Avaliação ultrassonográfica de cães com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial submetidos a artrotomia / Ultrasonographic evaluation of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture undergoing to arthrotomy

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common disease of the stifle joint in dogs. Oneof the major concerns in the assessment of these animals is diagnosing the presence of a medial meniscus tears, which isa frequent consequence due to the instability of the joint. Ultrasonography is indicated in the evaluation of the meniscifrom human and canine patients, and the results are similar to magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this study was tocompare the ultrasonography and the arthrotomy in the evaluation of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscusof dogs with CrCLR undergoing surgery for stifle stabilization.Materials, Methods & Results: Ultrasonographic examination was performed prior to arthrotomy in 23 dogs with diagnosis of complete CrCLR and five with suspected partial CrCLR undergoing for stifle joint stabilization surgery. Theultrasonography identified the complete rupture in 82.6% and the arthrotomy in 100% of the joints with this diagnosis. Inthe joints with suspected CrCLR during the clinical exam, arthrotomy and ultrasonography identified respectively threeand four joints with partial CrCLR, and two and one with healthy ligaments. There was no difference between the twotechniques in the assessment of the cranial cruciate ligament (P = 0.20). The ultrasonography identified medial meniscaltears in 39.3%, while arthrotomy was found in 21.4% (P = 0.0006) of the joints. The most frequent meniscal tear type observed in the arthrotomy was folded caudal horn. The ultrasonography was able only in differentiate presence and absenceof meniscal injury. Besides the real tear that affects the meniscus morphology, the ultrasound also identified echogenicityand echotexture changes in the medial (5/28) and lateral (8/28) menisci. Other changes observed in all joints evaluated byultrasound were the presence of effusion and synovial membrane thickening...

Avaliação ultrassonográfica de cães com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial submetidos a artrotomia / Ultrasonographic evaluation of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture undergoing to arthrotomy

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common disease of the stifle joint in dogs. Oneof the major concerns in the assessment of these animals is diagnosing the presence of a medial meniscus tears, which isa frequent consequence due to the instability of the joint. Ultrasonography is indicated in the evaluation of the meniscifrom human and canine patients, and the results are similar to magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this study was tocompare the ultrasonography and the arthrotomy in the evaluation of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscusof dogs with CrCLR undergoing surgery for stifle stabilization.Materials, Methods & Results: Ultrasonographic examination was performed prior to arthrotomy in 23 dogs with diagnosis of complete CrCLR and five with suspected partial CrCLR undergoing for stifle joint stabilization surgery. Theultrasonography identified the complete rupture in 82.6% and the arthrotomy in 100% of the joints with this diagnosis. Inthe joints with suspected CrCLR during the clinical exam, arthrotomy and ultrasonography identified respectively threeand four joints with partial CrCLR, and two and one with healthy ligaments. There was no difference between the twotechniques in the assessment of the cranial cruciate ligament (P = 0.20). The ultrasonography identified medial meniscaltears in 39.3%, while arthrotomy was found in 21.4% (P = 0.0006) of the joints. The most frequent meniscal tear type observed in the arthrotomy was folded caudal horn. The ultrasonography was able only in differentiate presence and absenceof meniscal injury. Besides the real tear that affects the meniscus morphology, the ultrasound also identified echogenicityand echotexture changes in the medial (5/28) and lateral (8/28) menisci. Other changes observed in all joints evaluated byultrasound were the presence of effusion and synovial membrane thickening...(AU)

Estudo da técnica intracapsular assistida por artroscopia para o tratamento da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cadáveres de cães / Study in dog's cadavers of the assisted by arthroscopy intracapsular technique for the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog

O objetivo foi estudar e aprimorar a técnica intracapsular de reparação do ligamento cruzado cranial assistida por artroscopia em cadáveres de cães com a confecção dos túneis tibial e femoral e utilização de autoenxerto osso-tendão patelar-osso. Foram utilizados 10 membros pélvicos de cães > 20kg. Os túneis ósseos foram confeccionados de forma independente e na posição anatômica original dos locais de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial. Foram realizados estudo radiográfico e tomográfico para avaliar a articulação. A coleta das porções ósseas do enxerto foi feita com osteótomo e martelo. Ocorreram fratura em três patelas e em três tuberosidades tibiais. Os enxertos apresentaram comprimento médio 7,56cm. Os túneis tibiais e os túneis femorais foram confeccionados no local de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial em 80% e 90% das articulações, respectivamente. Os túneis tibiais apresentaram ângulo médio de 62,95º mensurado por tomografia computadorizada. Os túneis femorais foram confeccionados em posição 13hs para o joelho esquerdo (100%) e 11hs para o direito (100%). Ao final do procedimento, obteve-se gaveta negativo em 100% das articulações. Pode-se concluir que a técnica proposta é viável de ser realizada no cão, porém faz-se necessário instrumental específico devido ao pequeno tamanho da articulação canina para obter melhor acurácia.

The aim was study and improve the intra-articular technique assisted by arthroscopy of the cranial cruciate ligament repair in dog's cadavers. The bone-patelar tendon-bone was used as a graft and were made the femoral and tibial tunnels. The hindlimb of 10 dogs cadavers weighing > 20kg were harvested. The femoral and tibial tunnels were made independent of each other, in the footprint of the original cranial cruciate ligament. Radiographic and tomographic studies were performed to evaluate the joint. The osseous portions of the graft were were harversted with osteotome and hammer. Fractures occurred in 3 patellas and 3 tibial tuberosities. The medium lenght of the grafts was 7,56cm. Tibial and femoral tunnels were in the footprint of the cranial cruciate ligament in 80% and 90% of the joints, respectively. The tibial tunnel had an average angle of 62,95º measured by computer tomography. The femoral tunnel was at 13h in the left knee and at 11h in the right knee in all joints (100%). At the end of the procedure the drawer test was negative in all joints (100%). It can be concluded that the proposed technique is feasible to be performed in the dog. But because to the small size of the canine joint it is necessary specific instruments in order to obtain better acuracy.

Estudo da técnica intracapsular assistida por artroscopia para o tratamento da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cadáveres de cães / Study in dog's cadavers of the assisted by arthroscopy intracapsular technique for the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog

O objetivo foi estudar e aprimorar a técnica intracapsular de reparação do ligamento cruzado cranial assistida por artroscopia em cadáveres de cães com a confecção dos túneis tibial e femoral e utilização de autoenxerto osso-tendão patelar-osso. Foram utilizados 10 membros pélvicos de cães > 20kg. Os túneis ósseos foram confeccionados de forma independente e na posição anatômica original dos locais de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial. Foram realizados estudo radiográfico e tomográfico para avaliar a articulação. A coleta das porções ósseas do enxerto foi feita com osteótomo e martelo. Ocorreram fratura em três patelas e em três tuberosidades tibiais. Os enxertos apresentaram comprimento médio 7,56cm. Os túneis tibiais e os túneis femorais foram confeccionados no local de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial em 80% e 90% das articulações, respectivamente. Os túneis tibiais apresentaram ângulo médio de 62,95º mensurado por tomografia computadorizada. Os túneis femorais foram confeccionados em posição 13hs para o joelho esquerdo (100%) e 11hs para o direito (100%). Ao final do procedimento, obteve-se gaveta negativo em 100% das articulações. Pode-se concluir que a técnica proposta é viável de ser realizada no cão, porém faz-se necessário instrumental específico devido ao pequeno tamanho da articulação canina para obter melhor acurácia.(AU)

The aim was study and improve the intra-articular technique assisted by arthroscopy of the cranial cruciate ligament repair in dog's cadavers. The bone-patelar tendon-bone was used as a graft and were made the femoral and tibial tunnels. The hindlimb of 10 dogs cadavers weighing > 20kg were harvested. The femoral and tibial tunnels were made independent of each other, in the footprint of the original cranial cruciate ligament. Radiographic and tomographic studies were performed to evaluate the joint. The osseous portions of the graft were were harversted with osteotome and hammer. Fractures occurred in 3 patellas and 3 tibial tuberosities. The medium lenght of the grafts was 7,56cm. Tibial and femoral tunnels were in the footprint of the cranial cruciate ligament in 80% and 90% of the joints, respectively. The tibial tunnel had an average angle of 62,95º measured by computer tomography. The femoral tunnel was at 13h in the left knee and at 11h in the right knee in all joints (100%). At the end of the procedure the drawer test was negative in all joints (100%). It can be concluded that the proposed technique is feasible to be performed in the dog. But because to the small size of the canine joint it is necessary specific instruments in order to obtain better acuracy.(AU)

Infiltrative lipoma causing lumbar nerve root compression in a dog

Background: Lipomas are benign soft tissue mesenchymal neoplasms composed of adipose cells and are usually foundin the subcutaneous tissue. Occasionally, lipomas may invade muscles or grow between them, in which case they arecharacterized as infiltrative lipomas. Clinical signs resulting from an intermuscular lipoma compressing peripheral nervesare rarely encountered in dogs. This case report aims to describe the neurological signs, diagnosis, and clinical evaluationof a dog diagnosed with infiltrative lipoma compressing a lumbar spinal nerve root.Case: A 12-year-old neutered male Fox Paulistinha, weighing 10.5 kg, was presented with difficulties in walking for thepast 15 days with no previous history of trauma. On physical examination, the presence of three cutaneous nodules wasnoted in the ventral thoracic region, with onset of one year and slow and progressive growth. A cytological evaluation ofthe nodules was performed, and lipoma was diagnosed. At the neurological examination, the patient presented ambulatoryparaparesis with marked motor deficit and atrophy of the quadriceps muscles of the left pelvic limb. Conscious proprioceptive deficit, the absence of patellar reflex, and diminished withdrawal reflex were observed in the left hind limb, in additionto diffuse pain on epaxial palpation of the lumbar region. Electroneuromyography showed increased insertion activity inthe left gastrocnemius muscle and moderate spontaneous activity (fibrillation). Persistence of 10% was observed in theF-wave study of the left tibial nerve. These findings indicate partial involvement of the roots of the left sciatic-tibial nerve.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the presence of a mass measuring 3.18 × 1.04 × 1.4 cm, interspersed withthe paravertebral muscles, and located adjacent to the L2 and L3 spinous processes...

Infiltrative lipoma causing lumbar nerve root compression in a dog

Background: Lipomas are benign soft tissue mesenchymal neoplasms composed of adipose cells and are usually foundin the subcutaneous tissue. Occasionally, lipomas may invade muscles or grow between them, in which case they arecharacterized as infiltrative lipomas. Clinical signs resulting from an intermuscular lipoma compressing peripheral nervesare rarely encountered in dogs. This case report aims to describe the neurological signs, diagnosis, and clinical evaluationof a dog diagnosed with infiltrative lipoma compressing a lumbar spinal nerve root.Case: A 12-year-old neutered male Fox Paulistinha, weighing 10.5 kg, was presented with difficulties in walking for thepast 15 days with no previous history of trauma. On physical examination, the presence of three cutaneous nodules wasnoted in the ventral thoracic region, with onset of one year and slow and progressive growth. A cytological evaluation ofthe nodules was performed, and lipoma was diagnosed. At the neurological examination, the patient presented ambulatoryparaparesis with marked motor deficit and atrophy of the quadriceps muscles of the left pelvic limb. Conscious proprioceptive deficit, the absence of patellar reflex, and diminished withdrawal reflex were observed in the left hind limb, in additionto diffuse pain on epaxial palpation of the lumbar region. Electroneuromyography showed increased insertion activity inthe left gastrocnemius muscle and moderate spontaneous activity (fibrillation). Persistence of 10% was observed in theF-wave study of the left tibial nerve. These findings indicate partial involvement of the roots of the left sciatic-tibial nerve.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the presence of a mass measuring 3.18 × 1.04 × 1.4 cm, interspersed withthe paravertebral muscles, and located adjacent to the L2 and L3 spinous processes...(AU)

Osteomielite causada por Escherichia coli E Bacillus spp. em papagaio verdadeiro - relato de caso / Osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in blue-fronted parrot - case report

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever um caso de osteomielite em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva,) com fratura no membro pélvico esquerdo, acompanhada de osteólise, que foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. Após exames clínicos, radiográficos, cultura bacteriana e antibiograma, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de osteomielite, causada pelas bactérias Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. A osteomielite é um processo inflamatório, acompanhado de destruição óssea, causada por um microrganismo infectante e que pode ser encontrada nas formas aguda e crônica. O diagnóstico da osteomielite depende, não só de achados radiográficos, mas de outros exames como cultura e antibiograma. No presente caso, Escherichia coli mostrou-se sensível a todos os antibacterianos utilizados; mas Bacillus spp. mostrou-se resistente a alguns dos antibacterianos utilizados: Enrofloxacina, Ampicilina, Cloranfenicol, Tetraciclina, Norfloxacin e Ciprofloxacina. O tratamento escolhido para o caso foi amputação do membro acometido. Esta é a primeira descrição da ocorrência de osteomielite causada pela bactéria Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. em um papagaio verdadeiro no estado do Mato Grosso.

The objective is to describe a case of osteomyelitis of a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with fractured left pelvic member accompanied of osteolysis, which was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. After clinical examination, radiographic, bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, was confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process accompanied by bone destruction caused by an infectious microorganism, can be found in acute and chronic forms. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis depends not only on radiographic findings but other tests such as culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. In this case Escherichia coli was sensitive to all antimicrobial used, but Bacillus spp. was resistant to some of antibacterials used: Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The treatment chosen for the case was amputation of the affected limb. This is the first description of the occurrence of osteomyelitis caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in a Blue-fronted Parrot in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Osteomielite causada por Escherichia coli E Bacillus spp. em papagaio verdadeiro - relato de caso / Osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in blue-fronted parrot - case report

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever um caso de osteomielite em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva,) com fratura no membro pélvico esquerdo, acompanhada de osteólise, que foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. Após exames clínicos, radiográficos, cultura bacteriana e antibiograma, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de osteomielite, causada pelas bactérias Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. A osteomielite é um processo inflamatório, acompanhado de destruição óssea, causada por um microrganismo infectante e que pode ser encontrada nas formas aguda e crônica. O diagnóstico da osteomielite depende, não só de achados radiográficos, mas de outros exames como cultura e antibiograma. No presente caso, Escherichia coli mostrou-se sensível a todos os antibacterianos utilizados; mas Bacillus spp. mostrou-se resistente a alguns dos antibacterianos utilizados: Enrofloxacina, Ampicilina, Cloranfenicol, Tetraciclina, Norfloxacin e Ciprofloxacina. O tratamento escolhido para o caso foi amputação do membro acometido. Esta é a primeira descrição da ocorrência de osteomielite causada pela bactéria Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. em um papagaio verdadeiro no estado do Mato Grosso.(AU)

The objective is to describe a case of osteomyelitis of a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with fractured left pelvic member accompanied of osteolysis, which was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. After clinical examination, radiographic, bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, was confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process accompanied by bone destruction caused by an infectious microorganism, can be found in acute and chronic forms. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis depends not only on radiographic findings but other tests such as culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. In this case Escherichia coli was sensitive to all antimicrobial used, but Bacillus spp. was resistant to some of antibacterials used: Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The treatment chosen for the case was amputation of the affected limb. This is the first description of the occurrence of osteomyelitis caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in a Blue-fronted Parrot in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.(AU)

Ultrasonography as an ancillary method for the positioning of markers in equine motion analysis / Utilização da ultrassonografia como método auxiliar no posicionamento de marcadores em análise de movimento de equinos

Kinematic motion analysis is based on the reconstruction of selected bony anatomical landmarks identified by surface markers. Anatomical landmarks generally do not correspond to points but rather to relatively large and curved areas and their identification by palpation is not easy. Precise placement of surface markers is even more difficult and there is great variability between operators. In this study 16 examiners were asked to identify the lateral border of the left ischial tuberosity in a horse using palpation and ultrasonography for placement of a corresponding skin surface marker. Images of each marking procedure were captured using two video cameras and processed using the DVideow videogrammetry. A custom-written Matlab code was used to determine the position of the respective vectors. The positions of the markers were then compared to assess inter-examiner variability and the precision of the methods employed using the Bartlett test and the paired t-test respectively. Ultrasonography significantly improved the location of the anatomical landmark by each examiner (p = 0.04) and reduced the variability in the position of the surface marker when compared to palpation (p = 0.0028). The variability of the calculated distances (mean ± SD) was 2.89 ± 2.24 cm and 1.63 ± 0.98 cm using palpation and ultrasonography respectively. Ultrasound guidance reduced inter-examiner variability and allowed visualization of the corresponding bony anatomical landmark.(AU)

A análise cinemática do movimento é baseada na reconstrução de pontos anatômicos específicos identificados por marcadores de superfície. Esses pontos de referência geralmente não correspondem a pontos, mas a áreas relativamente grandes e curvas de difícil identificação pela palpação. A colocação precisa dos marcadores de superfície é ainda mais difícil e há grande variabilidade entre examinadores. Neste estudo, 16 examinadores foram submetidos à identificação da borda lateral da tuberosidade isquiática esquerda de um cavalo usando a palpação e a ultrassonografia para colocar um marcador de superfície. Imagens de cada procedimento de marcação foram adquiridas utilizando-se duas câmeras de vídeo digital e processadas através o sistema de videogrametria DVideow. O software Matlab foi usado para determinar a posição dos respectivos vetores. As posições dos marcadores foram comparadas para avaliar a variabilidade entre os examinadores e a precisão do método empregado através do teste de Bartlett e teste t pareado, respectivamente. A ultrassonografia melhorou significativamente a localização dos pontos anatômicos de cada examinador (p=0,04) e variabilidade das distâncias calculadas (média +-dp) foi de 2,89 +- 2,24 cm e 1,63 + - 0,98 cm usando a palpação e a ultrassonografia, respectivamente. A ultrassonografia reduziu a variabilidade entre examinadores e permitiu a visualização do ponto anatômico corresponde.(AU)

Validação de uma metodologia para análise do movimento de eqüinos no solo

Este trabalho teve como objetivo validar uma metodologia para análise cinemática tridimensional do movimento de eqüinos. Para calibração do volume confeccionou-se uma estrutura de ferro de 4x2x4m na qual foram fixados 54 marcadores. Após a medição precisa desses marcadores, a estrutura de ferro foi filmada por duas câmeras de vídeo (60Hz). Com um objeto teste de 96,3cm se obteve um valor médio de 96,Ocm com um desvio padrão de 1,3cm. Indicando boa precisão do método de calibração

A methodology for on ground locomotion analysis of horses was validated. A metallic grid measuring 4x4x2m was build. On the structure 54 reference points where fixed. Afier precise measurement of the fix points with the aid of a total station, the grid was filmed by two video cameras (60Hz). A test object of 96,3cm showed a mean value of 96cm and a standard deviation of 1,3cm. The calibration system demonstrated a good precision