Growth performance, reproductive parameters and fertility measures in young Nellore bulls with divergent feed efficiency

The growth, sexual maturity and fertility-related parameters related of young Nellore bulls with divergent residual feed intake (RFI) raised on pasture were evaluated. After classification of 48 young males as low and high RFI (more and less efficient, respectively), the animals were evaluated for growth and reproductive parameters at 28-day intervals from 14.3 to 24.6 months of age. The semen was cryopreserved in the last sampling and fresh and post-thaw semen samples were evaluated. Low RFI bulls exhibited higher initial and final body weight (P < 0.05), but feed intake, body condition score and growth measures evaluated by carcass ultrasound were unaffected by RFI (P > 0.05). The scrotal circumference, sperm concentration, defects, and quality of fresh semen, and ultrasonographic testicular characteristics were unaffected by RFI (P > 0.05). However, velocity parameters such as average path and curvilinear velocities determined by computer-assisted sperm analysis of thawed semen submitted to the rapid thermoresistance test were improved (P < 0.05) in low RFI bulls, but this improvement in quality did not enhance in vitro sperm fertilizing ability. Our results demonstrated significant differences in metabolism and growth performance between bulls of divergent RFI. In addition, there was slight improvement in the semen quality of bulls with low RFI bulls, but this did not enhance in vitro fertilizing ability. Selection of beef bulls for RFI can be performed, which will result in economic benefits by improving the growth performance of the animals without affecting reproductive parameters.(AU)

Conception rate of lactating cows and heifers (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) for sexed and conventional semen in artificial insemination / Taxa de concepção de vacas lactantes e novilhas (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) com o uso de sêmen sexado e convencional na inseminação artificial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the conception rate of crossbred heifers (n=50) and cows (n=50) inseminated with sexed and conventional semen between 18 and 24 hours after estrous detection. The synchronization protocol of the estrous cycle started on day zero (D0) by inserting the intravaginal device with 1g progesterone (Sincrogest® Ourofino, Brazil) and injecting 2 mg of estradiol benzoate, intramuscularly (Sincrodiol® Ourofino, Brazil). On the fifth day (D5), 200 IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin was injected intramuscularly (Folligon®, Intervet, Brazil). On the eighth day (D8), after removing the progesterone device, 500 g of sodium cloprostenol was injected intramuscularly (Sincrocio®, Ourofino, Brazil). After that, the animals were checked for estrus 3 times daily, and inseminated 18 to 24 hours after estrus detection. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 to 40 days after insemination. Conception rate did not differ (P> 0.05) according to animal category, but was higher for conventional semen compared to sexed semen when evaluating the total of animals and lactating cows (P < 0.05). Artificial insemination of heifers with sexed semen 18 to 24 hours after estrus detection was effective, however, conventional semen was more efficient in lactating cows.(AU)

Considerando os benefícios do uso de sêmen sexado e também os danos causados pelo processo de separação dos espermatozoides, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a taxa de concepção de novilhas (n=50) e vacas (n=50) mestiças inseminadas com sêmen sexado e convencional após 18 a 24 horas a observação do cio. O protocolo de sincronização do ciclo estral consistiu em inserção de dispositivo intravaginal com 1g de progesterona (Sincrogest® Ourofino, Brasil) e aplicação intramuscular de 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (Sincrodiol® Ourofino, Brasil) no dia zero (D0). No quinto dia (D5), foi realizada uma aplicação intramuscular de 200UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (Folligon®, Intervet, Brasil). No oitavo dia (D8), o dispositivo de progesterona foi retirado, e aplicado por via intramuscular 500g de cloprostenol sódico (Sincrocio®, Ourofino, Brasil). A partir deste momento, o estro foi observado 3 vezes ao dia e os animais foram inseminados 18 a 24 após a detecção do cio. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 30 a 40 dias após a inseminação. Não foi observada diferença na taxa de concepção de acordo com a categoria animal (P > 0,05), entretanto, animais inseminados com sêmen convencional apresentaram melhor taxa de concepção do que com sêmen sexado quando se avaliou o total de animais e vacas lactantes (P < 0,05). A inseminação artificial de novilhas com sêmen sexado 18 a 24 horas após detecção de estro mostrou-se eficaz, entretanto, para vacas lactantes não foi observada a mesma eficiência ao se comparar com o sêmen convencional.(AU)

Efeitos da suplementação com fontes de ácidos graxos em doadoras da raça holandesa durante o pré e pós-parto sobre o retorno à ciclicidade e produção in vitro de embriões / Effects of fatty acid supplementation in Holstein cows at pre and postpartum period, on estrous cycle return and in vitro production of embryos

A suplementação de bovinos leiteiros com fontes de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPs) é uma prática utilizada para aumentar o nível energético das dietas, além de proporcionar efeitos positivos nas funções reprodutivas de importantes tecidos, incluindo hipotálamo, hipófise, ovários e útero. O trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar as condições reprodutivas do pós-parto, número de folículos, presença de corpo lúteo (CL), concentração de progesterona (P), quantidade de oócitos viáveis e totais e a produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) de doadoras multíparas da raça Holandesa suplementadas com dieta rica em AGPs protegido (principalmente ácido linoleico - n-6) e não protegido (principalmente ácido linolênico - n-3) durante o pré e pós-parto. As dietas foram fornecidas por 30 dias pré-parto e 60 dias pós-parto. As doadoras foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Controle (n=6), Megalac-E® (n=5; suplementados com fonte de gordura protegida 100 g/doadora/dia no pré-parto e 300 g/doadora/dia no pós-parto) e linhaça (n=5); fonte de gordura não protegida contendo 1 kg/doadora/dia no pré-parto e 1,5 kg/ doadora/dia no pós-parto). Os animais foram submetidos à aspiração folicular (OPU) nos dias 30, 45 e 60 pós-parto. Os oócitos recuperados foram selecionados e os viáveis submetidos aos procedimentos da PIVE. Os dados foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos utilizando análise de variância pelo procedimento GLM. As diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey com significância de 5%. Não foi detectado efeito de tratamento de suplementação, de dias de aspirações pós-parto e das interações sobre as variáveis: quantidade de oócitos viáveis, taxa de oócitos viáveis, número de clivagem, de PIVE, taxa de doadoras com CL concentração de P. (P>0,05). No entanto, foi observado maior número de folículos e de oócitos totais no grupo suplementado com linhaça em relação ao grupo Megalac-E® e Controle (P<0,05). A suplementação com AGPs não aumentou o número de oócitos viáveis, a PIVE e o retorno à ciclicidade.

The supplementation of dairy cattle with sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can be used to increase the energy level of the diet in addition to having positive effects on reproductive functions of important tissues including the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries and uterus. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reproductive conditions of the postpartum, number of follicles, corpus luteum (CL) presence, concentration of progesterone (P4), aspirated oocytes, amount of viable oocytes and in vitro production of embryos (IVPE) of the Holstein multiparous donors supplemented with rich diet in protected PUFA (especially linoleic acid - n-6) and non-protected (especially linolenic acid - n-3) during pre and postpartum. The diets had been given for pre-partum during 30 d and postpartum 60 d. The donors were divided into three groups: Control (n=6), Megalac-E® (n=5; supplemented with protected fat source 100 g/donor/day in pre-partum and 300 g/donor/day in postpartum) and linseed (n=5; supplemented with fat source unprotected containing 1 kg/donor/day pre-partum and 1.5 kg/donor/day in postpartum). The animals were submitted to ovum pick-up (OPU) on days 30, 45 and 60 d postpartum. The recovered oocytes were selected and the viable ones were submitted to IVPE procedures. The data were analyzed by the method of least squares variance using the GLM protocol. The differences between averages were compared by Tukey test with 5% significance. There was no detectable effect of treatment, aspirations of postpartum days and interactions on variables: CL presence, concentration of P4, amount of viable oocytes, viable oocytes rate, IVPE and embryos production rate. However, was observed in the group supplemented with linseed more follicles and total oocytes than Megalac-E® and Control group. Supplementation with PUFA didn't increase the number of viable oocytes and IVPE.

Efeitos da tricostatina A sobre a acetilação de histonas, proliferação celular e diferenciação de células tronco embrionárias murinas / Effects of Trichostatin A on Histone Acetylation, Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

Background: Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from early-stage embryos that are characterized by pluripotency and self- renewal capacity. The in vitro cultured murine embryonic stem cells can indefinitely propagate in an undifferentiated state in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). However, when stimulated, these cells can differentiate into cell lines derived from all three embryonic germ layers. The trichostatin A (TSA) is an epigenetic modifier agent and several studies have used the TSA to stimulate cellular differentiation. However, most of these studies only assessed one TSA concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different TSA concentrations on histone hyperacetylation during in vitro cell differentiation of murine pluripotent embryonic stem cells, cultured with or without LIF, in the quest of to standardize their application on early cultures of embryonic stem cells. Materials, Methods & Results: Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells were plated in the presence of different TSA concentrations (0 nM, 15 nm, 50 nM and 100 nM) in the presence or absence of LIF. Thus, the treatments were evaluated in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF + ; Group 15 nM LIF + ; Group 50 nM LIF + and Group 100 nM LIF + ), and in embryonic stem cells cultured in the absence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF - ; Group 15 nM LIF - ; Group 50 nM LIF - and Group 100 nM LIF - ). Treatment with TSA was performed for 24 h. After that the medium was replaced with fresh medium without TSA. Samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the beginning of the experiment. Three replicates were performed in each experimental group. The relative amount of Histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation was analyzed in all groups, as well as the cell proliferation in the embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF.

Efeitos da tricostatina A sobre a acetilação de histonas, proliferação celular e diferenciação de células tronco embrionárias murinas / Effects of Trichostatin A on Histone Acetylation, Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

Background: Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from early-stage embryos that are characterized by pluripotency and self- renewal capacity. The in vitro cultured murine embryonic stem cells can indefinitely propagate in an undifferentiated state in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). However, when stimulated, these cells can differentiate into cell lines derived from all three embryonic germ layers. The trichostatin A (TSA) is an epigenetic modifier agent and several studies have used the TSA to stimulate cellular differentiation. However, most of these studies only assessed one TSA concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different TSA concentrations on histone hyperacetylation during in vitro cell differentiation of murine pluripotent embryonic stem cells, cultured with or without LIF, in the quest of to standardize their application on early cultures of embryonic stem cells. Materials, Methods & Results: Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells were plated in the presence of different TSA concentrations (0 nM, 15 nm, 50 nM and 100 nM) in the presence or absence of LIF. Thus, the treatments were evaluated in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF + ; Group 15 nM LIF + ; Group 50 nM LIF + and Group 100 nM LIF + ), and in embryonic stem cells cultured in the absence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF - ; Group 15 nM LIF - ; Group 50 nM LIF - and Group 100 nM LIF - ). Treatment with TSA was performed for 24 h. After that the medium was replaced with fresh medium without TSA. Samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the beginning of the experiment. Three replicates were performed in each experimental group. The relative amount of Histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation was analyzed in all groups, as well as the cell proliferation in the embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF.(AU)

Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de cultivo in vitro sobre o crescimento de folículos pré-antrais isolados de ovários de fetos bovinos / Effects of different systems of in vitro culture on the isolated preantral follicles from fetal bovine ovaries

O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar diferentes sistemas de cultivo in vitro para folículos pré-antrais de fetos bovinos da raça Nelore no último trimestre de gestação e para identificar o sistema mais eficiente durante o crescimento dos folículos isolados. Para isso, folículos pré antrais foram isolados mecanicamente e submetidos ao cultivo individual, por 9 dias, em meio não suplementado ou suplementado com soro fetal bovino (SFB), albumina sérica bovina (BSA) ou suplemento definido sintético substituto do soro KnockoutSR(KNO). Avaliou-se ainda, o efeito do gel de colágeno ou monocamada de fibroblastos fetais bovinos como substrato para o cultivo in vitro. A avaliação do aumento de diâmetro folicular foi realizada no dia da colheita (0 hora) e a cada 72 horas de cultivo. A associação entre meio suplementado com SFB e uso de gel de colágeno como substrato foram significativamente mais efetivos sobre o aumento do diâmetro folicular quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. Quando fragmentos de tecido ovariano foram submetidos ao cultivo in vitro, não houve preservação da ultraestrutura folicular por mais de 3 dias de cultivo, em qualquer dos tratamentos utilizados. Ainda não está estabelecido um sistema de cultivo adequado que sustente a diferenciação e multiplicação das células da granulosa e que mantenha o contato das mesmas com o oócito para prover moléculas e fatores que supram a demanda metabólica. Entendemos que esta pesquisa apresentou avanços promissores na busca pelo estabelecimento um sistema de cultivo in vitro de folículos pré-antrais em bovinos.(AU)

The objective of this study is to use different in vitro culture systems of preantral follicles from Nelore breed bovine fetuses in the last gestation quarter. The evaluation of treatments considered the time of growth of isolated follicles. Preantral follicles were mechanically isolated and submitted to the individual culture, for 9 days, in mediano supplemented or supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or synthetic defined supplement substitute of serum KnockoutSR (KNO). We have also evaluated the effects of collagen gel or fetal calf fibroblast monolayer as substratum for in vitro cultures. The increase on the follicular diameter was followed in the first day (0 h), at the 72 h, 144 h and 216 h. Considering cultures of isolated follicles, the results have shown that the association between media supplemented with FCS and collagengel was significantly more efficient on the increase of the follicular diameter than other treatments. It is not still established a system ofappropriate cultivation that sustains the differentiation and multiplication of the granular cells and that maintains the contact of the same ones with the oocyte to provide molecules and factors that supply the metabolic demand. We also under stand that our results also represent another promising step on the search for the ultimate system of in vitro culture of preantral follicles from bovines.(AU)

Technical and biological aspects on recovery of oocytes from cattle donors: bibliographical review / Aspectos técnicos e biológicos da obtençãode oócitos bovinos: revisão de literatura

Since the first work about embryo collection, a great amount of research and development has founded on enhancing genetic contribution of cows. The aim of this publication is to give an account of the current knowledge, new findings and techniques on recovery of oocytes from cattle donors.

Desde o primeiro relato de colheita de embriões, um grande número de trabalhos tem apresentado os esforços para melhorar a contribuição genética de fêmeas bovinas. O objetivo desta revisão consiste em relacionar os primeiros trabalhos, novas descobertas e inovações técnicas da obtenção de oócitos em vacas.

Technical and biological aspects on recovery of oocytes from cattle donors: bibliographical review / Aspectos técnicos e biológicos da obtençãode oócitos bovinos: revisão de literatura

Since the first work about embryo collection, a great amount of research and development has founded on enhancing genetic contribution of cows. The aim of this publication is to give an account of the current knowledge, new findings and techniques on recovery of oocytes from cattle donors.

Desde o primeiro relato de colheita de embriões, um grande número de trabalhos tem apresentado os esforços para melhorar a contribuição genética de fêmeas bovinas. O objetivo desta revisão consiste em relacionar os primeiros trabalhos, novas descobertas e inovações técnicas da obtenção de oócitos em vacas.