos 60 dias de cultivo. Foram estimados os parâmetros produtivos, índice de crescimento específico e uniformidade. Obteve-se uma relação linear positiva (p 0,05) para os parâmetros de crescimento, uniformidade e peso final. Conclui-se que a densidade de 300 peixes m-3 é a mais indicada, pois, proporciona maior receita líquida, sobrevivência e boa conversão alimentar.

Genetic parameters and trends of morphometric traits of GIFT tilapia under selection for weight gain

The main factor considered in breeding programs for fish is growth, which can be assessed in terms of a gain in either weight or body measurements. This study was undertaken to evaluate the morphometric traits of GIFT strain tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) selected for weight gain. The data set used contained information on 6,650 animals. The genetic values of 8,590 animals in a relationship matrix of five generations were predicted. The following morphometric measurements were evaluated: standard length; body depth and body width. Body area and volume were also calculated. Bi-character analyses involving morphometric traits were used to estimate (co)variance components. Heritability, larval and fingerling common environmental effects were estimated for each trait, together with the genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits. Bayesian procedures were utilised by Gibbs chains, and the convergence of the chains was tested using the Heidelberger and Welch method. Genetic trends were estimated by segmented regression of the fish breeding values of the generations considered in this study. Estimates of heritability (0.28 a 0.31) had moderate to high magnitudes for all traits. Genetic correlations between traits were all above 0.8, and the genetic gains were satisfactory from the third generation onwards. From the estimates of the genetic parameters and genetic gain the morphometric traits evaluated have good potential for selection.(AU)

Stocking densities of juvenile Brycon orthotaenia: production parameters and economic benefits in net cages / Densidades de estocagem de juvenis de Brycon orthotaenia: parâmetros produtivos e benefícios econômicos em tanques-rede

Developing a rearing technology requires the determination of the optimum stocking density. This study aimed to determine the best stocking density for Brycon orthotaenia juveniles grown in net cages, during the rearing phase. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, in Felixlândia, Minas Gerais State, in the Três Marias Reservoir. 9,000 fingerlings were distributed into 12 net cages, 2 m3each, according to a completely randomized design with three replications and four different stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 fish m-3). Random samples were taken from each net cage, at the onset of the experiment and at 60 rearing days, to assess production parameters, specific growth rate and uniformity. We verified a positive linear relationship (p 0.05) for final biomass (r2 = 0.88), weight gain (r2 = 0.87), productivity (r2 = 0.86), apparent feed conversion (r2 = 0.96) and economic viability (r2 = 0.96). For survival (r2 = 0.98), the relationship was negative (p 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05) for growth parameters, uniformity and final weight. It can be concluded that the density of 300 fish m-3 is the most suitable, because it provides higher net revenue, survival, and a good feed conversion.(AU)

Para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de cultivo é necessária a determinação da densidade de estocagem ideal. Objetivou-se determinar a melhor densidade de estocagem para juvenis de Brycon orthotaenia, cultivados em tanques-rede, durante a fase de recria. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig, em Felixlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, na represa de Três Marias. Foram utilizados 9.000 alevinos, distribuídos em 12 berçários com 2 m3 em tanques-rede, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e quatro diferentes densidades de estocagem (150, 300, 450, 600 peixes m-3). Amostras aleatórias de cada tanque-rede foram coletadas para as avaliações, no início do experimento e aos 60 dias de cultivo. Foram estimados os parâmetros produtivos, índice de crescimento específico e uniformidade. Obteve-se uma relação linear positiva (p < 0,05) para biomassa final (r2 = 0,88), ganho de peso da biomassa (r2 = 0,87), produtividade (r2 = 0,86), conversão alimentar aparente (r2 = 0,96) e para viabilidade econômica (r2 = 0,96). Para sobrevivência (r2 = 0,98), a relação linear foi negativa (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (p > 0,05) para os parâmetros de crescimento, uniformidade e peso final. Conclui-se que a densidade de 300 peixes m-3 é a mais indicada, pois, proporciona maior receita líquida, sobrevivência e boa conversão alimentar.(AU)

Sources and levels of glycerin for broiler chickens from 8to 21 days of age / Fontes e níveis de glicerina para frangos de corte no período de 8 a 21 dias de idade

This work aimed to evaluate the performance, serum glycerol and litter moisture of 1300 male Cobb 500 chicks fed diets containing different levels and sources of glycerin. A 4x3+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design was used, with four inclusion levels of three glycerine (crude soybean (GS), gross mixed (GM) and semipurified (GPUR)) on isonutrient diets and one control treatment without glycerin. The methods of Student-Newman-Keuls test and regression analysis were applied for sources and levels of glycerin, respectively; and Dunnett test for treatment. It was used four replicates and 25 chickens per pen. Feed intake was affected (P 0.05) by the sources of glycerin, and GM was the source that promoted lower consumption in birds, however, there was no difference in the treatments when compared to control. Also there was no significant difference in weight gain. An interaction of levels and sources of glycerine to the feed conversion was seen.GS had the best feed conversion with the inclusion of 50,35g; GM had a linear worsening with increasing addition of glycerin. There was an interaction for the concentration of serum glycerol in birds, obtaining linear increase in birds consuming the GS and GPUR, and linear decrease for GM. The gain of litter moisture was influenced by the sources of glycerin, with a lower humidity for GM.(AU)

umidade da cama de pintos de corte recebendo rações com diferentes níveis e fontes de glicerina. Foram utilizados 1300 pintos de corte machos Cobb 500, num arranjo fatorial 4x3+1, com delineamento inteiramente casualizados, sendo quatro níveis de inclusão (17,5; 35,0; 52,5 e 70,0g/kg) de três glicerinas (bruta de soja (GS), bruta mista (GM) e semipurificada (GPUR) nas dietas isonutritivas e um tratamento sem glicerina, sendo que para as fontes e níveis de glicerina foram teste de Student-Newman-Keuls e análise de regressão, respectivamente; e para o tratamento, teste de Dunnett. Utilizou-se quatro repetições e 25 aves por parcela.(AU)

Sources and levels of glycerin for broiler chickens from 8to 21 days of age / Fontes e níveis de glicerina para frangos de corte no período de 8 a 21 dias de idade

This work aimed to evaluate the performance, serum glycerol and litter moisture of 1300 male Cobb 500 chicks fed diets containing different levels and sources of glycerin. A 4x3+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design was used, with four inclusion levels of three glycerine (crude soybean (GS), gross mixed (GM) and semipurified (GPUR)) on isonutrient diets and one control treatment without glycerin. The methods of Student-Newman-Keuls test and regression analysis were applied for sources and levels of glycerin, respectively; and Dunnett test for treatment. It was used four replicates and 25 chickens per pen. Feed intake was affected (P 0.05) by the sources of glycerin, and GM was the source that promoted lower consumption in birds, however, there was no difference in the treatments when compared to control. Also there was no significant difference in weight gain. An interaction of levels and sources of glycerine to the feed conversion was seen.GS had the best feed conversion with the inclusion of 50,35g; GM had a linear worsening with increasing addition of glycerin. There was an interaction for the concentration of serum glycerol in birds, obtaining linear increase in birds consuming the GS and GPUR, and linear decrease for GM. The gain of litter moisture was influenced by the sources of glycerin, with a lower humidity for GM.

umidade da cama de pintos de corte recebendo rações com diferentes níveis e fontes de glicerina. Foram utilizados 1300 pintos de corte machos Cobb 500, num arranjo fatorial 4x3+1, com delineamento inteiramente casualizados, sendo quatro níveis de inclusão (17,5; 35,0; 52,5 e 70,0g/kg) de três glicerinas (bruta de soja (GS), bruta mista (GM) e semipurificada (GPUR) nas dietas isonutritivas e um tratamento sem glicerina, sendo que para as fontes e níveis de glicerina foram teste de Student-Newman-Keuls e análise de regressão, respectivamente; e para o tratamento, teste de Dunnett. Utilizou-se quatro repetições e 25 aves por parcela.

Direct and indirect effects of measures and reasons morphometric on the body yield of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus / Efeitos diretos e indiretos de medidas morfométricas e razões sobre o rendimento do corpo de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus

The study was carried out with the objective of verifying which measures and morphometric ratios are more directly related to the body yield of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in two weight classes. Data were analyzed from 257 specimens of tilapia divided into two weight classes: p1 = 400 to 599 g and p2 = 600 to 900 g. The morphometric measurements standard length (SL), head length (HL), body height (BH) and body width (BW), and the ratios of these measures (HL / SL, BH / SL, BW / SL, HL/ BH, BW / BH, BW / HL) were evaluated. The following body yields were calculated: carcass (RCAR), fillet (RFILE) and head (RCAB). The data were initially submitted to the "stepwise" procedure to eliminate problems of multicollinearity among the morphometric variables, then the correlations between the dependent variables (body yield) and the independent variables (measured and morphometric relationships) were calculated. Later, these correlations were divided into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, and the direct and indirect contributions of each variable measured in percentage terms. The morphometric ratio BW/HL, for both weight classes, was the variable most highly correlated and with the highest direct effect on RFILE and RCAB, showing to be the most important morphometric variable studied for tilapia carcass trait determination.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar quais medidas e razões morfométricas estão mais diretamente relacionadas com os rendimentos corporais da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, em duas classes de peso. Foram analisados os dados de 257 exemplares de tilápia divididos em duas categorias de peso: p1 = 400 a 599 g e p2 = 600 a 900 g. As medidas morfométricas comprimento padrão (CP), comprimento da cabeça (CC), altura do corpo (AC) e largura do corpo (LC), e as razões entre estas medidas (CC / CP, AC / CP, LC / CP, LC / CC, LC / AC, CC / AC) foram avaliadas. Os rendimentos corporais calculados foram: carcaça (RCAR), filé (RFILE) e cabeça (RCAB). Os dados foram inicialmente submetidos ao procedimento ‘stepwise’ para eliminar os problemas de multicolinearidade entre as variáveis morfométricas, em seguida, as correlações entre as variáveis dependentes (rendimentos corporais) e as variáveis independentes (medidas e razões morfométrica) foram calculados. Posteriormente estas correlações foram desdobradas em efeitos diretos e indiretos por meio de análise de trilha e as contribuições diretas e indiretas de cada variável foram quantificadas percentualmente. A razão morfométrica LC / CC, para ambas as classes de peso, foi a variável mais altamente correlacionada e com o maior efeito direto sobre RFILE e RCAB, mostrando ser a variável morfométrica estudada mais importante para determinação das características de carcaça da tilápia.

Direct and indirect effects of measures and reasons morphometric on the body yield of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus / Efeitos diretos e indiretos de medidas morfométricas e razões sobre o rendimento do corpo de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus

The study was carried out with the objective of verifying which measures and morphometric ratios are more directly related to the body yield of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in two weight classes. Data were analyzed from 257 specimens of tilapia divided into two weight classes: p1 = 400 to 599 g and p2 = 600 to 900 g. The morphometric measurements standard length (SL), head length (HL), body height (BH) and body width (BW), and the ratios of these measures (HL / SL, BH / SL, BW / SL, HL/ BH, BW / BH, BW / HL) were evaluated. The following body yields were calculated: carcass (RCAR), fillet (RFILE) and head (RCAB). The data were initially submitted to the "stepwise" procedure to eliminate problems of multicollinearity among the morphometric variables, then the correlations between the dependent variables (body yield) and the independent variables (measured and morphometric relationships) were calculated. Later, these correlations were divided into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, and the direct and indirect contributions of each variable measured in percentage terms. The morphometric ratio BW/HL, for both weight classes, was the variable most highly correlated and with the highest direct effect on RFILE and RCAB, showing to be the most important morphometric variable studied for tilapia carcass trait determination. (AU)

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar quais medidas e razões morfométricas estão mais diretamente relacionadas com os rendimentos corporais da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, em duas classes de peso. Foram analisados os dados de 257 exemplares de tilápia divididos em duas categorias de peso: p1 = 400 a 599 g e p2 = 600 a 900 g. As medidas morfométricas comprimento padrão (CP), comprimento da cabeça (CC), altura do corpo (AC) e largura do corpo (LC), e as razões entre estas medidas (CC / CP, AC / CP, LC / CP, LC / CC, LC / AC, CC / AC) foram avaliadas. Os rendimentos corporais calculados foram: carcaça (RCAR), filé (RFILE) e cabeça (RCAB). Os dados foram inicialmente submetidos ao procedimento ‘stepwise para eliminar os problemas de multicolinearidade entre as variáveis morfométricas, em seguida, as correlações entre as variáveis dependentes (rendimentos corporais) e as variáveis independentes (medidas e razões morfométrica) foram calculados. Posteriormente estas correlações foram desdobradas em efeitos diretos e indiretos por meio de análise de trilha e as contribuições diretas e indiretas de cada variável foram quantificadas percentualmente. A razão morfométrica LC / CC, para ambas as classes de peso, foi a variável mais altamente correlacionada e com o maior efeito direto sobre RFILE e RCAB, mostrando ser a variável morfométrica estudada mais importante para determinação das características de carcaça da tilápia.(AU)

Stocking densities of juvenile Brycon orthotaenia: production parameters and economic benefits in net cages

Developing a rearing technology requires the determination of the optimum stocking density. This study aimed to determine the best stocking density for Brycon orthotaenia juveniles grown in net cages, during the rearing phase. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, in Felixlândia, Minas Gerais State, in the Três Marias Reservoir. 9,000 fingerlings were distributed into 12 net cages, 2 m3each, according to a completely randomized design with three replications and four different stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 fish m-3). Random samples were taken from each net cage, at the onset of the experiment and at 60 rearing days, to assess production parameters, specific growth rate and uniformity. We verified a positive linear relationship (p < 0.05) for final biomass (r2 = 0.88), weight gain (r2 = 0.87), productivity (r2 = 0.86), apparent feed conversion (r2 = 0.96) and economic viability (r2 = 0.96). For survival (r2 = 0.98), the relationship was negative (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05) for growth parameters, uniformity and final weight. It can be concluded that the density of 300 fish m-3 is the most suitable, because it provides higher net revenue, survival, and a good feed conversion.